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![ Viruses and Antivirus Software
◦ protection from viruses can be achieved by installing
“antivirus software or a hardware tool such as a proxy server”
(McGonigle, & Mastrian, 2009, pp 189).
◦ firewalls: “hardware or software […] examines all incoming
messages or traffic to the network” (McGonigle, & Mastrian, 2009, pp
189-190).
◦ proxy servers prevent users from “directly accessing the
internet” (McGonigle, & Mastrian, 2009, pp 190).
◦ intrusion detection systems “allow an organization to monitor
who is using the network and what files that user has
accessed” (McGonigle, & Mastrian, 2009, pp 190).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/clinicalinformationsystem-111101123032-phpapp02/75/Clinical-information-system-25-2048.jpg)
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Clinical information system
- 1. By: Ashlee Rossnerslides 1-8, 13, 21, 27-32, 37-38 Jenna George slides 8-12,13, 21, 27, 32 & 38 Kelsey Smith slides14-21, 8, 13, 27, 32 & 38 Rachel Hiebert slides 22-27, 8, 13, 21, 32 & 38 Steven Barksdale slides 32-36, 8, 13, 21 27 & 38
- 2. Ashlee Rossner : Discussing what a CIS is , key players that are involved in choosing, implementing and revising a CIS. Also discussing cost of a CIS. What should be considered, purchasing, IT support personnel, and continuing education. Jenna George: Discussing EHR component: Should it have the 8 basic components, who has access to this particular information, and why is this particular information needed within the CIS Kelsey Smith: Discussing the clinical decision making system in a CIS. How should it be structured, how often should it be update with new EBP guidelines, Any companies out there that design clinical decision making systems for the CIS. Rachel Hiebert: Discussing about safety issues. Backup, storage of data, protection of files from viruses/worms/hackers, who has access, how users gain access, HIPAA considerations, ðical considerations in design. Steven Barksdale: Discussing education. How often should re- education and updates take place, who should do the educating and why, what type of formats should be used for learning.
- 3. ◦ What isa CIS? “CIS is an array or collection of applications and functionality; amalgamation of systems, medical equipment, and technologies working together that are committed or dedicated to collecting, storing, and manipulating healthcare data and information and providing secure access to interdisciplinary clinicians navigating the continuum of client care. Designed to collect patient data in real time to enhance care by providing data at the clinician’s fingertips and enabling decision making where it needs to occur-at the bedside” (McGonigle, & Mastrian, 2009, pp 443). Giving healthcare providers patient date with a click of button!
- 5. Some areas addressed by CIS are: “Clinical decision support: This provides users with the tools to acquire, manipulate, apply and display appropriate information to aid in the making of correct, timely and evidence-based clinical decisions. Electronic medical records (EMR): this contains information about the patient, from their personal details, such as their name, age, address and sex to details of every aspect of care given by the hospital (from routine visits to major operations) Training and Research: Patient information can be made available to physicians for the purpose of training and research. Data mining of the information stored in databases could provide insights into disease states and how best to manage them” (Biohealthmatic.com, 2010).
- 6. Nurses Nurse managers Support staff Performance improvement analysts Physicians Administration (McGonigle, & Mastrian, 2009).
- 7. Key players that choose the CIS are usually involved in implementing & revising the system (McGonigle, & Mastrain, 2009). ◦ “Getting input from both the clinicians who will be using the system and the staff who will be using the output information is critical to the success of system design and implementation” (McGonigle, & Mastrain, 2009, pp 195). ◦ “…critical need for the end users to be intimately involved in choosing and/or developing the CIS” (MCGonigle, & Mastrain, 2009, pp 194). Healthland is just one of many companies that provide tech support throughout the implementations and revising process (Healthland, 2011).
- 9. Health information and data Results management Order entry management Decision support Electronic communication and connectivity Patient support Administrative processes Reporting and population health management (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2009, pp 219-224)
- 10. EHR’s should contain all pertinent information in regards to a patient’s health. This includes all disciplines such as physicians, nurses, PT/OT, pastoral services, rehab, etc. Enables all information to be compiled into one location for easy access and accurate updates regarding patient’s condition/status (CMS, 2011).
- 11. Physicians and Licensed Personnel: should be granted full access to all 8 components. UAPs: access to health information and data Pastoral services: access to decision support and patient support. (McGonigle, & Mastrain, 2009)
- 12. This is personal/protected health information, treat it as such. Do not grant access just because asked, remember patient privacy. Access should not be abused, only access the information needed to complete your job and provide quality care.
- 14. Definitions: • “Tools that provide the clinicians, staff, patients, or other individuals with knowledge and person-specific information, intelligently filtered or presented at appropriate times to enhance health and healthcare.” (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2009) • “Interactive computer programs designed to assist physicians and healthcare professionals with decision making tasks.” (Wikipedia, 2010) • “The greatest tool to increase the standardization of care, reduction of practice variation, successful and effective diagnosis, and correct care path choice.” (Farukhi, 2009)
- 15. Provide physician with a guideline model Reduce overall cost of healthcare Receive patient data and utilize data to process a series of possible diagnoses and course of action Recognize drug-drug interaction and patient complications that would otherwise be unrecognized by the physician to provide a valid, efficient, and “best practice” solution to the patient diagnosis process (Faruhki. (2009)
- 16. Tools and Interventions: ◦ Computerized alerts and reminders Medications that are due, patient has an allergy to a medication, lab levels ◦ Order sets ◦ Patient data reports ◦ Diagnostic support ◦ Documentation templates ◦ Clinical guidelines Best practice for prevention of skin breakdown (Agency for health research and quality, n.d.)
- 17. Evidence based clinical guidelines Systems that provide patient and situation specific advice ◦ Example: EKG interpretations or drug-drug interaction look up Electronic full text journals and textbook access Electronically available clinical data ◦ Example: information from clinical laboratory system (Agency for health research and quality, n.d.)
- 18. Target Area of Care: Example: 1. Immunization, screening, 1. Preventive care disease management guidelines for secondary prevention 2. Diagnosis 2. Suggestions for possible 3. Planning or implementing diagnoses that match a treatment patient’s signs and symptoms 3. Treatment guidelines for 4. Follow-up management specific diagnoses, drug 5. Hospital, provider dosage recommendations, alerts for drug-drug efficiency interactions 6. Cost reductions and 4. Corollary orders, reminders for improved patient drug adverse event monitoring 5. Care plans to minimize length convenience of stay, order sets 6. Duplicate testing alerts, drug formulary guidelines (Berner, 2009) (Berner, 2009)
- 19. Workflow ◦ Assessment of workflow & how CDS fits within it ◦ Proper integration Data Entry and Output ◦ Who enters the data and who receives the advice Standards and Transferability ◦ Must adapt to universal needs as well as unique needs of the end users ◦ Need for national standards for the specific evidenced based guidelines Knowledge Maintenance ◦ Accuracy of data and frequency of updates of data (new medications, new diagnoses, or new evidence based guidelines) ◦ Investigate source of knowledge and frequency of updates before purchasing CDS program and/or initiate a knowledge management process internally Clinician motivation to use CDS ◦ Patients safety ◦ Concern of physician autonomy ◦ Legal and ethic ramifications ◦ Busy schedule of clinicians (Berner, 2009)
- 20. Epic (www.Epic.com) Infermed (www.infermed.com) Cerner Corporation Lifecom Theradoc Metavision by iMDsoft
- 22. HIPAA ◦ Stands for Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ◦ signed into law in 1996 by President Bill Clinton ◦ provides privacy of health information ◦ “require(s) the covered entities to put safeguards that protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of protected health information when stored and transmitted electronically into place”(McGonigle, & Mastrian, 2009, pp 172). (McGonigle, & Mastrain, 2009)
- 23. Securing Network Information ◦ “healthcare organization(s) will have computers linked together to facilitate communication and operations within and outside the facility”= network ◦ 3 areas of secure network information: confidentiality, availability, integrity ◦ confidentiality policy to “clearly define what data is confidential and how the data should be handled”(McGonigle, & Mastrian, 2009, pp 185). ◦ protection also comes with an “acceptable use policy” which determines what “activities” are acceptable to use on the network. (McGonigle, & Mastrain, 2009)
- 24. Threats to Security ◦ unawareness of computer monitor visibility, shoulder surfing, removal of computer hardware (McGonigle, & Mastrian, 2009, pp 187). ◦ Removable storage devices: jump drives, flash drives, CDs, DVDs, thumb drives (McGonigle, & Mastrian, 2009, pp 187-188). ◦ spyware, viruses, worms, Trojan horses (see next slide) (McGonigle, & Mastrain, 2009)
- 25. Viruses and Antivirus Software ◦ protection from viruses can be achieved by installing “antivirus software or a hardware tool such as a proxy server” (McGonigle, & Mastrian, 2009, pp 189). ◦ firewalls: “hardware or software […] examines all incoming messages or traffic to the network” (McGonigle, & Mastrian, 2009, pp 189-190). ◦ proxy servers prevent users from “directly accessing the internet” (McGonigle, & Mastrian, 2009, pp 190). ◦ intrusion detection systems “allow an organization to monitor who is using the network and what files that user has accessed” (McGonigle, & Mastrian, 2009, pp 190).
- 26. Authentication of Users (Access) ◦ “ways to authenticate users: ID badge, weak vs. strong passwords, finger scanners” (McGonigle, & Mastrian, 2009, pp 186). ◦ ID cards can be used for authentication ◦ create a strong password, using letters, numbers and characters (i.e #, @, +) ◦ never write down passwords in an obvious place (under your keyboard) (McGonigle, & Mastrain, 2009)
- 28. Implementing a CIS is a very expensive task that continues to grow as hospitals continue to grow. ◦ “…implementation of such a comprehensive system will cost the organization both dollars and losses in clinician productivity during development and implementation” (McGonigle, & Mastrian, 2009, pp194). ◦ “The high cost of basic infrastructure of clinical information technology is a substantial hurdle for many health care organizations, many of whose income margins have deteriorated after years of decreasing reimbursement (from Medicare and other sources) and whose access to capital for new medical technology is extremely scarce” (Crane, & Raymond, 2003). The Cost also depends on what CIS is purchased, and IT program hospitals go through.
- 29. “The cost of health information technology should be shared among those who benefit from it. Public investment is needed to encourage adoption of important technologic applications” ( Crane, & Raymond, 2003). Remember: Have a budget and a CIS that can progress as hospitals continue to grow!
- 30. Data security and patient privacy Time and cost required to choose, buy, and implement or build a health informatics system. (Don’t forget hidden costs!) Integration of legacy systems (Challenge for organizations to abandon their large IT investment) Clinician resistance Lack of industry standards and interoperability (outpatient verses inpatient system) Risk aversion (Shrinking income margins) Inability to transfer (IT personals have differences in care delivery models, leadership factors, and organizational culture). (Crane, & Raymond 2003).
- 31. Four phases of decision making for a CIS ◦ Preparatory phase: (detailed explanation of content, scope, requirement and analytical methods that they want from a CIS) ◦ Screening phase: (selection of alternatives; existence of some functions or interfaces or cost limits) ◦ Evaluating phase: (comparison of alternatives; narrow it down to 6 products to be evaluated in detail) ◦ Decisions phase: (Key players make a recommendation to the board of the hospital) (Graeber, 2001).
- 33. Where does itstart? First- A hospital decides to implement a CIS. Second- “Key Players”, users of all levels, are chosen to evaluate the potential CIS programs. Third- Different agencies show a sample of what their program can do for the hospital to the “Key Players”. Fourth- The chosen provider will build a base program, upload it to the hospital system, and send educators to the “Key Players” beginning the three education stages. (McGonigle, & Mastrian, 2009)
- 34. Who needs it? Everyone- Stage1: The “Key Players” are used to find any flaws in the base program as well as figuring out what is working and what is not. This helps the facility to fine tune the program before full implementation. Stage 2: Any flaws found in Stage 1 are examined and the program is adjusted to fix the flaws. Then the training starts with the educated employees (Key Players) training other future educators. Stage 3: The trained educators are utilized in the education of the hospital. The users that will be educated in the hospital include everyone, from doctors to volunteer personnel prior to installation of the new program. (McGonigle, & Mastrian, 2009)
- 35. How often? Education is an ongoing process that never stops!!! The more the system is used, the more the users are able to see what needs to be added or changed. Updates and continued education are done as often as needed. Some education can be done via email, while other education may require in-person training. (McGonigle, & Mastrian, 2009)
- 36. What style learningworks best? When teaching the new program all types of learning are used. Audio- Question/Answer format with Educators Visual- Show and Tell format with Educators Kinesthetic- Tactile format with Educators incorporating physical activity into the learning process. (McGonigle, & Mastrian, 2009)
- 38. Agency for Health Research and Quality. (n.d.). US Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from http://healthit.ahrq.gov Biohealthmatics.com. (2010). Clinical information system. Retrieved from http://www.biohealthmatics.com/technologies/his/cis.aspx Berner, 2009. Published for the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality for the US Department of Health and Human Resources. http://healthit.ahrq.gov/images/jun09cdsreview/09_0069_ef.html CMS. (2011, June 13). Overview of Electronic Health Records. In U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Crane, R. M., & Raymond, B. (2003). health systems: fulfilling the potential of clinical information systems. . The Permanente Journal, 7(1), Retrieved from http://xnet.kp.org/permanentejournal/winter03/cis.html Faruhki. (2009). http://cwru.edu/med/epidbio/mphp430/clinical_decision.htm Graeber, S. (2001). How to select a clinical Information system. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2243333/pdf/procamiasymp00002-0258.pdf Healthland. (2011). Implementation services. Retrieved from http://www.healthland.com/services/ McGongile, D. & Mastrain, K. (2009). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. 2010. Wikipedia. Clinical Decision Support System. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_decision_support_system