Cloud assisted io t-based scada systems security- a review of the state of the art and future challenges

SPECIAL SECTION ON THE PLETHORA OF RESEARCH IN INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)
Received February 21, 2016, accepted March 25, 2016, date of publication March 31, 2016, date of current version April 21, 2016.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2549047
Cloud-Assisted IoT-Based SCADA Systems
Security: A Review of the State of
the Art and Future Challenges
ANAM SAJID1, HAIDER ABBAS2,3, AND KASHIF SALEEM3
1Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
2National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
3Center of Excellence in Information Assurance, King Saud University, Riyadh 11653, Saudi Arabia
Corresponding author: H. Abbas (haiderabbas-mcs@nust.edu.pk)
This work was supported by the National Plan of Science, Technology and Innovation, King Abdulaziz City for
Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia, under Grant 12-INF2817-02.
ABSTRACT Industrial systems always prefer to reduce their operational expenses. To support such reduc-
tions, they need solutions that are capable of providing stability, fault tolerance, and flexibility. One such
solution for industrial systems is cyber physical system (CPS) integration with the Internet of Things (IoT)
utilizing cloud computing services. These CPSs can be considered as smart industrial systems, with their
most prevalent applications in smart transportation, smart grids, smart medical and eHealthcare systems, and
many more. These industrial CPSs mostly utilize supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems
to control and monitor their critical infrastructure (CI). For example, WebSCADA is an application used for
smart medical technologies, making improved patient monitoring and more timely decisions possible. The
focus of the study presented in this paper is to highlight the security challenges that the industrial SCADA
systems face in an IoT-cloud environment. Classical SCADA systems are already lacking in proper security
measures; however, with the integration of complex new architectures for the future Internet based on the
concepts of IoT, cloud computing, mobile wireless sensor networks, and so on, there are large issues at
stakes in the security and deployment of these classical systems. Therefore, the integration of these future
Internet concepts needs more research effort. This paper, along with highlighting the security challenges of
these CI’s, also provides the existing best practices and recommendations for improving and maintaining
security. Finally, this paper briefly describes future research directions to secure these critical CPSs and help
the research community in identifying the research gaps in this regard.
INDEX TERMS APT, industrial control system, Internet of Things (IoT), NIST, PRECYSE, supervisory
control and data acquisition system, SOA.
I. INTRODUCTION
Industries are always concerned with reducing their
operational costs and related expenses. Therefore,
companies are constantly searching for solutions that improve
their systems’ stability, fault tolerance, flexibility, and cost
efficiency. By adopting such solutions, the complexity and
interactivity of communications within the industrial systems
is expected to expand. One such solution to fulfil the current
needs of industrial systems is the concept of IoT, which
involves cloud computing. The IoT-cloud combination offers
the advantage of integrating CPSs such as SCADA systems.
This integration leads to the concept of ‘‘smart’’ industrial
systems [1].
The advent of the IoT-cloud combination has brought mul-
tiple benefits to the information technology (IT) industry
that includes embedded security, cost reductions, improved
uptime, and an increase in redundancy and flexibility. Crit-
ical infrastructures (CI) are also being integrated with the
IoT-cloud services. IoT-cloud appears to exactly meet the
uptime, flexibility, cost, and redundancy requirements of
these systems in a reasonable way. We can describe CPSs
as smart systems encompassing both physical and computa-
tional components that are seamlessly integrated and inter-
act closely to sense changing states in the real world. CPS
applications include—but are not limited to—smart trans-
portation, smart medical technologies, smart electric grids,
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A. Sajid et al.: Cloud-Assisted IoT-Based SCADA Systems Security
air traffic control, and so on. Under the IoT architecture it is
not easy to clearly differentiate between Wireless Sensor Net-
works (WSN), machine-to-machine technologies, and CPSs.
However, the study in [2] makes an effort to provide a general
CPS model to show the overlapping concepts involved in
these systems, as shown in Fig. 1.
FIGURE 1. The cyber physical system model [2].
At a supervisory level, the major responsibility of SCADA
systems is to monitor a system’s processes and apply the
appropriate controls accordingly. SCADA systems are basi-
cally CPSs used in industries. These systems include a
wide number of application sectors, as presented in Fig. 2,
and currently a lot of research has been conducted in this
regard [3]–[9]. For example, one application is in the health-
care sector [10]–[12]. SCADA systems that provide medi-
cal solutions enable doctors and associated healthcare team
members to monitor and control a patient’s state of health
in a cost effective and efficient manner. One such solution
FIGURE 2. SCADA systems application sectors.
present in the industry is WebSCADA [13], which provides
multiple benefits that include anywhere/anytime accessibility
to the system through a secure web browser connection.
WebSCADA is a scalable and flexible system that can easily
integrate with new project features, easy maintenance, and
is customizable for other industrial applications such as oil,
manufacturing, gas utilities, security monitoring, and so on.
The future Internet is considered as a new concept for
classical SCADA systems that have already been in operation
for many years. We are aware that, with time, new tech-
nologies replace old technologies, but unfortunately, these
existing SCADA systems are being retrofitted to combine
the capabilities of both the old and the new technologies.
Due to this overlapping use of both technologies, the secu-
rity of SCADA systems is at risk. Hence, we can say
that the integration of industrial business systems and the
IoT-cloud concept has made the integrated SCADA systems
more vulnerable compared with classical SCADA systems.
In general, SCADA systems architecture contains a Human
Machine Interface (HMI), hardware, software, Remote
Terminal Units (RTUs), a supervisory station, sensors and
actuators [14]. The general architecture of SCADA systems
in an IoT-cloud environment is illustrated in Fig. 3.
FIGURE 3. The general architecture of SCADA systems in an IoT-cloud
environment.
Standard protocols and wired communications were used
when SCADA systems first came into existence and were
solely aimed at monitoring and controlling system pro-
cesses. However, when these systems were exposed to the
IoT environment, which involves cloud computing and com-
plex network environments, they became more vulnerable
to cyberthreats and attacks. Table 1 describes the journey
of SCADA systems from first generation to the IoT-based
SCADA systems being used now.
The remainder of this paper is divided as follows. Section II
presents the challenges of IoT-cloud based SCADA sys-
tems by identifying their major vulnerabilities and threats.
Based on these identifications, Section III describes the
current efforts to secure industrial SCADA systems in
IoT-cloud environments. Section IV provides a number of
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TABLE 1. The evolution of SCADA systems.
recommendations and best practices being proposed to secure
these systems. Section V describes a wide range of future
research options for securing the industrial SCADA systems
in an IoT-cloud environment, and Section VI concludes the
paper.
II. CHALLENGES TO SECURE SCADA SYSTEMS
IN IoT-CLOUD ENVIRONMENTS
The Siberian Pipeline Explosion happened in 1982 and is
considered to be the first cybersecurity incident in the history
of SCADA systems. In this explosion, an attacker exploited
a system vulnerability using a virus called a Trojan horse.
In 2000, a former worker hacked into the Maroochy Shire
water plant control system, flooding the hotel grounds with
raw sewage [15]. In 2010, Iran’s nuclear system was disrupted
by the Stuxnet worm [16]. In 2011, another form of Stuxnet
was discovered and given the name Duqu. Most recently, the
Flame worm [17] brought devastation to Industrial Control
Systems (ICS) and to SCADA systems.
A detailed literature review and analysis of the major
attacks on SCADA systems can help focus attention on the
reasons why these critical infrastructures are so vulnerable.
Particularly in cases where these systems are integrated with
the IoT and cloud based environments, they are far more
exposed to such vulnerabilities. A number of vulnerabili-
ties exist in these environments that could possibly implant
malware in SCADA systems, some of which are listed
below [1], [18], [19]:
1. System commands and information can be modi-
fied, sniffed, lost, or spoofed during communication
because the reliance on cloud communication makes
the SCADA systems more open.
2. The network connections between SCADA systems
and the cloud potentially open backdoors to the ICS,
which can then be exploited by attackers.
3. SCADA systems integrated into the cloud have all the
same risks as typical cloud infrastructure.
4. Data on the cloud is separated only internally because
the same cloud can be accessed by other clients.
5. SCADA systems applications running on the cloud can
be easily searched and abused by attackers.
6. For control and automation SCADA systems use
Modbus/TCP, IEC 40, and DNP3, but some of these
protocols lack protection.
7. SCADA systems use commercial off-the-shelf
solutions instead of proprietary solutions.
8. SCADA systems lack proper security controls.
9. Unnecessary services and default factory settings lead
to configuration errors in the IoT device operating
systems.
10. Memory corruption and weakness in validating input
data causes software errors in IoT device operating
systems.
11. Third party software used for IoT devices can lead to
configuration errors such as parameter tempering and
lack of encryption.
12. Cloud and external individual service providers have
security vulnerabilities of their own.
The vulnerabilities mentioned above form the basis for
why CIs are exposed to threats that have a negative impact
on the performance of these systems. A general statistical
representation of the threats to SCADA systems before their
exposure to the IoT-cloud environment is shown in Fig. 4.
Insider threats are considered to be the most prominent type
of attacks on IoT-based SCADA systems [19]. Based on the
current literature, a few threats to the SCADA systems in
IoT-cloud environments are defined below:
1) Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs): APTs are net-
work attacks in which an unauthorized person attempts
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FIGURE 4. A statistical view of the threats to the SCADA systems [24].
to gain access to the system using zero-day attacks
with the intention of stealing data rather than causing
damage to it [20].
2) Lack of Data Integrity: Data integrity is lost when
the original data are destroyed, and this could happen
through any means such as physical tampering or inter-
ception.
3) Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) Attacks: Two attacks that
can easily be launched as a result of a man-in-the-
middle attack are spoofing attacks and sniffing attacks.
In a spoofing attack, a program or person masquerades
as another program or person to gain illegitimate access
to the system or the network. In a sniffing attack, the
intruder monitors all the messages being passed and all
the activities performed by the system [21].
4) Replay Attacks: Replay attacks are a type of network
attack in which a valid message containing some valid
data is repeated again and again; in some cases, the
message may repeat itself. These attacks affect the
performance of SCADA systems and can be serious
threats when a replay attack delays messages sent to
physical devices [22].
5) Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks: The purpose of a
DoS attack is to make a service unavailable for the
intended user. Such attacks can be performed in mul-
tiple ways such as DoS or DDoS. At the simplest level,
these attacks overload computer resources such that the
machine is unable to perform its intended tasks [23].
III. EFFORTS TO SECURE SCADA SYSTEMS
To protect the SCADA systems from the above men-
tioned threats, many efforts have been made in terms of
security frameworks, protection mechanisms and assurance
approaches. The following section summarizes these efforts
by first focusing on the efforts to secure SCADA systems
outside of the IoT-cloud environment and then within the
IoT-cloud environment.
A. SCADA SYSTEMS SECURITY IN GENERAL
The following general security considerations apply to
SCADA systems:
1) Policy Management: Cyber security is considered a
threat because if an intruder somehow gains access
to a SCADA system then the intruder most prob-
ably also gains control over everything within the
system. The threats increase enormously when these
systems are connected to the Internet. For example,
protecting SCADA systems against Internet connec-
tivity was not even considered a possible vulnerability
when power systems were first developed. Because
people often have little awareness of the methods for
securing CIs, cyberattacks are increasing. To assess
power system vulnerabilities, an attack tree model
was used by Watts [25]. The author argues that good
password policies make the system access points strong
and make it difficult for an intruder to guess a password
to access the systems. A drawback of this methodol-
ogy is that attack trees do not capture the penetration
sequence of attack leaves. Cagalaban et al. [21] present
a fault detection algorithm to find the vulnerabilities
in SCADA system software. The authors of [21] used
a test-bed architecture and the Modbus protocol. The
purpose of an attacker can be easily identified by this
methodology. The results reveal that SCADA systems
software strength increases when these systems follow
proper rules for authentication and authorization.
2) Data Integrity: To mitigate Denial of Service (DoS)
attacks, Davis et al. [23] adopted a test-bed architecture
using RINSE, which also assesses vulnerabilities faced
by power systems. Three attack scenarios are consid-
ered. In the first scenario, there is no attack and systems
perform normally; in the second scenario, the DoS
attack is introduced; and the last scenario applies filters
such that the effects of a DoS attack can be measured.
A drawback of this methodology is that it focuses only
on the software level; hence, hardware is not taken into
consideration. Giani et al. [26], presented a test-bed
architecture in which system availability and integrity
are compromised by introducing multiple attacks. The
major goal of this study was to measure the impact that
such attacks have on SCADA systems. Davis et al. [23]
proposed a few models to investigate attacks, deter-
mine their effects, and identify mitigation strategies.
Cárdenas et al. [27] presented a methodology that
detects such attacks by monitoring and analyzing the
physical system under observation. As recommended
by [27], attack-resilient algorithms are required to
make the systems able to survive intentional attacks
such as Stuxnet.
3) Weak Communication: According to Wang [22], the
communication links of SCADA systems can be
attacked easily because they do not typically provide
encryption and authentication mechanisms. The
American Gas Association (AGA) has played a vital
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role in securing SCADA system communications and
introduced the concept of cryptography within these
systems’ communication. Secure SCADA (sSCADA),
a plugin device, is presented in [22] as Part 1 of the
AGA’s cryptographic standard, with two vulnerabili-
ties that lead to man-in-the-middle and replay attacks.
To address these vulnerabilities, the authors propose
four channels of communication, each fulfilling differ-
ent security services. The job of an attacker is made
easy by the use of a weak protocol. The communication
protocols used in SCADA systems are responsible
for communicating messages over the entire industry
network. Many protocols are used including DNP3,
PROFIBUS, Ethernet/IP, etc., but based on the system
requirements a particular protocol is selected for com-
munication. The devices that were considered as trusted
were connected to the SCADA systems network long
before security issues were taken into consideration.
Use of the new Internet-based technologies established
untrusted connections. Hence, we can say that the built-
in vulnerability of the communication protocols makes
the systems weak. Igure and Williams [28] described
three challenges that must be considered to improve
SCADA system networks, as follows:
- SCADA systems security within the network can
be improved by utilizing intrusion detection sys-
tems and keeping firewalls up to date, thereby
keeping the system’s activities under constant
supervision.
- SCADA systems security management can be
improved by performing regular risk assessments
and improving the clarity of security plans and
their implementations.
- Access control for SCADA systems can be
improved as well. The first step in securing
any system is to prevent the system from being
accessed by unauthorized entities. Although this
can be achieved by improving authorization pass-
word and smart cards, those are not the ultimate
solution.
To assess and analyze the Modbus communication proto-
col’s vulnerability and risks, Byres et al. [29] used an attack
tree model, revealing that the Modbus protocol is weak and
lacks basic security requirements such as integrity, confi-
dentiality and authentication. They recommended [29] using
firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) and encryption
techniques for secure communications.
To secure the communication channels of SCADA sys-
tems, Patel and Sanyal [30] presented some solutions based
on IP-Sec and SSL/TLS. The strengths and weakness of
both presented solutions are also described in detail. On
the network layer IP-Sec is presently capable of providing
protection to each application responsible for carrying out
communication tasks between two hosts. IP-Sec can secure
the IP traffic, prevent DoS attacks, and is also able to stop any
arbitrary communication packet from entering the TCP layer.
Over TCP/IP, communications between (Remote Terminal
Unit) RTUs and (Master Terminal Units) MTUs are secured
by SSL/TLS, which is an efficient and fast solution and
at the same time provides protection against man-in-the-
middle and replay attacks. However, IP-Sec is also a com-
plex and less scalable solution that is unable to provide
nonrepudiation and authentication [30]. In addition, IP-Sec
encrypts all the traffic. Similarly, SSL/TLS is considered
to be an expensive solution with known vulnerabilities and
is also unable to provide nonrepudiation. Although both
IP-Sec and SSL have their drawbacks, the clients need deter-
mine which solution to use. Security in IP-based SCADA
systems is addressed in detail in [31].
In another approach to securing the communication chan-
nels of SCADA systems, two middleware methods are
described by Khelil et al. [32]. In the first method, the aim of
the authors is to maintain data integrity and availability based
on peer-to -peer protection by maintaining more than one
copy of data. This data access technique can protect SCADA
systems from router crashes as well as from data modifica-
tions. However, this approach is considered to be intrusive
and requires modifications to be made on existing networks.
In the second method, data availability is approached by
using GridStat middleware. To ensure data availability, this
methodology adds some new components to the architecture
that require no changes to the original components: it follows
a nonintrusive approach.
B. SCADA SYSTEM SECURITY IN AN
IoT-CLOUD ENVIRONMENT
1) DATA INTEGRITY AND PRIVACY
Antonini et al. [33] addressed security challenges to SCADA
systems, and Baker et al. [34] presented a security oriented
cloud platform for Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)
based SCADA systems. The main idea of this proposal is
to deliver an innovative solution to integrate cloud platforms
into SOA based SCADA systems. It also focuses on the
enhancement of security and integrity concerns for these sys-
tems. Smart Grid systems are used in the proposed approach
through a real-world scenario. This paper directs readers’
attention toward building a secure cloud platform that sup-
ports the use of SOA based SCADA systems. Another threat
stems from APTs, which are focused on networks. In this type
of attack, an unauthorized person manages to enter a network
and then tries to steal data from the system. The focus of this
attack is not to cause damage but rather to stay undetected
as long as possible, steal data and then leave, all the while
keeping the attacker’s identity hidden. Bere and Muyingi [20]
addressed these types of threats and claim that APTs use
zero-day vulnerabilities to steal data from systems.
2) DATA LOGGING
Security risks related to data logging are also a challenge in
IoT-based SCADA systems because of the presence of the
cloud [19]. Compared to localized logging, keeping track of
cloud-based system logs is difficult.
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3) OWNERSHIP
Use of third party cloud services in IoT-based SCADA sys-
tems takes ownership privileges from the SCADA systems
organization and puts them under the control of the Cloud
Service Provider (CSP) [43]. Hence, we can say that these
systems have lack of control.
4) AUTHENTICATION AND ENCRYPTION
There is a lack of authentication and encryption mechanisms
for IoT-based SCADA systems. If these systems use weak
communication protocols such as Modbus [29] while uti-
lizing the cloud, an attacker can easily gain access to IP
addresses, usernames, and other private credentials, as the
result of weak authentication and encryption. Modern cyber
security attacks have also taken over ICS, as described in [33],
in which the vulnerabilities of SCADA systems are exploited
more often because the International Electrotechnical Com-
mission (IEC) 61850 standard itself lacks security. According
to the authors [33], SCADA systems networks still face key
management issues.
5) WEB APPLICATIONS IN THE CLOUD
Web applications are frequently used in these systems. Based
on the literature [1], [2], [13]–[43], web applications have
their own security needs that are currently not addressed by
IoT-cloud based SCADA systems.
6) RISK MANAGEMENT
Ongoing research on SCADA systems is presented by
Nicholson et al. [36], who emphasize that the threats and risks
to SCADA systems are not completely addressed because of
their integration with corporate networks, making them more
vulnerable to cyberattacks. Identification of risk mitigation
techniques is a positive contribution from [36]. Research
challenges faced by SCADA systems in risk assessment are
outlined in [37] and [38].
7) EMBEDDED DEVICE PROTECTION IN INDUSTRIAL IoTs
Because classical IT systems differ from CPS such as
SCADA systems, existing concepts of information security
cannot be adopted. To defend against the privacy and secu-
rity risks, the Industrial IoT requires a cyber security con-
cept capable of addressing such risks at all possible levels
of abstraction. Some solutions for protecting the embedded
devices at the core of industrial IoT-based SCADA systems
are shown in the Table 2.
The major difference between SCADA systems and
Distributed Control Systems (DCSs) is that they differ in size:
SCADA systems are restricted to large areas while DCSs
are restricted to smaller areas. Originally, SCADA systems
were developed as isolated systems, but that is no longer
true due to the usage of commercial off the shelf solutions
and widely expanded networked environments such as the
IoT-based SCADA systems. There is a need to develop a more
secure solution that considers the security requirements and
TABLE 2. Security architectures for industrial IoTs.
constraints faced by these systems. Although some security
improvement actions have been implemented since 2010
to protect these systems against major attacks, still, they
remain vulnerable to intrusions, data modifications, denial
of service attacks, threats from legitimate users, and many
more security-related threats. IoT-based SCADA systems
are vulnerable to network attacks as well. The differences
between IoT-based SCADA system security in particular and
IT systems security in general must be clearly understood
because this understanding can help in developing more effi-
cient and secure solutions that focus on IoT-based SCADA
systems security.
IV. RECOMMENDATIONS AND BEST PRACTICES FOR
SECURING IoT-CLOUD BASED SCADA SYSTEMS
SCADA systems in IoT-cloud environment are not like reg-
ular IT systems; we cannot assume that by simply using
some strong password policies, updated antivirus protec-
tion, firewalls, or frequent patching will solve the problems
(as they would for simpler IT systems). Therefore, counter-
measures are required that directly address the security needs
of SCADA systems in IoT-cloud environments. Recently, the
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has been working on
a new draft that focuses on security considerations for Indus-
trial IoT (IIoT) in IP-based environments. This draft standard
also provides an overview on the present state of the art (as
of 2013) and emphasizes that future connections are moving
towards an all-IP solution. The current draft standard defines
five security profiles: IoT devices for home use, IoT devices
with no security requirements, IoT devices for industrial
usage, IoT devices for managed home use, and IoT devices
for advanced industrial usage. When considering the future
for secure and flexible industrial IoT networks, this draft
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identifies that Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS)
will form the basic building block for these systems.
However, the draft argues that there is a need to introduce
more interconnectivity among the multiple layers of security
in the IoT and cloud based industrial systems.
Similarly, the methodology named ‘‘Prevention, Protection
and REaction to CYber attackS to critical infrastructurEs’’
(PRECYSE) is a security methodology intended to improve
by design the reliability, resilience and security of Informa-
tion and Communication Technology (ICT) that supports CI’s
such as CPS, SCADA, IIoT, and so on. PRECYSE is built
on research standards already in existence and has a special
focus on relevant security, policy, privacy, ethical and legal
issues for CIs. The major goals of PRECYSE for CIs such as
SCADA systems [39] are as follows:
- Investigating privacy and ethical issues.
- Improving resilience through a security architecture.
- Providing tools for preventing and protecting against
cyberattacks on SCADA systems and controlling the
reaction to such attacks.
- Presenting a methodology for identifying assets and
their associated vulnerabilities and threats.
- Deploying prototypes at two sites, one in the transport
sector and the other in the energy sector.
Some basic principles can be considered for protecting
Industrial IoT and IIoT-cloud based SCADA systems, as
shown in Fig. 5. These principles have the objective of pro-
tecting vulnerable infrastructure by surrounding these sys-
tems with a combination of security tools based on currently
available good practices. Following is a brief overview of
few such good practices that helps in improving the security
of IoT and cloud based SCADA systems, keeping in view
the guidelines of NIST SP 800-53 [40], NIST SP 800-53,
Revision 4 [41], NIST SP 800-82, Revision 2 [42], and other
literature reviewed in the reference section.
FIGURE 5. Best practices for securing IoT-cloud based SCADA systems.
1) NETWORK SEGREGATION
An approach to segregate networks introduces security tools
that surround each network and as a result effectively seg-
regate and monitor network activities, preventing policy
violations.
2) CONTINUOUS MONITORING AND ANALYSIS
The computers involved in SCADA systems are performing
critical tasks that often make the computer systems com-
plex. Due to the increased frequency of attacks, there is a
need to continuously monitor and analyze the activities these
computer systems perform.
3) LOG ANALYSIS
Activity logs are kept by nearly all computer software and
devices including operating systems, network devices, appli-
cations and other intelligent programmable devices. These
logs play a vital role in troubleshooting, compliance check-
ing, forensic analysis and intrusion detections. Tracking via
these logs can identify and help control many attacks. Such
log analysis is typically supported by host-based IDS.
4) FILE INTEGRITY MONITORING
File integrity analysis is used to validate the integrity of some
software and operating systems. The cryptographic check-
sum method is the most frequently used verification method.
Harmful files (black lists) and allowed files (white lists) can
be easily identified using checksum verification methods.
Checksum methods are also supported by host-based IDS.
5) NETWORK TRAFFIC ANALYSIS
Malicious activities can sometimes be detected though net-
work monitoring by performing network packet analysis.
Malicious activities can also be detected based on behavioral
or pattern analysis. For sophisticated malware, where the
information is hidden inside covert channels, network analy-
sis can detect only the number of network packets or the des-
tination for that packet; hence, other techniques are required
to detect malicious behaviors within covert channels.
6) MEMORY DUMP ANALYSIS
Both known and unknown malicious activity present within
the memory of an operating system can be detected by mem-
ory dump analysis. Using advanced technologies, a volatility
framework can analyze multiple types of memory dumps.
This type of analysis makes it easy to detect system libraries
and hidden processes, which also helps in detecting the
sophisticated attacks and intrusions.
7) UPDATING AND PATCHING REGULARLY
Third-party software is used by IoT-cloud SCADA systems,
and keeping this software continuously up to date is a chal-
lenge. Unknown errors in such software can trigger the pos-
sibility of arbitrary code execution by attackers. Monitoring
the current security news and following the best approaches
for updating and patching this critical infrastructure software
is a requirement.
8) TESTING VULNERABILITY REGULARLY
To a large extent, the design of a system determines its secu-
rity level. Unknown errors in cloud systems are easily dis-
covered by continuous monitoring and vulnerability testing.
These tests can be applied to either the whole system or to
VOLUME 4, 2016 1381

particular system components, but should be performed at
regular intervals because new threats are revealed through
analysis over time.
9) PROXY SOLUTIONS
To increase the security of these systems, proxy solutions are
used to build a fine layer of protection around vulnerable or
legacy solutions. Proxy solutions can perform filtering and
inspections, implement access control, and limit the range
of instructions sent to the network or to devices. When a
supplier needs access to the critical network this protection
can be removed for the subset of data required; for example,
a Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) can be used as a trusted process.
10) TOOLS FOR DETECTING MALICIOUS ACTIVITY
In addition to all the practices mentioned above, it is a require-
ment to regularly use intrusion detection and prevention sys-
tems, antivirus software, and so on, and to keep these up
to date, ensuring that attack patterns are kept current in the
database to help in improving the security of these systems.
V. FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS IN SECURING
IoT-CLOUD BASED SCADA SYSTEMS
To secure CPSs in the future, more research needs to be
performed. Because the concepts related to the future Internet
such as IoTs and cloud computing, specifically, are at an early
stage of deployment in industrial SCADA systems, more
focus is required on preventing cyberattacks on industrial
SCADA systems. A few research directions for securing
IIoT-based CPSs [43] are briefly explained below and pre-
sented in Fig. 6.
FIGURE 6. Future research directions for securing CPS.
1) MANAGEMENT
There is a need to develop new methods capable of managing
complex and large-scale systems because thousands of IoT
devices will be active in such industrial settings, including
smart industries, smart cities, and so forth.
2) SECURITY
The CPSs are responsible for controlling real-world infras-
tructures and, thus, have a real-world impact on them.
Failure to secure these critical infrastructures can have
devastating impacts. There is a need to answer questions
such as: ‘‘To what extent will future CIs be vulnerable?’’ and
‘‘To what level can we ensure that they are trustworthy,
resilient and reliable?’’
3) REAL-TIME DATA HANDLING
CPSs such as IIoT, which are primarily based on supervising
and controlling data acquisitions, need to collect and analyze
the data in real time and make business decisions; these
systems cannot afford delays. For such decision making, clas-
sical CPSs utilize local decision loops, but with the cloud and
IoT, they are becoming more dependent on external services.
Therefore, aspects of timely interaction need to be revisited.
4) CROSS-LAYER COLLABORATIONS
The effectiveness of these systems depends on collaboration
among the involved platforms that are responsible for deliver-
ing services in a service-based infrastructure. However, these
complex collaborations possess multiple requirements from
both the business and technical worlds that are based on
specific application scenarios. To make the CPS ecosystem
flourish, people need assurance that these complex collabo-
rations can deliver services efficiently and effectively—but
providing that assurance is not an easy task and needs more
research.
5) APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
To build complex services and behaviors for critical CPSs
the underlying core API functionalities must be standardized.
API consolidation can be applied as a short term solution until
new solutions are developed that work through semantically
driven interactions.
6) MIGRATION OF CPSs AND THE IMPACT
ON EXISTING APPROACHES
The large-scale impact of CPSs needs to be carefully assessed
and investigated; however, this is a challenging task. It is
expected that CPSs will replace the classical approaches
gradually in the future. Therefore, new strategies are required
to migrate these classical systems to CPS.
7) SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT
Cloud-based CPSs promise to provide more efficient and
optimized usage of global resources. Therefore, sustain-
able strategies for managing the business and information
structures are required—e.g., energy-driven management.
There is a need to understand and implement new solutions
with respect to a greater context such as applications that
apply at smart citywide scales, cross-enterprise scales, etc.
To effectively integrate such solutions in large-scale CPSs,
new approaches and tools are needed.
8) ENGINEERING AND DEVELOPMENT TOOLS
Within complex environments, there is a need for new
engineering and development tools that can help ease the
complexity of service creation in CPS ecosystems.
1382 VOLUME 4, 2016

9) SHARING AND MANAGEMENT OF DATA LIFECYCLE
The first step in the data lifecycle involves acquiring data
from the cyber physical world; however, the second step
is sharing these data and managing them because building
sophisticated services is a challenge. This challenge becomes
ever more complex now that the security and privacy of these
data must also be ensured in cloud environments. The entire
topic needs more research and new and innovative solutions.
10) DATA SCIENCE
Massive CPS infrastructures integrated with the cloud will
acquire enormous amounts of data. The term for such data
volumes is ‘‘Big Data’’. It is possible to analyze big data in the
cloud to deliver new insights on industrial processes, which
can result in the ability to better identify optimized solutions
and enterprise operations. Approaches based on data science
and big data are expected to have a positive impact on the way
in which CPS infrastructures are designed and operated.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
The objective of this study was to highlight some important
facts about industrial SCADA systems with an emphasis on
threats, vulnerabilities, management and the current prac-
tices being followed. CPSs such as SCADA systems are
widely used. The objective of IoT-based SCADA systems
is to increase their flexibility, cost efficiency, optimization
capability, availability and scalability of such systems. For
this purpose, industrial SCADA systems utilize the benefits of
IoT and cloud computing. However, these benefits are accom-
panied by numerous critical risks. Major security risks related
to the industrial SCADA systems in the cloud may vary from
one scenario to another. In such environments, the nature of
data is such that it must be stored on server/s for backup or
sharing purposes, and these server/s are mostly managed by
a third party. This third party management means that these
servers are likely to contain large numbers of clients and
their confidential information. The result is that the privacy
of data on these cloud servers cannot be guaranteed, as the
data may or may not be shared with other clients. Therefore,
such security breaches must be considered before integrating
industrial SCADA systems with IoT-cloud environments. The
purpose of this paper was to highlight the unique importance
of critical industrial SCADA systems from the perspective of
IoT and cloud computing. The efforts being made to secure
these systems within the future Internet environment were
described and discussed extensively. After performing this
study, it can be concluded that several of the vulnerabilities
described in this paper are particularly relevant to industrial
IoT based SCADA systems, and it is extremely important to
note that each specific IoT device is a separate entity and
will typically possess an attack surface of its own. Therefore,
there is a clear need to perform more research on securing
these systems because attacks not only have the potential
for devastating effects to both industrial machines and to
individuals associated with them but also are expected to
become even more critical in the future.
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ANAM SAJID received the B.S. degree in
software engineering and the M.S. degree in
computer science with a minor in information
security from the Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Institute of Science and Technology, Pakistan, in
2011 and 2014, respectively. Her research inter-
ests include cloud computing, Internet of Things,
Internet of Everything, healthcare data privacy and
security, supervisory control and data acquisition
system security, malware analysis, critical infras-
tructures, social networking, computer forensics, and big data analysis.
HAIDER ABBAS received the M.S. degree in
engineering and management of information sys-
tems and the Ph.D. degree in information secu-
rity from the KTH Royal Institute of Technology,
Sweden, in 2006 and 2010, respectively. He has
received several research grants for ICT related
projects from various research funding authorities
and working on scientific projects in U.S., EU,
Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan. His professional ser-
vices include—but are not limited to—Guest Edi-
torships, Industry Consultations, a Workshops Chair, a Technical Program
Committee Member, an Invited/Keynote Speaker, and a Reviewer for several
international journals and conferences. He has authored over 50 scientific
research articles in prestigious international journals and conferences. He is
a Research Fellow/Assistant Professor with the Centre of Excellence in Infor-
mation Assurance, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. He is also associated
with the National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan, as an
Assistant Professor, and Security Masons, Sweden, as a Chief Executive
Officer. He is the Principal Advisor for several graduate and doctoral students
with King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, and the National University of
Sciences and Technology, Pakistan.
KASHIF SALEEM received the B.Sc. degree in
computer science from Allama Iqbal Open Uni-
versity, Islamabad, Pakistan, in 2002, the Post
Graduate Diploma degree in computer technology
and communication from Government College
University, Lahore, Pakistan, in 2004, and the
M.E. degree in electrical (electronics and telecom-
munication) engineering and the Ph.D. degree in
electrical engineering from University Technology
Malaysia, in 2007 and 2011, respectively. He is
currently with the Center of Excellence in Information Assurance, King Saud
University, as an Assistant Professor. His research interests include ubiq-
uitous computing, mobile computing, intelligent autonomous systems,
information security, and biological inspired optimization algorithms.
1384 VOLUME 4, 2016

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