Cloud Computing Documentation Report

1.Introduction
Imagine yourself in the world where the users of the computer of today’s
internet world don’t have to run, install or store their application or data on their
own computers, imagine the world where every piece of your information or data
would reside on the Cloud (Internet).
As a metaphor for the Internet, "the cloud" is a familiar cliché, but
when combined with "computing", the meaning gets bigger and fuzzier.
Some analysts and vendors define cloud computing narrowly as an updated
version of utility computing: basically virtual servers available over the
Internet. Others go very broad, arguing anything you consume outside the
firewall is "in the cloud", including conventional outsourcing.
Cloud computing comes into focus only when you think about what we
always need: a way to increase capacity or add capabilities on the fly
without investing in new infrastructure, training new personnel, or licensing
new software. Cloud computing encompasses any subscription-based or
pay-per-use service that, in real time over the Internet, extends ICT's
existing capabilities.
Cloud computing is at an early stage, with a motley crew of providers
large and small delivering a slew of cloud-based services, from full-blown
applications to storage services to spam filtering. Yes, utility-style
infrastructure providers are part of the mix, but so are SaaS (software as a
service) providers such as Salesforce.com. Today, for the most part, IT must
plug into cloud-based services individually, but cloud computing
aggregators and integrators are already emerging.
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2. Cloud computing- The Concept
Cloud computing is Internet ("cloud") based development and
use of computer technology ("computing"). It is a style of computing in
which dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources are provided as a
service over the Internet. Users need not have knowledge of, expertise in, or
control over the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them.
The concept incorporates infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a
service (PaaS) and software as a service (SaaS) as well as Web 2.0 and
other recent technology trends which have the common theme of reliance on
the Internet for satisfying the computing needs of the users. Examples of
SaaS vendors include Salesforce.com and Google Apps which provide
common business applications online that are accessed from a web browser,
while the software and data are stored on the servers.
The term cloud is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on how the
Internet is depicted in computer network diagrams, and is an abstraction for
the complex infrastructure it conceals.
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2.1 Comparison:
Cloud computing is often confused with grid computing ("a form of
distributed computing whereby a 'super and virtual computer' is composed
of a cluster of networked, loosely-coupled computers, acting in concert to
perform very large tasks"), utility computing (the "packaging of computing
resources, such as computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a
traditional public utility such as electricity") and autonomic computing
("computer systems capable of self-management").
Indeed many cloud computing deployments as of 2009 depend on grids,
have autonomic characteristics and bill like utilities — but cloud computing
can be seen as a natural next step from the grid-utility model. Some
successful cloud architectures have little or no centralized infrastructure or
billing systems whatsoever, including peer-to-peer networks like Bit Torrent
and Skype and volunteer computing like
2.2 Implementation:
The majority of cloud computing infrastructure as of 2009 consists of
reliable services delivered through data centers and built on servers with
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different levels of virtualization technologies. The services are accessible
anywhere that has access to networking infrastructure. The Cloud appears as
a single point of access for all the computing needs of consumers.
Commercial offerings need to meet the quality of service requirements of
customers and typically offer service level agreements. Open standards are
critical to the growth of cloud computing and open source software has
provided the foundation for many cloud computing implementations.
2.3 Characteristics:
As customers generally do not own the infrastructure, they merely access or
rent, they can avoid capital expenditure and consume resources as a service,
paying instead for what they use. Many cloud-computing offerings have
adopted the utility computing model, which is analogous to how traditional
utilities like electricity are consumed, while others are billed on a
subscription basis. Sharing "perishable and intangible" computing power
among multiple tenants can improve utilization rates, as servers are not left
idle, which can reduce costs significantly while increasing the speed of
application development. A side effect of this approach is that "computer
capacity rises dramatically" as customers do not have to engineer for peak
loads. Adoption has been enabled by "increased high-speed bandwidth"
which makes it possible to receive the same response times from centralized
infrastructure at other sites.
2.4 Economics:
Cloud computing users can avoid capital expenditure (CapEx) on hardware,
software and services, rather paying a provider only for what they use.
Consumption is billed on a utility (e.g. resources consumed, like electricity)
or subscription (e.g. time based, like a newspaper) basis with little or no
upfront cost. Other benefits of this time sharing style approach are low
barriers to entry, shared infrastructure and costs, low management overhead
and immediate access to a broad range of applications. Users can generally
terminate the contract at any time (thereby avoiding return on investment
risk and uncertainty) and the services are often covered by service level
agreements with financial penalties.
According to Nicholas Carr the strategic importance of information
technology is diminishing as it becomes standardized and cheaper. He
argues that the cloud computing paradigm shift is similar to the
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displacement of electricity generators by electricity grids early in the 20th
century.
2.5 Companies:
Providers including Amazon, Microsoft, Google, Sun and Yahoo exemplify
the use of cloud computing. It is being adopted by individual users through
large enterprises including General Electric, L'Oréal, and Procter & Gamble.
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3. History
The Cloud is a term with a long history in telephony, which has in the past
decade, been adopted as a metaphor for internet based services, with a
common depiction in network diagrams as a cloud outline.
The underlying concept dates back to 1960 when John McCarthy opined that
"computation may someday be organized as a public utility"; indeed it
shares characteristics with service bureaus which date back to the 1960s.
The term cloud had already come into commercial use in the early 1990s to
refer to large ATM networks. By the turn of the 21st century, the term
"cloud computing" had started to appear, although most of the focus at this
time was on Software as a service (SaaS).
In 1999, Salesforce.com was established by Marc Benioff, Parker Harris,
and his fellows. They applied many technologies of consumer web sites like
Google and Yahoo! to business applications. They also provided the concept
of "On demand" and "SaaS" with their real business and successful
customers. The key for SaaS is being customizable by customer alone or
with a small amount of help. Flexibility and speed for application
development have been drastically welcomed and accepted by business
users.
IBM extended these concepts in 2001, as detailed in the Autonomic
Computing Manifesto -- which described advanced automation techniques
such as self-monitoring, self-healing, self-configuring, and self-optimizing
in the management of complex IT systems with heterogeneous storage,
servers, applications, networks, security mechanisms, and other system
elements that can be virtualized across an enterprise.
Amazon.com played a key role in the development of cloud computing by
modernizing their data centers after the dot-com bubble and, having found
that the new cloud architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency
improvements, providing access to their systems by way of Amazon Web
Services in 2005 on a utility computing basis.
2007 saw increased activity, with Google, IBM, and a number of universities
embarking on a large scale cloud computing research project, around the
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time the term started gaining popularity in the mainstream press. It was a hot
topic by mid-2008 and numerous cloud computing events had been
scheduled.
In August 2008, Gartner Research observed that "organizations are
switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use
service-based models" and that the "projected shift to cloud computing will
result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and in significant
reductions in other areas."
4.Political Issues
The Cloud spans many borders and "may be the ultimate form of
globalization." As such it becomes subject to complex geopolitical issues:
providers must satisfy myriad regulatory environments in order to deliver
service to a global market. This dates back to the early days of the Internet,
where libertarian thinkers felt that "cyberspace was a distinct place calling
for laws and legal institutions of its own"; author Neal Stephenson envisaged
this as a tiny island data haven called Kinakuta in his classic science-fiction
novel Cryptonomicon.
Despite efforts (such as US-EU Safe Harbor) to harmonize the legal
environment, as of 2009 providers such as Amazon Web Services cater to
the major markets (typically the United States and the European Union) by
deploying local infrastructure and allowing customers to select "availability
zones." Nonetheless, there are still concerns about security and privacy from
individual through governmental level, e.g., the USA PATRIOT Act and use
of national security letters and the Electronic Communication Privacy Act's
Stored Communications Act.
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5. Legal Issues
In March 2007, Dell applied to trademark the term "cloud computing" (U.S.
Trademark 77,139,082) in the United States. The "Notice of Allowance" it
received in July 2008 was canceled on August 6, resulting in a formal
rejection of the trademark application less than a week later.
On 30 September 2008, USPTO issued a "Notice of Allowance" to CGactive
LLC (U.S. Trademark 77,355,287) for "CloudOS". A cloud operating
system is a generic operating system that "manage[s] the relationship
between software inside the computer and on the Web", such as Microsoft
Azure. Good OS LLC also announced their "Cloud" operating system on 1
December 2008.
Richard Stallman, founder of the Free Software Foundation, believes that
cloud computing endangers liberties because users sacrifice their privacy
and personal data to a third party. In November 2007, the Free Software
Foundation released the Affero General Public License, a version of GPLv3
designed to close a perceived legal loophole associated with free software
designed to be run over a network, particularly software as a service. An
application service provider is required to release any changes they make to
Affero GPL open source code
6. Risk Mitigation
Corporations or end-users wishing to avoid not being able to access their
data — or even losing it — should research vendors' policies on data
security before using vendor services. One technology analyst and
consulting firm, Gartner, lists seven security issues which one should discuss
with a cloud-computing vendor:
1. Privileged user access—inquire about who has specialized access to
data and about the hiring and management of such administrators.
2. Regulatory compliance—makes sure a vendor is willing to undergo
external audits and/or security certifications.
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3. Data locations—ask if a provider allows for any control over the
location of data.
4. Data segregation—make sure that encryption is available at all stages
and that these "encryption schemes were designed and tested by
experienced professionals".
5. Recovery—find out what will happen to data in the case of a disaster;
do they offer complete restoration and, if so, how long that would
take.
6. Investigative Support—inquire whether a vendor has the ability to
investigate any inappropriate or illegal activity.
7. Long-term viability—ask what will happen to data if the company
goes out of business; how will data be returned and in what format.
In practice, one can best determine data-recovery capabilities by experiment:
asking to get back old data, seeing how long it takes, and verifying that the
checksums match the original data. Determining data security is harder. A
tactic not covered by Gartner is to encrypt the data yourself. If you encrypt
the data using a trusted algorithm, then regardless of the service provider's
security and encryption policies, the data will only be accessible with the
decryption keys. This leads to a follow-on problem: managing private keys
in a pay-on-demand computing infrastructure.
7.Service model
Cloud computing providers offer their services according to several
fundamental models infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service
(PaaS), and software as a service (SaaS) where IaaS is the most basic and
each higher model abstracts from the details of the lower models. In 2012,
network as a service (NaaS) and communication as a service (CaaS) were
officially included by ITU (International Telecommunication Union) as part
of the basic cloud computing models, recognized service categories of a
telecommunication-centric cloud ecosystem.
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7.1 Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
In the most basic cloud-service model, providers of IaaS offer computers -
physical or (more often) virtual machines - and other resources.
(A hypervisor, such as Xen or KVM, runs the virtual machines as guests.
Pools of hypervisors within the cloud operational support-system can
support large numbers of virtual machines and the ability to scale services
up and down according to customers' varying requirements.) IaaS clouds
often offer additional resources such as images in a virtual-machine image-
library, raw (block) and file-based storage, firewalls, load balancers, IP
addresses, virtual local area networks (VLANs), and software bundles. IaaS-
cloud providers supply these resources on-demand from their large pools
installed in data centers. For wide-area connectivity, customers can use
either the Internet or carrier clouds (dedicated virtual private networks).
To deploy their applications, cloud users install operating-system images
and their application software on the cloud infrastructure. In this model, the
cloud user patches and maintains the operating systems and the application
software. Cloud providers typically bill IaaS services on a utility computing
basis cost reflects the amount of resources allocated and consumed.
Examples of IaaS providers include Amazon CloudFormation, Amazon
EC2, Windows Azure Virtual Machines, DynDNS, Google Compute
Engine, HP Cloud, iland, Joyent, Oracle Infrastructure as a
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Service, Rackspace Cloud, ReadySpace Cloud
Services,SAVVIS, Terremark and NaviSite.
7.2 Platform as a service (PaaS)
In the PaaS model, cloud providers deliver a computing platform typically
including operating system, programming language execution environment,
database, and web server. Application developers can develop and run their
software solutions on a cloud platform without the cost and complexity of
buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers. With
some PaaS offers, the underlying computer and storage resources scale
automatically to match application demand such that cloud user does not
have to allocate resources manually.
Examples of PaaS include: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Cloud
Foundry, Heroku, Force.com, EngineYard, Mendix, Google App
Engine, Windows Azure Compute and OrangeScape.
7.3 Software as a service (SaaS)
In the SaaS model, cloud providers install and operate application software
in the cloud and cloud users access the software from cloud clients. The
cloud users do not manage the cloud infrastructure and platform on which
the application is running. This eliminates the need to install and run the
application on the cloud user's own computers simplifying maintenance and
support. What makes a cloud application different from other applications is
its scalability. This can be achieved by cloning tasks onto multiple virtual
machines at run-time to meet the changing work demand. Load
balancers distribute the work over the set of virtual machines. This process is
transparent to the cloud user who sees only a single access point. To
accommodate a large number of cloud users, cloud applications can
be multitenant, that is, any machine serves more than one cloud user
organization. It is common to refer to special types of cloud based
application software with a similar naming convention: desktop as a service,
business process as a service, test environment as a service, communication
as a service.
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The pricing model for SaaS applications is typically a monthly or yearly flat
fee per user so price is scalable and adjustable if users are added or removed
at any point.
Examples of SaaS include: Google Apps, Microsoft Office 365, Onlive, GT
Nexus, Marketo, and TradeCard.
7.4 Network as a service (NaaS)
A category of cloud services where the capability provided to the cloud
service user is to use network/transport connectivity services and/or inter-
cloud network connectivity services. NaaS involves the optimization of
resource allocations by considering network and computing resources as a
unified whole.
Traditional NaaS services include flexible and extended VPN, and
bandwidth on demand. NaaS concept materialization also includes the
provision of a virtual network service by the owners of the network
infrastructure to a third party (VNP – VNO).
8. Key characteristics
• Cost is greatly reduced and capital expenditure is converted to
operational expenditure. This lowers barriers to entry, as infrastructure
is typically provided by a third-party and does not need to be
purchased for one-time or infrequent intensive computing tasks.
Pricing on a utility computing basis is fine-grained with usage-based
options and minimal or no IT skills are required for implementation.
• Device and location independence enable users to access systems
using a web browser regardless of their location or what device they
are using, e.g., PC, mobile. As infrastructure is off-site (typically
provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet the users can
connect from anywhere.
• Multi-tenancy enables sharing of resources and costs among a large
pool of users, allowing for:
o Centralization of infrastructure in areas with lower costs (such
as real estate, electricity, etc.)
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o Peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer for
highest possible load-levels)
o Utilization and efficiency improvements for systems that are
often only 10-20% utilized.
• Reliability improves through the use of multiple redundant sites,
which makes it suitable for business continuity and disaster recovery.
Nonetheless, most major cloud computing services have suffered
outages and IT and business managers are able to do little when they
are affected.
• Scalability via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources on a
fine-grained, self-service basis near real-time, without users having to
engineer for peak loads. Performance is monitored and consistent and
loosely-coupled architectures are constructed using web services as
the system interface.
• Security typically improves due to centralization of data, increased
security-focused resources, etc., but raises concerns about loss of
control over certain sensitive data. Security is often as good as or
better than traditional systems, in part because providers are able to
devote resources to solving security issues that many customers
cannot afford. Providers typically log accesses, but accessing the audit
logs themselves can be difficult or impossible.
• Sustainability comes about through improved resource utilization,
more efficient systems, and carbon neutrality. Nonetheless, computers
and associated infrastructure are major consumers of energy.
9. Components
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Cloud computing Components
Applications Facebook · Google Apps · SalesForce · Microsoft Online
Client
Browser(Chrome) · Firefox · Cloud · Mobile (Android ·
iPhone) · Netbook (EeePC · MSI Wind) · Nettop (CherryPal ·
Zonbu)
InfrastructureBitTorrent · EC2 · GoGrid · Sun Grid · 3tera
Platforms App Engine · Azure · Mosso · SalesForce
Services Alexa · FPS · MTurk · SQS
Storage S3 · SimpleDB · SQL Services
Standards Ajax · Atom · HTML 5 · REST
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9.1 Application
A cloud application leverages the Cloud in software architecture, often
eliminating the need to install and run the application on the customer's own
computer, thus alleviating the burden of software maintenance, ongoing
operation, and support. For example:
• Peer-to-peer / volunteer computing (Bittorrent, BOINC Projects,
Skype)
• Web application (Facebook)
• Software as a service (Google Apps, SAP and Salesforce)
• Software plus services (Microsoft Online Services)
9.2 Client
A cloud client consists of computer hardware and/or computer software
which relies on cloud computing for application delivery, or which is
specifically designed for delivery of cloud services and which, in either case,
is essentially useless without it. For example:
• Mobile (Android, iPhone, Windows Mobile)
• Thin client (CherryPal, Zonbu, gOS-based systems)
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• Thick client / Web browser (Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox)
9.3 Infrastructure
Cloud infrastructure, such as Infrastructure as a service, is the delivery of
computer infrastructure, typically a platform virtualization environment, as a
service. For example:
• Full virtualization (GoGrid, Skytap)
• Management (RightScale)
• Compute (Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud)
• Platform (Force.com)
9.4 Platform
A cloud platform, such as Platform as a service, the delivery of a computing
platform, and/or solution stack as a service, facilitates deployment of
applications without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the
underlying hardware and software layers. For example:
• Web application frameworks
o Python Django (Google App Engine)
o Ruby on Rails (Heroku)
o .NET (Azure Services Platform)
• Web hosting (Mosso)
• Proprietary (Force.com)
9.5 Service
A cloud service includes "products, services and solutions that are delivered
and consumed in real-time over the Internet". For example, Web Services
("software system[s] designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine
interaction over a network") which may be accessed by other cloud
computing components, software, e.g., Software plus service, or end users
directly. Specific examples include:
• Identity (OAuth, OpenID)
• Integration (Amazon Simple Queue Service)
• Payments (Amazon Flexible Payments Service, Google Checkout,
PayPal)
• Mapping (Google Maps, Yahoo! Maps)
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• Search (Alexa, Google Custom Search, Yahoo! BOSS)
• Others (Amazon Mechanical Turk)
9.6 Storage
Cloud storage involves the delivery of data storage as a service, including
database-like services, often billed on a utility computing basis, e.g., per
gigabyte per month. For example:
• Database (Amazon SimpleDB, Google App Engine's BigTable
datastore)
• Network attached storage (MobileMe iDisk, Nirvanix CloudNAS)
• Synchronization (Live Mesh Live Desktop component, MobileMe
push functions)
• Web service (Amazon Simple Storage Service, Nirvanix SDN)
10. Architecture
Cloud architecture, the systems architecture of the software systems
involved in the delivery of cloud computing, comprises hardware and
software designed by a cloud architect who typically works for a cloud
integrator. It typically involves multiple cloud components communicating
with each other over application programming interfaces, usually web
services.
This closely resembles the UNIX philosophy of having multiple programs
doing one thing well and working together over universal interfaces.
Complexity is controlled and the resulting systems are more manageable
than their monolithic counterparts.
Cloud architecture extends to the client, where web browsers and/or
software applications access cloud applications.
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Cloud storage architecture is loosely coupled, where metadata operations
are centralized enabling the data nodes to scale into the hundreds, each
independently delivering data to applications or user.
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11. Types
11.1 Public cloud
Public cloud or external cloud describes cloud computing in the traditional
mainstream sense, whereby resources are dynamically provisioned on a fine-
grained, self-service basis over the Internet, via web applications/web
services, from an off-site third-party provider who shares resources and bills
on a fine-grained utility computing basis.
11.2 Private cloud
Private cloud and internal cloud are neologisms that some vendors have
recently used to describe offerings that emulate cloud computing on private
networks. These products claim to "deliver some benefits of cloud
computing without the pitfalls", capitalizing on data security, corporate
governance, and reliability concerns.
While an analyst predicted in 2008 that private cloud networks would be the
future of corporate IT, there is some uncertainty whether they are a reality
even within the same firm. Analysts also claim that within five years a "huge
percentage" of small and medium enterprises will get most of their
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computing resources from external cloud computing providers as they "will
not have economies of scale to make it worth staying in the IT business" or
be able to afford private clouds.
The term has also been used in the logical rather than physical sense, for
example in reference to platform as service offerings, though such offerings
including Microsoft's Azure Services Platform are not available for on-
premises deployment.
11.3 Hybrid cloud
A hybrid cloud environment consisting of multiple internal and/or external
providers"will be typical for most enterprises".
12. Roles
12.1 Provider
A cloud computing provider or cloud computing service provider owns and
operates live cloud computing systems to deliver service to third parties. The
barrier to entry is also significantly higher with capital expenditure required
and billing and management creates some overhead. Nonetheless, significant
operational efficiency and agility advantages can be realized, even by small
organizations, and server consolidation and virtualization rollouts are
already well underway. Amazon.com was the first such provider,
modernizing its data centers which, like most computer networks, were
using as little as 10% of its capacity at any one time just to leave room for
occasional spikes. This allowed small, fast-moving groups to add new
features faster and easier, and they went on to open it up to outsiders as
Amazon Web Services in 2002 on a utility computing basis.
12.2 User
A user is a consumer of cloud computing. The privacy of users in cloud
computing has become of increasing concern. The rights of users are also an
issue, which is being addressed via a community effort to create a bill of
rights.
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12.3 Vendor
A vendor sells products and services that facilitate the delivery, adoption and
use of cloud computing.For example:
• Computer hardware (Dell, HP, IBM, Sun Microsystems)
o Storage (Sun Microsystems, EMC, IBM)
o Infrastructure (Cisco Systems)
• Computer software (3tera, Hadoop, IBM, RightScale)
o Operating systems (Solaris, AIX, Linux including Red Hat)
o Platform virtualization (Citrix, Microsoft, VMware, Sun xVM,
IBM)
13. Standards
Cloud standards, a number of existing, typically lightweight, open
standards, have facilitated the growth of cloud computing, including:
• Application
o Communications (HTTP, XMPP)
o Security (OAuth, OpenID, SSL/TLS)
o Syndication (Atom)
• Client
o Browsers (AJAX)
o Offline (HTML 5)
• Implementations
o Virtualization (OVF)
• Platform
o Solution stacks (LAMP)
• Service
o Data (XML, JSON)
o Web Services (REST)
• Storage
o Database(Amazon Simple DB, Google App Engine BigTable
Datastore)
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o Network attached storage (MobileMe iDisk, Nirvanix
CloudNAS)
o Synchronization (Live Mesh Live Desktop component,
MobileMe push functions)
o Web service (Amazon Simple Storage Service, Nirvanix SDN)
14. Conclusion
Cloud Computing is a vast topic and the above report does not give a high
level introduction to it. It is certainly not possible in the limited space of a
report to do justice to these technologies. What is in store for this technology
in the near future? Well, Cloud Computing is leading the industry’s
endeavor to bank on this revolutionary technology.
Cloud Computing Brings Possibilities……..
• Increases business responsiveness
• Accelerates creation of new services via rapid prototyping capabilities
• Reduces acquisition complexity via service oriented approach
• Uses IT resources efficiently via sharing and higher system utilization
• Reduces energy consumption
• Handles new and emerging workloads
• Scales to extreme workloads quickly and easily
• Simplifies IT management
• Platform for collaboration and innovation
• Cultivates skills for next generation workforce
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Today, with such cloud-based interconnection seldom in evidence, cloud
computing might be more accurately described as "sky computing," with
many isolated clouds of services which IT customers must plug into
individually. On the other hand, as virtualization and SOA permeate the
enterprise, the idea of loosely coupled services running on an agile, scalable
infrastructure should eventually make every enterprise a node in the cloud.
It's a long-running trend with a far-out horizon. But among big metatrends,
cloud computing is the hardest one to argue with in the long term.
Cloud Computing is a technology which took the software and business
world by storm. The much deserved hype over it will continue for years to
come.
15. References
[1]. www.wikipedia.com
[2]. www.infoworld.com/article/08/04/07/15FE-cloud-computing-
reality_1.html
[3]. www.wiki.cloudcommunity.org/wiki/CloudComputing:Bill_of_Rights
[4]. www.davidchappell.com/CloudPlatforms--Chappell. PDF
[5]. www.amazon.com
[6]. www.thinkgos.com/cloud/index.html
[7]. www.salesforce.com
[8]. www.google.com
[9]. Chip Computer Magazine, December 2008 - Feb 2009 Edition
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