Closing the Knowledge Gap
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The document discusses the need to rethink geomatics education, emphasizing the importance of competency-based assessment and the role of reflective questioning in promoting student learning. It highlights the changing demographics in the field and the necessity for educators to adapt teaching strategies to better prepare future professionals. The importance of aligning educational approaches with industry skills and competencies is underscored, along with the need to foster a learner-centric environment.
Closing the Knowledge Gap
- 1. Education for Geomatics Professionals: An Approach to Closing the Knowledge Gap GeomaticsAtlantic2012 Halifax NS June 2012 Izaak de Rijcke Four Point Geomatics Inc., 122-355 Elmira Rd., North, Guelph, Ontario N1K 1S5 www.4PG.ca Contributions made by Bruce Millar and James Roffey are gratefully acknowledged
- 2. outcomes At the end of this presentation, you will have learned: • why instructors of geomatics professionals need to rethink how learning takes place; • some of the implications for how we improve our approach to the design of geomatics education programs – both undergraduate and CPD; • some of the possible implications for how teaching takes place; and, • that asking a student the right question to prompt reflection is more important than giving an answer which shuts down learning.
- 3. Changing demographics; the situation in Ontario today: Number of Surveyors by Age AGE 2009 2011 2012 Cad Photo Hyd Geod GIM Total 639 626 610 521 10 1 16 62 20 - 29 5 6 3 3 0 0 0 0 30 - 39 40 32 26 25 0 0 0 1 40 - 49 189 162 143 116 1 0 3 23 50 - 59 237 244 247 203 8 0 8 28 60 - 69 117 128 137 122 1 0 5 9 70 - 79 46 46 48 46 0 1 0 1 80 - 89 5 8 6 6 0 0 0 0 Percentage 63% 68% 72% 72% 90% 100% 81% 61% over 50 Percentage 26% 29% 31% 33% 10% 100% 31% 16% over 60 From AOLS AGM presentation – February, 2012
- 4. Potential sources of new Geomatics professionals / land surveyors: This model assumes that we know what it takes to be a skilled (competent) surveyor
- 5. What is Knowledge? Knowledge is a familiarity with someone or something, which can include facts, information, descriptions, or skills acquired through experience or education. It can refer to the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise) or explicit (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject); and it can be more or less formal or systematic. • From Learning at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge •
- 6. The knowledge gap at a macro level: Industry and Competency Profession’s and Skills Needs of Workforce
- 7. What is Learning? Learning is not compulsory, it is contextual. It does not happen all at once, but builds upon and is shaped by what we already know. To that end, learning may be viewed as a process, rather than a collection of factual and procedural knowledge. • From Learning at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning
- 8. The knowledge gap at an individual level: Skills and Competency needs for a Individual’s Position or Skills Placement and Competency
- 9. forecasted 11 years ago: “The pathways to learning no longer lead automatically to traditional institutions of higher education. Instead they lead most directly to learning opportunities in which competencies are defined explicitly and delivery options are multiple. This new paradigm will ultimately redefine the roles of faculty, institutions, and accreditors.” From: Voorhees, R.A., Competency-Based Learning Models: A Necessary Future, in: NEW DIRECTIONS FOR INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH, no. 110, Summer, 2001, at: http://www.medbev.umontreal.ca/gtea/Competency-Based%20Learning%20Models.pdf
- 10. What does it mean, in a professional context, to be “Competent”? “As members of the legal profession, lawyers are held to a high standard. The public trusts that lawyers will not only know the law, but will have the skills and practical knowledge and experience to help them resolve or work through their issues and problems. A competent entry-level general practitioner should be able to meet this expectation.” From: Canadian Centre for Professional Legal Education at: http://www.cpled.ca/competency.html This centre is “a non-profit organization mandated with the task of administering one portion of the pre-call process in Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan.”
- 11. Competencies • Competencies reflect accurately what a person can do and knows (their “knowledge”); • Competency Based Assessment (CBA), is respectful of an adult Learner’s abilities and experience; • CBA is more rigorous and professional; • CBA provides a Candidate with full information about what is required to attain a licence.
- 12. Traditional Assessment and Evaluation: • Rigid – scrutiny of paper transcripts • Impersonal – no validation of course deliverables in transcript • Documents sent to regulator with little or no direct interaction – the process is “blind”; • Only certified originals accepted - regardless of Candidate’s circumstances; • Candidate receives a letter outlining “courses” required; • No follow up, support, or consideration of Candidate’s circumstances: • Family • Work commitment • Financial resources
- 13. Academic Credentials vs Competencies • Universities grant “Credentials”: • Grades • Transcripts • Degrees • Self-Regulating Professions deal with establishing member “Competency”. • There are only 2 ways to lose a professional surveying licence in Canada: • Unethical behaviour • Incompetence • The irony lies in fact that at the point of obtaining a licence, competence is presumed - based on the credentials obtained.
- 14. Professional Surveying regulators in Canada: Professional Surveying Regulators in Canada are charged with the responsibility of defining and ensuring that members of the profession possess the skills and competencies required to discharge their professional responsibilities in the best interests of, and to protect, the public. The stage for competency based assessment is set - competency based learning aligns itself with the legislated mandate of land surveying regulators across Canada. Examples of a finding of incompetence can lead to a loss of the privilege to practise: New Brunswick’s Land Surveyors Act, 1986, s. 23(3)(a): incompetence = “… a lack of knowledge, skill, or judgment…” Ontario’s Surveyors Act, s. 26(3)(a): incompetence = “…a lack of knowledge, skill or judgment…” Saskatchewan’s The Land Surveyors and Professional Surveyors Act, s. 29(a): incompetence = “…a lack of knowledge, skill or judgment…”
- 15. A Comparison of elements of Traditional Learning with elements of a competency based approach: Reason for Resources Teaching Assessment Participating Environment T - “I have to” - Textbook - Classroom - Final Exam R A - Academic Credit D - Necessary for - Library - Lab - Course I T degree to be Work I taught - Lecture - Lecture O - Tests N A L M - Learning - Textbook (if - Virtual - Individual O D Contract available) Classroom self- E - Desire to acquire - Video clips - Classroom assessment R N competence - Audio clips - Mixed - Objective - Learner - Internet Formats tools motivated based - Discussion - Subjective Questions metrics
- 16. Implications for Assessment: • In order for competency-based assessment to offer high-quality education, the following must be put into place: • Schools embrace a strong emphasis on formative assessment. • Teachers collaborate to develop understanding of what is an adequate demonstration of proficiency. • Teachers assess skills or concepts in multiple contexts and multiple ways. • Attention on student learning, not student grades. • Summative assessments are adaptive and timely.
- 17. Implementing Competency Based Assessment – linked to competencies which define the knowledge base • A Competency Framework must be developed for each subject area: • Geodesy, hydrography, error theory and adjustments, survey law, etc. • For each competency, a mastery or attainment benchmark must be identified; • Each competency needs one or more professional assessment methodologies identified; • Each competency has links to identified resources, designed to facilitate acquisition of the competency by adult learners.
- 18. Assessment itself is a Meaningful and Positive Learning Experience for Students In a competency-based model, the traditional approach to assessment and accountability “of learning” is turned on its head with assessments “for learning.” Formative assessments are aligned with learning objectives. Students receive immediate feedback when assessment occurs. This is used to encourage students to return to difficult concepts and skills until they achieve mastery. It is essential that assessments are student-centered in which students are assessed on material with which they are familiar. From: https://sites.google.com/site/competencybasedpathways/home/understanding-competency-based-approaches/definition
- 19. Anticipated resistance from instructors - this arises from holding fast to a traditional learning paradigm: • Learners cannot be trusted: • Students come with an expectation of being taught – my job is to do that • Open ended questions are useless – they represent confusion and uncertainty • After a class is finished, students just want to know how to get a passing mark in the course • Learners are inherently lazy: • Students cheat • Plagiarism is an academic offence that must be punished • I trust only my teaching process: • Dishing out answers is what I am paid to do • I am in control and direct what students need to learn • Have confidence in your own knowledge and experience • A “course” does not start until arrival for the first “class”
- 20. Implications for how geomatics is taught: • Trust learners’ own learning: • Engage learners’ own curiosity and interest • Ask questions that are open ended • Use passage of time and reflection to allow for “eureka!” moments • Treat learners as adults: • Turn negative consequences into a learning opportunity • Do not punish plagiarism • Trust the learning process: • Resist dishing out answers • Avoid control • Have confidence in your own knowledge and experience • A “course” starts well before the first “class”
- 21. We have made this work: Learners commit to learning by signing a contract the learning contract
- 22. We have made this work: Integrated LMS and web-based “community” of learners
- 23. We have made this work: Interactive whiteboard produced by Smart™ Technology
- 24. We have made this work: Online Resources