Cloud computing

Introduction What is cloud computing? When computing services are provided over the Internet rather then locally on a user’s own machine. Computation is run on an supporting infrastructure which is independent of the applications themselves. The infrastructure can take on many forms, but to the end user, the implementation is irrelevant, hence the “cloud” abstraction. What isn’t cloud computing? Cloud computing does not necessarily include grid computing, resources as a utility, or self managing computing. Each of these can however be used in some cloud computing systems, but cloud computing can also be done with free and decentralized architectures.

Types of Cloud Computing Services Software as a service Software is provided to end users in an “On-demand” fashion. Reduces upfront costs, i.e. buying multiple licenses “ Utility-based” computing Infrastructure as a service An “infrastructure” referring to much of the background hardware (contrast to software) needs of an organization Platform as a service When the software needed to develop cloud applications are themselves provided in a “software as a service” fashion

Software as a service A common problem: Business software installed on a work computer cannot be used from other computers (home, mobile computers) because the EULA doesn’t allow it (licensing costs) Remote access a possibility, but issues with uptime, security… Instead the software is abstracted to a cloud application which can be accessed anywhere via cloud client (e.g. web browser) Features of Software as a Service: Commercial software that can be used and configured over a network, file servers and remote configuration storage, one application used by many clients, application updateability.

Software as a service: Types Multi-level architectures: Level 1: Customized, Ad-hoc basis Level 2: Configurability Level 3: Configurability + multi-tenancy Level 4: Configurability + multi-tenancy + Scalability Virtualization in contrast with multi-tenancy

Infrastructure as a service Components of Infrastructure as a service: Computing hardware E.g. Client Storage Space, Processing power needs Virtualization E.g. VM Ware, VirtualBox Networking Security, communication speeds, servers Internet Access Connecting clients applications to servers anywhere Utility Computing E.g. Charging by hour, gigabyte, process load Contracts Specific service levels which must be adhered too.

Platform as a service Implements the “Software Lifecycle” on the cloud. Common S.E. practices: client elicitation, software design, component design, implementation, testing, maintenance, data handling and documentation How does it work? Cloud servers allow not just hosting of completed application, but applications in progress U.I. design tools right inside the web browser to use them Provides testing in real situations: heavy client loads Automatic integration with other data sources on the cloud Tools for the developers to work efficiently with one another Profit simulations

Clouds: Heavier than you think A lot of constituent elements are necessary to make Cloud Computing work: Cloud applications Cloud clients Cloud hardware Cloud platform Cloud services Cloud storage

Example: Google Apps Cloud Application (Google Docs) Cloud Client (Mozilla Firefox) Cloud hardware (Apps Server) Cloud Platform (Apps Engine) Cloud Services (Word Processing) BigTable Cloud storage (BigTable DB)

Cloud Architecture Heavily relies on communication and communication protocols Standards are implemented openly (publicly) to aid collaboration between services Software designers are “cloud architects”, software is integrated into the cloud system by a “cloud integrator” API’s extremely important “ Without APIs, there is no cloud computing.” – Dave Rosenberg

Role-based Cloud Computing Providers Responsible for creation and maintenance of the hardware infrastructure which supports cloud computing applications. Developers Responsible for the creation of software to be ran on a cloud computing system. Often works with provides for integration. Users Responsible for the consumption of cloud-computing services. Vendors Responsible for creation and distribution of lower-end platforms for cloud computing.

Ideal Cloud Computing Low cost for users and providers Independence of device and software Efficient utilization of all resources Constant, or near-constant uptime through the use of resource distribution Ability to continually add new users and applications by easily increasing resources when necessary Data is secure with policies to protect its security

How to keep the clouds floating Cloud Computing issues Security of providers access to user data Trustworthiness of providers Security of data placement Security of data representation Recoverability of data Tracking of illicit activities on the cloud Long-term costs of cloud development “ Vendor” lock-in

Eliminating the need for expensive long-distance leased lines Reducing the long-distance telephone charges for remote access. Transferring the support burden to the service providers Operational costs Cisco VPN Savings Calculator Advantages: Cost Savings

Flexibility of growth Efficiency with broadband technology Advantages: Scalability

VPNs require an in-depth understanding of public network security issues and proper deployment of precautions Availability and performance depends on factors largely outside of their control Immature standards VPNs need to accommodate protocols other than IP and existing internal network technology Disadvantages

Applications: Site-to-Site VPNs Large-scale encryption between multiple fixed sites such as remote offices and central offices Network traffic is sent over the branch office Internet connection This saves the company hardware and management expenses

Applications: Remote Access Encrypted connections between mobile or remote users and their corporate networks Remote user can make a local call to an ISP, as opposed to a long distance call to the corporate remote access server. Ideal for a telecommuter or mobile sales people. VPN allows mobile workers & telecommuters to take advantage of broadband connectivity. i.e. DSL, Cable

Industries That May Use a VPN Healthcare: enables the transferring of confidential patient information within the medical facilities & health care provider Manufacturing : allow suppliers to view inventory & allow clients to purchase online safely Retail: able to securely transfer sales data or customer info between stores & the headquarters Banking/Financial: enables account information to be transferred safely within departments & branches General Business: communication between remote employees can be securely exchanged

Statistics From Gartner-Consulting* *Source: www.cisco.com

Some Businesses using a VPN CVS Pharmaceutical Corporation upgraded their frame relay network to an IP VPN ITW Foilmark secured remote location orders, running reports, & internet/intranet communications w/ a 168-bit encryption by switching to OpenReach VPN Bacardi & Co. Implemented a 21-country, 44-location VPN

Where Do We See VPNs Going in the Future? VPNs are continually being enhanced. Example: Equant NV As the VPN market becomes larger, more applications will be created along with more VPN providers and new VPN types. Networks are expected to converge to create an integrated VPN Improved protocols are expected, which will also improve VPNs.

Agenda What and why is Cloud Computing? Cloud Computing and Storage Ensembles as Cloud and Enterprise Infrastructure Storage Ensembles

Cloud Computing Notes: Abstraction – alleviates IT consumers from the operations of applications, allowing end users to focus instead on the execution and high-value activities Virtualization – access to business services on-demand independent of location and resource constraints Dynamic allocation – dynamically provisions, configures, reconfigures, and de-provisions IT capability as and when needed, transparently and seamlessly Speed and reliability through standardization, higher level of automation, and abstraction Flexibility through virtualization, dynamic resource sharing, and proactive capacity allocation Efficiency through higher level of automation, catalog standardization, and prioritization Abstraction Current Environment SOA Service Mgmt Emerging model where users can have access to applications or compute resources from anywhere through their connected devices through a simplified UI Applications reside in massively-scalable data centers where compute resources can be dynamically provisioned and shared to achieve significant economies of scale A strong service management platform results in only marginal incremental management cost, if any, when more workload needs to be handled by the cloud Virtual- ization Information Virtualization Elasticity Work Mobility

Key Attributes of Cloud Computing Simple “self service” user interface where underlying technology and services are irrelevant to the user. *A Service Management platform allows an operations management team to collect or discover information about how the resources associated with a service are configured and consumed and then access that information to support integrated management processes that address changes to and problems with the service. When adding IT resources to the service, the incremental cost to manage these new resources approaches zero Provides for an infinitely scalable pool of connected computing resources Although often associated with Internet Services, clouds will exist both inside a data center to support that customers & internal users as well as supporting third-party managed service offerings. Efficient, green, and cost effective infrastructure

AaaS - Architecture as a Service BaaS - Business as a Service CaaS - Computing as a Service CRMaaS - CRM as a Service DaaS - Data as a Service DBaaS - Database as a Service EaaS - Ethernet as a Service FaaS - Frameworks as a Service GaaS - Globalization or Governance as a Service HaaS - Hardware as a Service IaaS - Infrastructure or Integration as a Service IDaaS - Identity as a Service LaaS - Lending as a Service MaaS - Mashups as a Service OaaS - Organization or Operations as a Service SaaS - Software as a Service StaaS - Storage as a Service PaaS - Platform as a Service TaaS - Technology or Testing as a Service VaaS - Voice as a Service A variety of ‘as-a-Service’ terms have been used to describe the services offered in Clouds:

Who’s Offering Cloud Services today? 3Tera Grid-based Platform For Cloud Apps Akamai Application Performance Services Amazon.com Amazon Web Services AretiInternet Virtual Hosting Bungee Labs Virtual Labs-as-a-Service software CohesiveFT Cloud Platform Elastra Hosted Elastic Computing EMC Storage Cloud – Decho(Mozy, Pi) + Cloud Infrastructure & Services Division Enki Computing Utility Flexiscale Utility Computing on Demand Fortress ITX DynamicGrid Google Search Services HP Adaptive Infrastructure as a Service iCloud Desktop Cloud IBM Computing Cloud, Advanced UIs, Deep Capacity on Demand Joyent Accelerator for Applications Layered Technology GridLayer Microsoft CRM, email and IM Services Mosso Hosting Cloud Salesforce.com Force.com Terremark Infinistructure XCalibre FlexiScale

Cloud Computing Users and Business Models Main actors and their interaction mode in the use and delivery of Cloud Services, enable the identification of the models and evolving technologies that support the Cloud Computing strategy: Acquisition Model (Service): "All that matters is results; I don't care how it's done" Business Model (Pay for usage): "I don't want to own assets - I want to pay for elastic usage, like a utility" Access Model (Internet): "I want accessibility from anywhere, from any device" Technical Model (Scalable, elastic, shareable): "It's about economies of scale, with effective and dynamic sharing" Garter, 2008 Service Consumers Service Catalog, Component Library Cloud Administrator Datacenter Infrastructure Monitor & Manage Services & Resources Component Vendors / Software Publishers Publish & Update Components, Service Templates Access Services IT Cloud

Cloud Computing: A New Paradigm Enterprise Cloud Network Cloud INNOVATIVE BUSINESS MODELS End Users / Requestors Government/ Academics Industry (Startups/ SMB/ Enterprise) Consumers An “Elastic” pool of high performance virtualized compute resources Cloud applications enable the simplification of complex services A cloud computing platform combines modular components on a service oriented architecture New combinations of services to form differentiating value propositions at lower costs in shorter time Internet protocol based convergence of networks and devices SIMPLIFIED SERVICES Source: Corporate Strategy

Cloud computing perceived benefits and demand drivers Awareness and demand for cloud computing are fueled by perceived / potential benefits to business entities , individual users , and IT providers (includes enterprises + service providers) Cloud computing’s “nirvana-like” promise drives higher service level expectations among business entities and individual users Which in turn puts pressure on the enterprise data center to deliver higher service quality (at lower cost) IT Providers Key Benefit: Competitivenes Lower TCO Faster Time to Market Higher Cust Rentention Service quality Resource optimization Resiliency Flexibility Efficiency “ Green” Enhanced chargeback Business Entities Key Benefit: Innovation Faster, easier innovation New business models New products and services Faster time to market Lower IT cost Lower IT risk (brand protection) Improved IT user productivity Improved Client Satisfaction Improved Disaster Recovery IT Users Key Benefit: Quality of Experience Speed of access Ease of access (anywhere, anytime) Ease of use Minimal software requirements on access device No long-term commitments

Model for Delivering Cloud Services (single provider) Fulfillment Services End Users make requests using a catalog of services The Provider delivers service using fulfillment processes and technology Services are normalized to achieve Abstraction and Encapsulation Fulfillment Process Fulfillment + Enterprise Process (e.g. Open Account) Fulfillment + Enterprise Process + Governance (e.g. ITIL) Provisioning Services Usage & Accounting Services Monitoring Services Security Services Energy Management Services Technology … . End User Requestors & Operators … Service Requestor Service Catalog Request UI Operational UI Service Provider Service Creator Federated Data Repository Service Definition Tools Service Publishing Tools Service Fulfillment & Configuration Tools UI, Fulfillment, Data, MetaData Service Monitoring Tools KPIs Service Planning

August 24, 2008 Architectural Model for Cloud Computing End User Requests & Operators … Service Request & Operations Design & Build Image Library (Store) Deployment Operational Lifecycle of Images IT Infrastructure & Application Provider Service Creation & Deployment Virtual Image Management Service Catalog Request UI Operational UI Standards Based Interfaces Virtualized Infrastructure Service Management Service Oriented Architecture Information Architecture Standards Based Interfaces Service Catalog, Component Library Datacenter Infrastructure Cloud Administrator Access Services Optimized Middleware (image deployment, integrated security, workload mgmt., high-availability) Service Oriented Architecture Information Architecture User Request Management/Self Service Portal Security: Identity , Access, Integrity, Isolation, Audit & Compliance Usage Accounting License Management Image Lifecycle Management Provisioning Performance Management Availability/Backup/ Restore Service Lifecycle Management Service Management Virtual Resources & Aggregations SMP Servers Network Hardware Storage Servers System Resources Blades Storage Virtualized Infrastructure Server Virt. Storage Virt. Network Virt.

The Role of Storage in Clouds - 1 Deep Infrastructure (What cloud?) Service Management SOA Application Middleware Virtualized Infrastructure Server / Storage / Network Virtual Image Management Cloud Service User The ‘Cloud Service’ is an application or upper layer function, or a platform service e.g. Salesforce.com, hosted computing “ Application computing” is done by the Cloud Service and is co-located with the storage Incremental cost and time to add a new user is effectively zero Desired Storage Infrastructure is the same as advanced Enterprise Storage (only cheaper) Integrated server & storage management Automated provisioning Performance & security controls Chargeback TCO challenges Value of the Cloud Service Complete application stack offload Compute Requires some new/better storage function

The Role of Storage in Clouds - 2 Storage Application As a Cloud Service Service Management SOA Storage Application Storage Optimized Infrastructure Virtual Image Management Cloud Service User The ‘Cloud Service’ is a Storage Intensive application or upper layer function e.g. Medical Image Archive Backup/DR for SMB Data Warehousing Content serving Client could be an individual or a server farm Desired Storage Infrastructure is an optimized Storage Application Archive + Indexing + Search, long term retention Video/large object access Local compute limited to: Ingest and playback Optimization, management Value in the Cloud Service Multi-tenancy Content Specialty storage application Compute Compute Requires some new/better storage function Requires specialty storage/function

The Role of Storage in Clouds - 3 ‘ Storage in the Cloud’ (like the old SSPs) Service Management SOA Storage Application – Device emulation Storage Optimized Infrastructure Virtual Image Management Cloud Service User Storage devices are seen as local, deployed across the cloud E: drive on laptop/desktops – Amazon S3 ‘ Capacity on Demand’ for server farms Desired Storage Infrastructure is a very low cost ‘Network Virtual Disk’ facility Upsell services? Archive + Indexing + Search, long term retention Local compute limited to: Ingest and playback Optimization, management Value in the Cloud Service Convenience, cost Capacity on demand Challenges Multi-tenancy Cost Performance Application Synergy Compute Compute

Making Cloud Computing a Reality requires: Virtualization Integrated virtualization and management with optimized systems and networks to break the lock between IT resources and business services Autonomic Management Autonomic management methods for both application and infrastructure services to meet user needs and expectations for delivery of high quality of service Ensembles Simplified IT infrastructure, reduced complexity and management through the creation of large, consistent pools of resources that are managed as one. Software Services Hardware

Methods for IT Simplification Service oriented architecture technologies frame business processes as services, ease of deployment, composition, reuse, change… Topologies of federated services must be mapped onto large numbers of diverse physical and virtual resources Business Processes as Services Heterogeneous servers, storage, networks “ Enterprises report that IT operational overhead = 70% of their IT budget and growing . . . leaving precious few resources for new initiatives.” – Forrester, 2007 OLD Virtual Resource Objects/Appliances, Libraries will reduce the labor required for software stack development and management Ensemble Ensemble Ensemble Ensembles, scalable pools of like systems that are manageable as single systems will replace multitudes of individual servers and reduce the labor required for physical systems management Service management software spans the diversity of heterogeneous physical and virtual resources, providing unified cross-platform management in support of SOA NEW

Ensemble Components An Ensemble generally consists of the following components: A pool of compatible system nodes (e.g., N physical servers; need not be homogeneous) Virtual resource mobility within an ensemble and with compatible ensembles The networks which interconnect the ensemble nodes (may be local / optimized) Resource virtualizers (hypervisors, I/O virtualizers, storage virtualizers, …) An ensemble manager appliance that provides platform management for the ensemble virtual and physical resources Tools for planning, ensemble creation, P2V migration, image mgmt. & composition, … Ensemble-local automated optimization software of performance, availability, energy usage, security, … with intelligent defaults Multi-system services (locking, caching, message queuing, …) may be integrated with some ensembles Ensemble definition: a pool of like systems that is manageable as a single system OS OS OS Hypervisor Server OS OS OS Hypervisor Server Workload Mobility Server Ensemble Example Ensemble Manager

Standards for Cloud Storage Service access interfaces Storage service interfaces Provisioning QOS Performance management Chargeback accounting Data protection Storage Security Storage infrastructure management interfaces (SMIS) Service Management SOA Application Middleware Virtualized Infrastructure Server / Storage / Network Virtual Image Management Cloud Service User Compute

What is Cloud Computing? Multiple Choice: Cloud Computing is… A way to access applications hosted on the web through your web browser (Software as a Service -- SaaS)‏ A pay-as-you-go model for IT resources accessed over the Internet (Platform as a Service – PaaS)‏ Use of commodity computers, distributed throughout an internet, to perform parallel processing, distributed storage, indexing and mining of data Gartner: “Cloud computing is a style of computing where massively scalable IT-related capabilities are provided ‘as a service’ across the Internet to multiple external customers” An IT buzzword that assures potential clients that your product is on the cutting edge of technology All of the above

Common Cloud Themes They’re big – massively scalable Always there when you need them – on-demand, dynamic Only use what you need – elastic, no upfront commitments, use on short term basis Out there on the network somewhere – accessible via Internet, location independent Transparent – complexity concealed from users, virtualized, abstracted Service oriented – easy to use, SLAs, accessible Simple Metaphor Like Power Company Better Metaphor Cooperatively Owned Semiconductor Fab

IT Trends enabling (and driven by) Cloud Computing Increased Parallelism New Moore’s Law - 2X processors per chip generation Parallel software industries emerging to address challenges Redundant networks and storage increasing performance Increased Virtualization Processing, Storage, Bandwidth, Delivery Commodity Components X86 servers, consumer hard drives, ethernet Open Source SW – Freedom to customize and adapt Increased Outsourcing of Core Elements “ By 2012, 80 percent of Fortune 1000 companies will pay for some cloud computing service, and 30 percent of them will pay for cloud computing infrastructure.” Gartner

Cloud Deployment Models Deployment Models: Internal (private) cloud. The cloud infrastructure is operated within the consumer’s organization. Community cloud. The cloud infrastructure is jointly owned by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). Public cloud. The cloud infrastructure is owned by an organization selling cloud services to the general public or to a large industry group. Hybrid cloud . The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (internal, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability. NIST working definitions

Business Case for Cloud Computing Automation/On-Demand = Better, Faster & Cheaper Moving from ‘hand crafted’ software to repeatable assembly Reuse of interchangeable components Repeatable processes with increased automation & collaboration Division of labor – let developers focus on new software Ease of use – abstract complexity out of developers’ lives Avoid over & under provisioning – CAPEX outlays Data Intensive Computing Ability to index and make sense of large data sets – parallization Pre-format data in large repositories for low BW transmissions Better access to data with large multi-tenant distributed cloud databases Default backup and most cost effective archival of large data sets. Accessibility = Any time, any place, any device Cloud serviced clients Leverage low cost compute cycles and assured data storage in the cloud Communications is pacing factor Challenge is to balance platform agnostic vs. end point device innovations

Ease of Assembly - Fabrication Abstract complexity away from developers & users (virtualization, widgets, open APIs)‏ Put skills in the machines, enabling use of semi-skilled rural work force Moving from hand crafted -> repeatable assembly. Let SW developers focus on value add new functionality, let others focus on repeatable hosting and underlying platform tasks Division of labor, specialization Repeatable SW development CM processes with increased automation & collaboration New materials handling processes Interchangeable abstracted resources, reuse of SW components, web service standards Interchangeable parts, engineering tolerances Cloud SW Development & Deployment, Data Fusion 2009 Assembly Line – Muskets -> Ford 1815

Cloud Related Service Offerings Level of Abstraction GoDaddy.com Rackspace Savvis Managed Hosting Collocation Internet Service Provider Unmanaged hosting Physical Infrastructure Adapted from Forrester Research Taxonomy Akamai Amazon EC2 CohesiveFT Mosso (from Rackspace)‏ Joyent Accelerators Nirvanix Storage Delivery Network Virtual servers Logical disks VLAN networks Systems Management Virtual Infrastructure-as-a-Service Google App Engine and BigTable Microsoft SQL Server Data Services Engine Yard Salesforce.com’s Force.com Development-platform-as-a-service Database Message Queue App Servicer Blob or object data stores Software-platform-as-a-Service Amazon Flexible Payments Service and DevPay Salesforce.com’s AppExchange Yahoo! Maps API Google Calendar API zembly APIs for specific service access for integration Web-based software service than can combine to create new services, as in a mashup App-components -as-a-Service Flikr Myspace.com Cisco WebEx office Gmail IBM Bluehouse Rich Internet application web sites Application as Web Sites Collaboration and email Office Productivity Client apps that connect to services in the cloud Software-as-a-Service Examples Types of Offerings Cloud Market Types

RACE Rapid Access Computing Environment – What is it Today? Track - Thursday, April 23 1:30-2:30 PM CSD - Cloud Computing & Software as a Service forge

RACE Phase IIa Pathway to Production (dev-test-prod)‏ Track - Thursday, April 23 1:30-2:30 PM CSD - Cloud Computing & Software as a Service

Extending the Cloud to Deployed Users Web Services CDN/WOA/PEPs RIA Synchronization Low BW protocols User-hosted Caches Fixed Sites Rich Web-based Access Remote/Mobile Access Diverse Users Diverse Infrastructures Cloud DISA Delivery Efforts GCDS Akamai EFDS JIPM TSP/GBS IW PS4 UVDS Consumer RIA Clients Track - Wednesday, April 22, 3:00-4:30 PM PEO-GES Accelerating and Optimizing the Delivery of Information Track – Friday, April 24 8:00 – 9:00AM PEO-GES GIG Content Delivery Service and EFD Workshop Track - Tuesday, April 21 4:30-5:30 PM PEO-STS Joint IP Modem (JIPM)‏ Track – Wednesday, April 22, 3:00-4:30 PM PEO-STS Joint IP Modem (JIPM)‏

CTO Cloud Research Areas of Interest Automated Dev -> Test -> Production Capabilities Data Clouds Applicability of cloud “shared nothing” databases to C2 app challenges Common structured data stores handling multiple data models Utility Computing Programming Models for Production Environments Common Edge Caching & Acceleration Techniques Cloud serviced client platforms Enterprise Mashups: Shindig/GWT, JackBe Presto Geo-visualization – NASA Worldwind Mediaplayers – VLC Mobile computing Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) soft & hard thin clients Common HW Infrastructure Templates & Data Center Practices

Programming Models What’s the right fit for DoD? Hardware Resources Physical infrastructure Software-platform-as-a-service App-components-as-a-service Virtual-Infrastructure-as-a-Service Data Intensive Amazon Hadoop, Public Data Sets, Simple DB Google App Engine GCDS Akamai Compute Storage Networking Content Delivery

CTO Cloud Research Outreach Partnering with other cloud researchers in DoD/IC aka Multi-Agency Cloud Computing Forum Working to track any emerging vendor neutral standards Intellipedia-U site for DISA cloud computing research https://www.intelink.gov/wiki/Cloud_Computing_Research_Program Let us know about your cloud efforts We want to partner & share! Tom Greenfield DISA Office of the CTO Email: tom.greenfield@disa.mil 703.882.1394

Some Suggested Readings “ Above the Clouds: A Berkley View of Cloud Computing” 10 Feb 09 – Great overview of cloud computing < 20 pages Study Amazon Web Services Google App Engine MS Azure (future)‏ “ Data Analysis Challenges” JASON Report, Dec 2008 – Good description of cloud applicability to DoD data analysis challenges

Increasing the Value of “our” Cloud Clouds Exhibit Network Effect More participation increases value of the system to everyone More indexed data = greater opportunity to uncover patterns & make connections More participation in collaborative SW development = increased contributions of reusable code More design interactions = more seamless interfaces and lower friction processes More use = greater statistical multiplexing of loads = increased ability for surge computing More use = more machines = better economies of scale

Cloud computing

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Cloud computing

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