![postgres=# select * from umair;
-[ RECORD 1 ]-----------------------------
name | Umair Shahid
description | 20+ year PostgreSQL veteran
company | Stormatics
designation | Founder
location | Islamabad, Pakistan
family | Mom, Wife & 2 kids
kid1 | Son, 17 year old
kid2 | Daughter, 14 year old](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/clusteringinpostgresqlbecauseonedatabaseserverisneverenoughandneitheristwo-240219082952-5ca1d08d/85/Clustering-in-PostgreSQL-Because-one-database-server-is-never-enough-and-neither-is-two-pdf-2-320.jpg)
Clustering in PostgreSQL - Because one database server is never enough (and neither is two).pdf
- 1. Clustering in PostgreSQL Because one database server is never enough (and neither is two)
- 2. postgres=# select * from umair; -[ RECORD 1 ]----------------------------- name | Umair Shahid description | 20+ year PostgreSQL veteran company | Stormatics designation | Founder location | Islamabad, Pakistan family | Mom, Wife & 2 kids kid1 | Son, 17 year old kid2 | Daughter, 14 year old
- 3. Our mission is to help businesses scale PostgreSQL reliably for their mission-critical data
- 4. On to the topic now!
- 5. What is High Availability? ● Remain operational even in the face of hardware or software failure ● Minimize downtime ● Essential for mission-critical applications that require 24/7 availability ● Measured in ‘Nines of Availability’
- 6. Nines of Availability Availability Downtime per year 90% (one nine) 36.53 days 99% (two nines) 3.65 days 99.9% (three nines) 8.77 hours 99.99% (four nines) 52.60 minutes 99.999% (five nines) 5.26 minutes
- 7. But my database resides in the cloud, and the cloud is always available Right?
- 8. Wrong!
- 9. Amazon RDS Service Level Agreement Multi-AZ configurations for MySQL, MariaDB, Oracle, and PostgreSQL are covered by the Amazon RDS Service Level Agreement ("SLA"). The RDS SLA affirms that AWS will use commercially reasonable efforts to make Multi-AZ instances of Amazon RDS available with a Monthly Uptime Percentage of at least 99.95% during any monthly billing cycle. In the event Amazon RDS does not meet the Monthly Uptime Percentage commitment, affected customers will be eligible to receive a service credit.* 99.95% = 4.38 hours of downtime per year! 22 minutes of downtime per month! * https://aws.amazon.com/rds/ha/
- 10. So - what do I do if I want better reliability for my mission-critical data? Clustering!
- 11. What is clustering? Primary Standby 1 Standby 2 Application Write Read Replicate ● Multiple database servers work together to provide redundancy ● Gives the appearance of a single database server ● Application communicates with the primary PostgreSQL instance ● Data is replicated to standby instances ● Auto failover in case the primary node goes down
- 12. What is auto failover? Primary Standby 1 Standby 2 Application Standby 1 Primary Standby 2 New Standby Application Primary Standby 1 Standby 2 Application 1 2 3 * Primary node goes down * Standby 1 gets promoted to Primary * Standby 2 becomes subscriber to Standby 1 * New Standby is added to the cluster * Application talks to the new Primary
- 13. ● Write to the primary PostgreSQL instance and read from standbys ● Data redundancy through replication to two standbys ● Auto failover in case the primary node goes down Clusters with load balancing Primary Standby 1 Standby 2 Application Write Read Replicate
- 14. Clusters with backups and disaster recovery ● Off-site backups ● RTO and RPO requirements dictate configuration ● Point-in-time recovery It is extremely important to periodically test your backups Primary Standby 1 Standby 2 Application Write Read Replicate Backup Backup
- 15. ● Shared-Everything architecture ● Load balancing for read as well as write operations ● Database redundancy to achieve high availability ● Asynchronous replication between nodes for better efficiency * with conflict resolution at the application layer Multi-node clusters with Active-Active configuration* Active 2 Application Write Read Replicate Active 1 Active 3
- 16. Multi-node clusters with data sharding and horizontal scaling Node 2 Application Node 1 Node 3 Coordinator Write Read ● Shared-Nothing architecture ● Automatic data sharding based on defined criteria ● Read and write operations are auto directed to the relevant node ● Each node can have its own standbys for high availability
- 17. Globally distributed clusters ● Spin up clusters on the cloud, on-prem, bare metal, VMs, or a hybrid of the above ● Geo fencing for regulatory compliance and better local performance ● High availability across data centers and geographies
- 18. Asynchronous ● Data may not be transferred immediately ● Transaction commits without waiting for confirmation from replica ● Data may be inconsistent across nodes ● Faster and more scalable ● Used where performance matters more than data accuracy Replication - Synchronous vs Asynchronous Synchronous ● Data is transferred immediately ● Transaction waits for confirmation from replica before it commits ● Ensures data consistency across all nodes ● Performance overhead caused by latency ● Used where data accuracy is critical, even at the expense of performance
- 19. #AI
- 20. Challenges in Clustering ● Split brain ● Network latency ● False alarms ● Data inconsistency
- 21. Challenges in Clustering ● Split brain ● Network latency ● False alarms ● Data inconsistency
- 22. Split Brain Defined Node in a highly available cluster lose connectivity with each other but continue to function independently Challenge More than one node believes that it is the primary leading to inconsistencies and possible data loss
- 23. ● Network reliability and redundancy ○ Minimize the risk of partitions due to connectivity issues ○ Redundant network hardware and paths between nodes ○ Reliable cross datacenter connectivity ● Miscellaneous ○ Monitoring and alerts ○ Regular testing ○ Clear and precise documentation ○ Training Split Brain - Prevention ● Use a reliable cluster manager ○ Algos and heartbeat mechanisms to monitor node availability ○ Make decisions about failovers and promotions ● Quorum-based decision making ○ Majority of nodes must agree on primary node’s status ○ Requires odd number of nodes ● Witness server ○ Used to achieve a majority in an even-node cluster ○ Does not store data
- 24. 1. Identify the situation ○ Monitoring and alerting is crucial 2. Stop traffic ○ Application will need to pause 3. Determine the most up to date node ○ Compare transaction logs, timestamps, transaction IDs, etc … 4. Isolate the nodes from each other ○ Prevent further replication so outdated data does not overwrite latest one 5. Restore data consistency ○ Apply missed transactions ○ Resolve data conflicts 6. Reconfigure replication ○ Make the most update to date node the primary ○ Reinstate the remaining nodes as replicas 7. Confirm integrity of the cluster ○ Monitor and double-check replication 8. Re-enable traffic ○ Allow read-only traffic, confirm reliability, then allow write operations 9. Run a retrospective ○ Thorough analysis of the incident to prevent future occurrences ○ Update docs and training to capture the cause of split brain Split Brain - Resolution
- 25. Challenges in Clustering ● Split brain ● Network latency ● False alarms ● Data inconsistency
- 26. Defined Time delay when data is transmitted from one point to another Challenge Delayed replication can result in data loss. Delayed signals can trigger a false positive for failover. Network Latency
- 27. ● Network congestion ● Low quality network hardware ● Distance between nodes ● Virtualization overheads ● Bandwidth limitations ● Security devices and policies ● Transmission medium Network Latency - Causes
- 28. ● Employ redundancy ○ Network paths as well as health checks ● Best practices ○ Test and simulate various network conditions ○ Monitoring and alerting for early detection of problems ○ Documentation of rationale behind values chosen ○ Periodic training ● Adjust heartbeat & timeout settings ○ Fine tune frequency of heartbeat and timeout to match typical network behavior ● High speed & low latency network ○ Investing in high quality networking pays dividends ● Quorum-based decision making ○ Majority of nodes must agree on primary node’s status ○ Requires odd number of nodes or a witness node for tie-breaker Network Latency - Prevention of False Positive
- 29. Challenges in Clustering ● Split brain ● Network latency ● False alarms ● Data inconsistency
- 30. Defined A problem is reported, but in reality, there is no issue Challenge Can trigger a failover when one isn’t required, leading to unnecessary disruptions and impacting performance False Alarms
- 31. False Alarms - Causes ● Network issues ○ Latency, congestion, misconfiguration ● Configuration errors ○ Thresholds set too low? ● Resource constraints ○ High CPU load, memory pressure, I/O bottleneck ● Human error ○ Misreading information, miscommunication of scheduled maintenance, … ● Database locks ○ Long running queries with exclusive locks
- 32. False Alarms - Prevention ● Optimized thresholds ○ Best practices, past experience, and some hit & trial is required to ensure that the thresholds are configured appropriately ● Regular upgrades and testing ○ Latest version of software and firmware to be used ○ Testing of various use cases can help identify possible misconfigurations ● Resource and performance optimization ○ Regularly monitor resource utilization and tune queries and database for performance ○ Maintenance tasks like vacuum, analyze, … ● Comprehensive monitoring and alerting ○ Monitoring can help with early detection of anomalies ○ Alerts can give early warnings as the database approaches defined thresholds
- 33. Challenges in Clustering ● Split brain ● Network latency ● False alarms ● Data inconsistency
- 34. Defined Situations where data in different nodes of a cluster becomes out of sync, leading to inconsistent results and potential data corruption Challenge Inaccurate query results that vary based on which node is queried. Such issues are very hard to debug. Data Inconsistency
- 35. ● Replication lag ○ Network latency and high workloads can be big contributors ○ Data loss in case of failover ● Split brain ● Incorrect configuration ○ Log shipping configurations ○ Replication slots setup ○ Replication filters Data Inconsistency - Causes
- 36. Data Inconsistency - Prevention ● Closely manage asynchronous replication ○ Closely monitor pg_stat_replication for replication lag ○ Place nodes in close proximity and use high quality network hardware ● Regularly check XID across the cluster ● Monitor replication conflicts and resolve promptly ● Regular maintenance and performance optimization ○ Vacuum, analyze, … ○ XID wraparound
- 37. This all sounds really hard
- 38. Open source clustering tools for PostgreSQL ● Repmgr ○ https://repmgr.org/ ○ GPL v3 ○ Provides automatic failover ○ Manage and monitor replication ● pgpool-II ○ https://pgpool.net/ ○ Similar to BSD & MIT ○ Middleware between PostgreSQL and client applications ○ Connection pooling, load balancing, caching, and automatic failover ● Patroni ○ https://patroni.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ ○ MIT ○ Template for PostgreSQL high availability clusters ○ Automatic failover, configuration management, & cluster management