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Coastal
- 1. The Oceans, CoastalProcesses and Landforms
- 2. Overview Oceans CoastalSystems Components Actions Outputs Biotic Components
- 3. Oceans Chemical compositionWater Salts: dissolved ionic compounds Cl - , Na + , Mg 2+ , SO 4 2- , Ca 2+ , K + , Br - Salinity (parts per hundred) Average: 3.5% Brine: >3.5% Areas with high rates of evaporation Brackish: <3.5% Areas at the mouths of rivers; estuaries Atmospheric gases N 2 , CO 2 , O 2 Physical structure
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- 6. Coastal System ComponentsSolar Energy Atmospheric winds Create ocean waves Climatic regimes Gravitational Energy Tides Characteristics of coastal rock Human activities Terminology Littoral zone Shoreline Coast
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- 8. Coastal System ActionsErosion, transport and deposition occur through the action of tides and breaking waves Tides Gravity: Moon and Sun Tidal power Spring tides, neap tides Lunar Phases Tide Predictor
- 9. Lunar Phases TidePredictor
- 10. Lunar Phases TidePredictor
- 11. Lunar Phases TidePredictor
- 12. Lunar Phases TidePredictor
- 13. Waves Solar >Wind > Water Each wave crest is a pulse of energy performs the erosive work
- 14. Wave refraction andcoastal straightening erosive
- 15. Longshore current andbeach drift erosion, transportation, and deposition
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- 17. Coastal System OutputsErosional processes and landforms Rugged, high relief, tectonically active wave cut platform Transport: longshore currents, beachdrift Depositional processes and landforms Land with gentle relief, providing sediments beaches barrier spit bay barrier tombolo barrier islands – often supports vegetation
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- 31. Biological Processes Coralreefs Coral polyps Secrete CaCO 3 Symbiotic with algae Specific ecological niche – sensitive to changes 10 – 55 meters depth 2.7 – 4.0 % salinity 18 o – 29 o C water temperature clear, sediment free water sea-level rise and warming of ocean waters threatens coral reefs If global trends were to stop immediately, it is estimated that 50% of the world’s coral reefs will die
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- 39. Coastal Wetlands Saltmarshes: Poleward (N or S) of 30 o latitude Often form in intertidal zone Often occur on barrier islands Mangrove swamps: Between 30 o N and S latitude Grow on sediment accumulation Serve to shelter young fish, important for conservation Vegetation hydrophytic halophytic Estimated 40-80% loss over the last 10,000 years
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- 46. Issues Oceans poorlyunderstood Humans are still hunter-gatherers on the oceans We use the oceans as our universal dump Shoreline development Development occurs on these constantly shifting landscapes Climate change Rising seal levels Rising ocean temperature
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