Cognitive Science Artificial Intelligence
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This paper provides an overview of the interdisciplinary relationship between cognitive science and artificial intelligence, discussing their goals and how AI can model human-like cognitive processes. It highlights current research applications like the Soar project, emphasizing the importance of simulating human intelligence to solve complex problems and improve understanding of the human mind. The paper concludes that as AI technology advances, it offers significant opportunities for both fields to achieve their respective goals.
![Cognitive Science Artificial Intelligence: Simulating the Human
Mind to Achieve Goals
Samantha Luber
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI
saluber@umich.edu
Abstract: This paper provides a general overview of the representing the mind as a high-level collection of rules,
interdisciplinary study of cognitive science, specifically symbols, and plans [3].
the area of the field involving artificial intelligence. In
addition, the paper will elaborate on current research for B. Cognitive Science in Artificial Intelligence
cognitive science artificial intelligence, highlight the
importance of this research by providing specific In addition to simulating intelligence to model and study the
examples of its applications in present society, and human mind, artificial intelligence involves the study of
briefly discuss future research opportunities for the cognitive phenomena in machines and attempts to
overlapping fields of cognitive science and artificial implement aspects of human intelligence in computer
intelligence. programs. These programs can be used to address a variety
of complex problems with the goal of doing so more
I. An Overview of Cognitive Science and Artificial efficiently than a human. New theories in the cognitive
Intelligence science field often influence improved artificial intelligence
agents that better simulate the human thought process [2].
Since ancient times, people have conducted countless
experiments in attempts to better understand the human Achievements in cognitive science help improve artificial
mind. These tests eventually lead to the development of simulation of the human mind. In turn, more accurate
psychology. In the late 1930’s, cognitive science emerged as artificial intelligence provides better models of the human
an extension of psychology topics; it is concerned with how mind for cognitive science researchers to use. Although the
information is stored and transferred in the human mind. It is goals of cognitive science and artificial intelligence differ,
an interdisciplinary science, linking psychology, linguistics, collaboration between the two fields is essential for their
anthropology, philosophy, neuroscience, sociology, and success. Cognitive science artificial intelligence refers to the
learning sciences [1]. A useful tool for cognitive researchers, interdisciplinary study that overlaps these areas in attempt to
artificial intelligence is the branch of computer science achieve both cognitive science and artificial intelligence
concerned with creating simulations that model human goals.
cognition. In addition to serving as a research tool, artificial
intelligence also contains a scientific aspect, focusing on II. Current Research in Cognitive Science Artificial
studying cognitive behavior of machines [2]. Developed to Intelligence
encapsulate the concept of both early cognitive science and
intelligence simulated by machines, modern cognitive A fundamental goal of cognitive science artificial
science artificial intelligence focuses on how humans, intelligence is to use the power of computers to understand
animals, and machines store information associated with and supplement human thinking. In artificial intelligence, an
perception, language, reasoning, and emotion. intelligent agent refers to a computer-simulated entity that
interacts with its environment and works to achieve goals,
A. Artificial Intelligence in Cognitive Science both simple and complex [3]. By observing which problems
an intelligent agent can solve and how the computer program
The central principle of cognitive science is that a complete solves these problems, researchers in the cognitive science
understanding of the mind cannot be obtained without field aim to develop theories about how the brain learns and
analyzing the mind on multiple levels. In other words, constructs logical rules, how intelligence arises within the
numerous techniques must be used to fully evaluate and brain, insights on which pieces of information humans will
understand a process of the mind. Artificial intelligence is a forget and remember, and the kinds of resources the human
powerful approach that allows researchers in cognitive mind uses [2].
science to study behavior through computational modeling
of the human mind [2]. There are numerous approaches to In addition to gaining a better insight into the nature of the
simulating how the mind is structured with approaches human mind, the ultimate goal of cognitive science artificial
ranging from creating and observing artificial neurons to intelligence is to eventually develop human-level, machine
intelligence. At this level, the intelligent agent would not be](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cognitivescienceartificialintelligenceieeeformating-110511020034-phpapp01/85/Cognitive-Science-Artificial-Intelligence-1-320.jpg)
![distinguished from human intelligence, a challenge known to solving problems is vital for modeling human level
as the Turing test [3]. Because intelligent agents often face intelligence.
situations with incomplete information, encoding data for all
possible situations is a limited approach to simulate human Both the SOAR system and Zadeh’s research contribute to
intelligence [4]. In other words, because there are infinitely achieving improved human-level intelligence simulations in
many situations that can arise in the real world, it is the cognitive science artificial intelligence field. Although
impossible to design an intelligent agent pre-programmed no artificial intelligence has come close to achieving the goal
with solutions to all of the problems it may face. Instead, an of human-level intelligence, intelligent agents are
intelligent agent must be equipped with the ability to make consistently being re-evaluated and improved.
decisions based on the information it has and re-evaluate its
past solutions to improve future decisions. Consequently, a III. Applications and the Importance of Cognitive Science
more fundamental understanding about how the human mind Artificial Intelligence
learns and solves problems is necessary to design an
intelligent agent with the same intelligence. As seen in the goals of the previously mentioned researchers
in the field, there are numerous, important, real world
A. The SOAR Project applications of cognitive science artificial intelligence
research. In our society, engineers and architects constantly
Dr. Laird, a professor in computer science at the University face tasks, such as constructing a highway or designing a
of Michigan, developed the SOAR system, a cognitive traffic light, that require optimizing a design despite physical
architecture programming structure with the goal of and financial limitations. For instance, in the traffic light
simulating a human brain, as a unique, alternative approach example, an engineer must consider the tradeoff economics
to the traditional and restricted hard-coding data approach. between using stronger materials and the price of these
The SOAR system stores information retrieved from the materials or calculate statistics on the large amounts of
intelligent agent’s environment in working memory [5]. traffic data available for the intersection to determine light
Because immediate sensory data is sometimes insufficient timing. With the ability to consider large amounts of
for decision-making in the real world, storing previous information and design considerations in a short period of
situations is useful in differentiating between situations that time, advanced intelligence can be developed to solve these
would otherwise appear identical to the intelligent agent at a types of complex logic problems [2]. In this way, the use of
specific instance [6]. In short, maintaining memory of past artificial intelligence as a tool for engineers could make the
events “makes it possible to not only make correct decisions design process faster, more efficient, and more accurate.
but to learn the correct decision” [6]. When the intelligent
agent enters an impasse, the agent can search its memory for In addition, the creation of a human level intelligent agent
a solution to the problem. If the problem is unique, the agent provides a “better mirror” of the human mind that is easier to
remembers its actions in case the problem is encountered study than the human brain for cognitive science researchers.
again [5]. In summary, the SOAR cognitive architecture By studying realistic simulations of human cognition,
system relies on maintaining information from decisions and theories can be drawn about humans’ nature and cognitive
outcomes in past experiences to improve future decisions in limitations. Furthermore, researchers can achieve specific
simulating human behavior. The SOAR system is a useful cognitive science goals, such as understanding how
tool for using simulated human intelligence to solve intelligence develops in the brain or how damage to different
complex problems. parts of the brain affect cognition [2]. Progress in these areas
can powerfully impact how the human mind is understood,
B. Simulating Creativity with the potential of leading to improvements in present
society. For instance, a better understanding of how the
In his papers on the simulation of human level intelligence human mind learns and retains information can lead to
in the decision process, Dr. Zadeh emphasizes the improved learning methods implemented in schools to
importance of imitating creativity in intelligent agents. accelerate human progress. In the same way, improved
Although knowledge of past experiences is a useful tool in theories on how different areas of the brain affect behavior
decision-making, Dr. Zadeh acknowledges that “creativity is can help develop medical solutions for victims of brain
a gifted ability of human beings in thinking, inference, trauma [3]. The useful applications of pursuing research in
problem solving, and product development” [7]. In his cognitive science artificial intelligence continue to grow as
formal definition of the unique ability, creativity is divided research in the field continues.
into three categories: abstract, concrete, and artistic. More
relevant to engineering applications, concrete creativity IV. The Future of Cognitive Science Artificial Intelligence
involves generating new, innovative solutions in an
environment limited by goals and available conditions [7]. Although there have been many breakthroughs in the
Aiming to equip intelligent agents with the creative ability of cognitive science artificial intelligence field, researchers are
the human mind, Zadeh provides an outlined approach for continually working to improve intelligent agents.
implementing the creative process in a computer program.
The ability of an intelligent agent to create new approaches The human mind has the impressive capability of
preforming numerous mental and physical tasks with little](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cognitivescienceartificialintelligenceieeeformating-110511020034-phpapp01/85/Cognitive-Science-Artificial-Intelligence-2-320.jpg)
![mental strain [2]. On the other hand, computer simulated [5] Lehman, J.F., Laird, J., and Rosenbloom, P. (2006). A
intelligence is limited by the speed and capacity of hardware Gentle Introduction to SOAR, an Architecture for
for performing computations. The development of advanced Human Cognition: 2006 Update.
nanotechnology to increase hardware speed and memory
will reduce this restraint on simulating human level [6] Laird, J.E., and Wang, Y. (2007). The Importance of
intelligence [8]. Furthermore, while theories of cognitive Action History in Decision Making and Reinforcement
science artificial intelligence have fostered improved Learning. Proceedings of the Eighth International
understanding of the human mind, advancements in the Conference on Cognitive Modeling. Ann Arbor, MI.
psychology and cognitive science fields, that help better
understand human behavior, can be used to further improve [7] Zadeh, L. (2008). On Cognitive Foundations of
intelligent agents [3]. Finally, an issue more acknowledged Creativity and the Cognitive Process of Creation.
by the public than researchers in the field, include ethical Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE International
and organizational concerns with the coevolution of humans Conference on Cognitive Informatics: ICCI 2008 :
and intelligent systems; these issues may one day have to be August 14-16, 2008, Stanford University, California,
addressed [8]. For instance, society would have to address USA. [Piscataway, N.J.]: IEEE Xplore.
restrictions on how a human-simulating robot can behave.
[8] Jacobstein, N. (2005). The Prospects for AI. IT
Because intelligent agents are still far from achieving Conversations.
artificial intelligence goals, such as passing the Turing test, <http://itc.conversationsnetwork.org/shows/detail713.ht
or cognitive science goals, such as achieving human level ml>.
intelligence or improving the present understanding of the
human mind, there are still many opportunities for research
achievements in the cognitive science artificial intelligence
field. This room for growth shows great potential for
developing technology to increase the progress of mankind.
V. Conclusions
Artificial intelligence is an extremely useful tool for
cognitive science research of both fundamental and high
level understanding of the human mind by simulating the
human mind. In the same way, cognitive science theories
provide useful insight on human cognition that can be
encoded into artificial intelligence. Cognitive science
artificial intelligence is a powerful research area that
addresses the goals of both cognitive science and artificial
intelligence. As research in the field continues, improved
intelligent agents will be developed with the ability to
simulate human-level intelligence in the final cognitive
science research goal of fully understanding the human mind
or to address important, complex problems of mankind
through artificial intelligence.
VI. References
[1] Thagard, Paul. (2009). Cognitive Science. The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition),
Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
[2] Simon, H. (2010). Cognitive Science: Relationship of AI
to Psychology and Neuroscience. AAAI.
[3] Wang, Y. (2008). Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE
International Conference on Cognitive Informatics:
ICCI 2008 : August 14-16, 2008, Stanford University,
California, USA. [Piscataway, N.J.]: IEEE Xplore.
[4] Bickhard, M., and Terveen, L. (1995). Foundational
Issues in Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science.
Elsevier Science Publishers.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cognitivescienceartificialintelligenceieeeformating-110511020034-phpapp01/85/Cognitive-Science-Artificial-Intelligence-3-320.jpg)
Cognitive Science Artificial Intelligence
- 1. Cognitive Science Artificial Intelligence: Simulating the Human Mind to Achieve Goals Samantha Luber University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI [email protected] Abstract: This paper provides a general overview of the representing the mind as a high-level collection of rules, interdisciplinary study of cognitive science, specifically symbols, and plans [3]. the area of the field involving artificial intelligence. In addition, the paper will elaborate on current research for B. Cognitive Science in Artificial Intelligence cognitive science artificial intelligence, highlight the importance of this research by providing specific In addition to simulating intelligence to model and study the examples of its applications in present society, and human mind, artificial intelligence involves the study of briefly discuss future research opportunities for the cognitive phenomena in machines and attempts to overlapping fields of cognitive science and artificial implement aspects of human intelligence in computer intelligence. programs. These programs can be used to address a variety of complex problems with the goal of doing so more I. An Overview of Cognitive Science and Artificial efficiently than a human. New theories in the cognitive Intelligence science field often influence improved artificial intelligence agents that better simulate the human thought process [2]. Since ancient times, people have conducted countless experiments in attempts to better understand the human Achievements in cognitive science help improve artificial mind. These tests eventually lead to the development of simulation of the human mind. In turn, more accurate psychology. In the late 1930’s, cognitive science emerged as artificial intelligence provides better models of the human an extension of psychology topics; it is concerned with how mind for cognitive science researchers to use. Although the information is stored and transferred in the human mind. It is goals of cognitive science and artificial intelligence differ, an interdisciplinary science, linking psychology, linguistics, collaboration between the two fields is essential for their anthropology, philosophy, neuroscience, sociology, and success. Cognitive science artificial intelligence refers to the learning sciences [1]. A useful tool for cognitive researchers, interdisciplinary study that overlaps these areas in attempt to artificial intelligence is the branch of computer science achieve both cognitive science and artificial intelligence concerned with creating simulations that model human goals. cognition. In addition to serving as a research tool, artificial intelligence also contains a scientific aspect, focusing on II. Current Research in Cognitive Science Artificial studying cognitive behavior of machines [2]. Developed to Intelligence encapsulate the concept of both early cognitive science and intelligence simulated by machines, modern cognitive A fundamental goal of cognitive science artificial science artificial intelligence focuses on how humans, intelligence is to use the power of computers to understand animals, and machines store information associated with and supplement human thinking. In artificial intelligence, an perception, language, reasoning, and emotion. intelligent agent refers to a computer-simulated entity that interacts with its environment and works to achieve goals, A. Artificial Intelligence in Cognitive Science both simple and complex [3]. By observing which problems an intelligent agent can solve and how the computer program The central principle of cognitive science is that a complete solves these problems, researchers in the cognitive science understanding of the mind cannot be obtained without field aim to develop theories about how the brain learns and analyzing the mind on multiple levels. In other words, constructs logical rules, how intelligence arises within the numerous techniques must be used to fully evaluate and brain, insights on which pieces of information humans will understand a process of the mind. Artificial intelligence is a forget and remember, and the kinds of resources the human powerful approach that allows researchers in cognitive mind uses [2]. science to study behavior through computational modeling of the human mind [2]. There are numerous approaches to In addition to gaining a better insight into the nature of the simulating how the mind is structured with approaches human mind, the ultimate goal of cognitive science artificial ranging from creating and observing artificial neurons to intelligence is to eventually develop human-level, machine intelligence. At this level, the intelligent agent would not be
- 2. distinguished from human intelligence, a challenge known to solving problems is vital for modeling human level as the Turing test [3]. Because intelligent agents often face intelligence. situations with incomplete information, encoding data for all possible situations is a limited approach to simulate human Both the SOAR system and Zadeh’s research contribute to intelligence [4]. In other words, because there are infinitely achieving improved human-level intelligence simulations in many situations that can arise in the real world, it is the cognitive science artificial intelligence field. Although impossible to design an intelligent agent pre-programmed no artificial intelligence has come close to achieving the goal with solutions to all of the problems it may face. Instead, an of human-level intelligence, intelligent agents are intelligent agent must be equipped with the ability to make consistently being re-evaluated and improved. decisions based on the information it has and re-evaluate its past solutions to improve future decisions. Consequently, a III. Applications and the Importance of Cognitive Science more fundamental understanding about how the human mind Artificial Intelligence learns and solves problems is necessary to design an intelligent agent with the same intelligence. As seen in the goals of the previously mentioned researchers in the field, there are numerous, important, real world A. The SOAR Project applications of cognitive science artificial intelligence research. In our society, engineers and architects constantly Dr. Laird, a professor in computer science at the University face tasks, such as constructing a highway or designing a of Michigan, developed the SOAR system, a cognitive traffic light, that require optimizing a design despite physical architecture programming structure with the goal of and financial limitations. For instance, in the traffic light simulating a human brain, as a unique, alternative approach example, an engineer must consider the tradeoff economics to the traditional and restricted hard-coding data approach. between using stronger materials and the price of these The SOAR system stores information retrieved from the materials or calculate statistics on the large amounts of intelligent agent’s environment in working memory [5]. traffic data available for the intersection to determine light Because immediate sensory data is sometimes insufficient timing. With the ability to consider large amounts of for decision-making in the real world, storing previous information and design considerations in a short period of situations is useful in differentiating between situations that time, advanced intelligence can be developed to solve these would otherwise appear identical to the intelligent agent at a types of complex logic problems [2]. In this way, the use of specific instance [6]. In short, maintaining memory of past artificial intelligence as a tool for engineers could make the events “makes it possible to not only make correct decisions design process faster, more efficient, and more accurate. but to learn the correct decision” [6]. When the intelligent agent enters an impasse, the agent can search its memory for In addition, the creation of a human level intelligent agent a solution to the problem. If the problem is unique, the agent provides a “better mirror” of the human mind that is easier to remembers its actions in case the problem is encountered study than the human brain for cognitive science researchers. again [5]. In summary, the SOAR cognitive architecture By studying realistic simulations of human cognition, system relies on maintaining information from decisions and theories can be drawn about humans’ nature and cognitive outcomes in past experiences to improve future decisions in limitations. Furthermore, researchers can achieve specific simulating human behavior. The SOAR system is a useful cognitive science goals, such as understanding how tool for using simulated human intelligence to solve intelligence develops in the brain or how damage to different complex problems. parts of the brain affect cognition [2]. Progress in these areas can powerfully impact how the human mind is understood, B. Simulating Creativity with the potential of leading to improvements in present society. For instance, a better understanding of how the In his papers on the simulation of human level intelligence human mind learns and retains information can lead to in the decision process, Dr. Zadeh emphasizes the improved learning methods implemented in schools to importance of imitating creativity in intelligent agents. accelerate human progress. In the same way, improved Although knowledge of past experiences is a useful tool in theories on how different areas of the brain affect behavior decision-making, Dr. Zadeh acknowledges that “creativity is can help develop medical solutions for victims of brain a gifted ability of human beings in thinking, inference, trauma [3]. The useful applications of pursuing research in problem solving, and product development” [7]. In his cognitive science artificial intelligence continue to grow as formal definition of the unique ability, creativity is divided research in the field continues. into three categories: abstract, concrete, and artistic. More relevant to engineering applications, concrete creativity IV. The Future of Cognitive Science Artificial Intelligence involves generating new, innovative solutions in an environment limited by goals and available conditions [7]. Although there have been many breakthroughs in the Aiming to equip intelligent agents with the creative ability of cognitive science artificial intelligence field, researchers are the human mind, Zadeh provides an outlined approach for continually working to improve intelligent agents. implementing the creative process in a computer program. The ability of an intelligent agent to create new approaches The human mind has the impressive capability of preforming numerous mental and physical tasks with little
- 3. mental strain [2]. On the other hand, computer simulated [5] Lehman, J.F., Laird, J., and Rosenbloom, P. (2006). A intelligence is limited by the speed and capacity of hardware Gentle Introduction to SOAR, an Architecture for for performing computations. The development of advanced Human Cognition: 2006 Update. nanotechnology to increase hardware speed and memory will reduce this restraint on simulating human level [6] Laird, J.E., and Wang, Y. (2007). The Importance of intelligence [8]. Furthermore, while theories of cognitive Action History in Decision Making and Reinforcement science artificial intelligence have fostered improved Learning. Proceedings of the Eighth International understanding of the human mind, advancements in the Conference on Cognitive Modeling. Ann Arbor, MI. psychology and cognitive science fields, that help better understand human behavior, can be used to further improve [7] Zadeh, L. (2008). On Cognitive Foundations of intelligent agents [3]. Finally, an issue more acknowledged Creativity and the Cognitive Process of Creation. by the public than researchers in the field, include ethical Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE International and organizational concerns with the coevolution of humans Conference on Cognitive Informatics: ICCI 2008 : and intelligent systems; these issues may one day have to be August 14-16, 2008, Stanford University, California, addressed [8]. For instance, society would have to address USA. [Piscataway, N.J.]: IEEE Xplore. restrictions on how a human-simulating robot can behave. [8] Jacobstein, N. (2005). The Prospects for AI. IT Because intelligent agents are still far from achieving Conversations. artificial intelligence goals, such as passing the Turing test, <http://itc.conversationsnetwork.org/shows/detail713.ht or cognitive science goals, such as achieving human level ml>. intelligence or improving the present understanding of the human mind, there are still many opportunities for research achievements in the cognitive science artificial intelligence field. This room for growth shows great potential for developing technology to increase the progress of mankind. V. Conclusions Artificial intelligence is an extremely useful tool for cognitive science research of both fundamental and high level understanding of the human mind by simulating the human mind. In the same way, cognitive science theories provide useful insight on human cognition that can be encoded into artificial intelligence. Cognitive science artificial intelligence is a powerful research area that addresses the goals of both cognitive science and artificial intelligence. As research in the field continues, improved intelligent agents will be developed with the ability to simulate human-level intelligence in the final cognitive science research goal of fully understanding the human mind or to address important, complex problems of mankind through artificial intelligence. VI. References [1] Thagard, Paul. (2009). Cognitive Science. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). [2] Simon, H. (2010). Cognitive Science: Relationship of AI to Psychology and Neuroscience. AAAI. [3] Wang, Y. (2008). Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Informatics: ICCI 2008 : August 14-16, 2008, Stanford University, California, USA. [Piscataway, N.J.]: IEEE Xplore. [4] Bickhard, M., and Terveen, L. (1995). Foundational Issues in Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science. Elsevier Science Publishers.