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collection storage and transportation of solid waste
- 1. SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTEMANAGEMENT COLLECTION STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF WASTE SHUBHAM SHARMA Department of civil engineering BGIET, SANGRUR
- 2. STORAGE OF WASTE •Proper storage of solid waste is a crucial aspect of solid waste management (SWM) to prevent environmental pollution, protect public health, and facilitate efficient waste collection. • points to consider for the storage of solid waste: • Encourage residents and businesses to segregate their waste at the source into different categories, such as recyclables, organic waste, and non-recyclables. Provide separate bins or containers for each waste category. • Use durable and appropriately sized containers for waste storage. Containers should have tight-fitting lids to prevent odours, discourage pests, and minimize the risk of litter. • Clearly label waste containers with instructions for proper waste disposal. Use color-coded labels to differentiate between different types of waste. • Store waste containers in designated and easily accessible areas to facilitate collection. Avoid blocking pathways and ensure that waste containers are not located near sensitive areas like water sources.
- 3. • Ensure thatlids on waste containers are secured to prevent animals from accessing the waste. This helps in minimizing the spread of diseases and preventing scavenging. • Consider using waste compactors to reduce the volume of waste and optimize storage space. Compact waste may be more efficiently transported and can lead to cost savings. • If applicable, store hazardous waste separately in clearly labelled and secure containers. Follow specific guidelines for the storage of hazardous waste to ensure safety and compliance with regulations. • Adhere to a regular waste collection schedule to prevent overflow and ensure that waste is not left unattended for extended periods. Adjust collection frequencies based on the waste generation rates and community needs. • Consider providing covered storage areas to protect waste from rain and other environmental factors. Covered areas help prevent the release of leachate and reduce the risk of water pollution. • Regularly monitor the condition of waste storage areas and containers. Promptly address any issues such as damaged containers, spills, or overflows. • Educate the community about proper waste storage practices and the importance of source segregation. Promote awareness of the environmental and health impacts of incorrect waste storage.
- 4. COLLECTION OF SOLIDWASTE • the collection of solid waste is a fundamental aspect of solid waste management (SWM) systems. Efficient collection helps prevent environmental pollution, protect public health, and contribute to sustainable waste management practices. • considerations in the collection of solid waste: • Encourage residents and businesses to separate their waste at the source into different categories such as recyclables, organic waste, and non-recyclables. Provide separate bins or containers for different types of waste to facilitate easy segregation. • waste collectors visiting individual households or businesses to collect their waste directly from the source. Install designated collection points or community bins where residents can dispose of their waste. Collection trucks then pick up the waste from these centralized points. • Establish a regular and well-publicized collection schedule. This could be daily, weekly, or as needed based on the waste generation rates and the type of waste. Adjust collection frequencies for different types of waste (e.g., recyclables, non- recyclables, organic waste) based on the community's needs. • Provide separate collection vehicles for different types of waste. For example, have separate trucks for recyclables, green waste, and general waste. Ensure that collection staff are trained to identify and separate waste properly during collection.
- 5. • Use suitablecollection vehicles and equipment. The choice of vehicles depends on factors such as the volume and type of waste, the terrain, and the infrastructure of the area. Equip collection vehicles with covers to prevent littering and control odours. • Implement public awareness campaigns to educate residents about the importance of proper waste disposal and the benefits of source segregation. Provide information on the correct use of waste bins and the consequences of illegal dumping. • Explore the use of technology, such as route optimization software, to improve the efficiency of waste collection routes and reduce fuel consumption. Implement tracking systems to monitor the location and performance of collection vehicles. • Design collection systems that can adapt to changes in population density, urban development, and other factors that may affect waste generation rates. Be flexible in adjusting collection strategies based on the evolving needs of the community.
- 6. WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEM •Waste collection is a part of the process of waste management. • It is the transfer of solid waste from the point of use and disposal to the point of treatment or landfill. • Waste collection also includes the curb side collection of recyclable materials that technically are not waste, as part of a municipal landfill diversion program.
- 7. CLASSIFICATION OF COLLECTIONSYSTEM Based on the availability of service • 1. House-to-House: Waste collectors visit each individual house to collect garbage. The user generally pays a fee for this service. • 2. Community Bins: Users bring their garbage to community bins that are placed at fixed points in a neighbourhood or locality. MSW is picked up by the municipality, or its designate, according to a set schedule. • 3. Curb side Pick-Up: Users leave their garbage directly outside their homes according to a garbage pick-up schedule set with the local authorities (secondary house-to-house collectors not typical). • 4. Self Delivered: Generators deliver the waste directly to disposal sites or transfer stations, or hire third-party operators (or the municipality).
- 8. Collection MethodBased on mode of operation: 1. Hauled Container System 2. Stationary Container system Hauled Container System These are collection systems in which the containers used for the storage of wastes are hauled to a materials recovery facility (MRF), transfer station, or disposal site, emptied, and returned to either their original location or some other location or An empty storage container(known as a drop-off box) is hauled to the storage site to replace the container that is full of waste, which is then hauled to the processing point, transfer station or disposal site. Hauled container systems are ideally suited for the removal of wastes from sources where the rate of generation is high because relatively large containers are used. The operational sequence in HCS is further classified into two types of operation, (1) Conventional mode and (2) Exchange container mode.
- 9. • The useof large containers eliminates handling time as well as the unsightly accumulations and unsanitary conditions associated with the use of numerous smaller containers. • Another advantage of HCSs is their flexibility: Containers of many different sizes and shapes are available for the collection of all types of wastes. • Because containers used in this system usually must be filled manually, the use of very large containers often leads to low- volume utilization unless loading aids, such as platforms and ramps, are provided. • HCSS have the advantage of requiring only one truck and driver to accomplish the collection cycle, each container that is picked up requires a round trip to an MRF, transfer station, or disposal site. • Therefore, container size and utilization are of great economic importance. • further, when highly compressible wastes are to be collected and hauled over considerable distances, the economic advantages of compaction are obvious.
- 11. • There arethree main types of HCSS: • I. Hoist truck • II. Tilt frame container • III. Trash trailer
- 12. HOIST-TRUCK SYSTEMS • Thesetypes of collection trucks are widely used with containers of size ranging from 1.5 to 8.0 m • For the collection of wastes by a collector who has a small operation and collects from only a few pickup points at which a considerable amount of wastes are generated. • For the collection of bulky items and industrial rubbish not suitable for collection with compaction vehicles.
- 13. TILT-FRAME CONTAINER • Systemsthat use tilt-frame-loaded vehicles and large containers, often called drop boxes or roll- off containers, are ideally suited for the collection of all types of solid waste and rubbish from locations where the generation rate warrants the use of large containers. • Because of the large volume that can be hauled, the use of the tilt-frame HCS has become widespread, especially among private collectors servicing commercial accounts.
- 14. TRASH TRAILER • Theapplication of trash trailers is similar to that for tilt- frame container systems. • Trash trailers are better for the collection of especially heavy rubbish, such as sand, timber, and metal scrap, and often are used for the collection of demolition wastes at construction sites.
- 15. Stationary Container system •In the SCSS, the containers used for the storage of wastes remain at the point of generation. The collection vehicles generally stop alongside the storage containers into the collection vehicles and then transport the waste to the processing, transfer or disposal site. • Stationary container systems may be used for the collection of all types of wastes. • The systems vary according to the type and quality of wastes to be handled, as well as the number of generation points. • The operational sequence for the SCSs is schematically shown in next slide.
- 16. There are twomain types: • Systems in which mechanically loaded collection vehicles are used • Systems in which manually loaded collection vehicles are used
- 18. WASTE SEGREGATION ATSOURCE • Waste segregation at source is the practice of sorting and separating different types of waste materials at the point where they are generated, typically in homes, businesses, or other establishments. • Waste segregation can be defined as the process of identifying, classifying, dividing and sorting of garbage and waste products in an effort to reduce, reuse and recycle materials. • The primary aim of waste segregation at source is to facilitate the efficient recycling and proper disposal of waste, minimizing environmental impact and promoting sustainable waste management practices. This is the separation of wet waste and dry waste. The purpose is to recycle dry waste easily and to use wet waste as compost. When segregating waste, the amount of waste that gets landfilled reduces considerably, resulting in lower levels of air and water pollution. Importantly, waste segregation should be based on the type of waste and the most appropriate treatment and disposal. • This also makes it easier to apply different processes to the waste, like composting, recycling, and incineration. It is important to practice waste management and segregation as a community. One way to practice waste management is to ensure there is awareness. The process of waste segregation should be explained to the community.
- 19. • Segregated wasteis also often cheaper to dispose of because it does not require as much manual sorting as mixed waste. There are a number of important reasons why waste segregation is important such as legal obligations, cost savings, and protection of human health and the environment. Institutions should make it as easy as possible for their staff to correctly segregate their waste. This can include labelling, making sure there are enough accessible bins, and clearly indicating why segregation is so important. Labelling is especially important when dealing with nuclear waste due to how much harm to human health the excess products of the nuclear cycle can cause. • Waste segregation is critical because of the fact that certain types of wastes can be hazardous and can contaminate the environment if not managed correctly. (Some of these types of waste may also have the potential to cause disease or get into water supplies or contaminate the land with different types of leachates.)When waste is unsegregated, it may get contaminated with different types of waste being stored together. such waste cannot be treated or managed and most of the time end up being dumped into local dump yards or landfills. • With waste segregation, management of different types of wastes becomes possible. This directly results in reduced amounts of waste being dumped at dump yards or landfills. Waste Segregation is always step one for all types of waste management solutions that may be implemented either on individual level or community level.
- 20. 1) Dry Waste– Refers to all items that are not considered wet/soiled items. This includes both recyclable and non- recyclable materials. Dry waste includes items such as bottles, cans, clothing, plastic, wood, glass, metals and paper. 2) Wet Waste – Refers to all items that are organic like food items, soiled food wrappers, hygiene products, yard waste, tissues and paper towels, as well as any other soiled item that would contaminate the recyclables. 3) Sanitary Waste – Refers to all liquid or solid waste originating solely from humans and human activities. (Can also include items from medical waste) 4) Hazardous Household Waste – Refers to all household products that contain corrosive, toxic, ignitable, or reactive ingredients, other than used oil. 5) E-Waste – Refers to all kinds of electronic waste. 6) Hazardous Waste – Refers to all items, products and by-products that contain corrosive, toxic, ignitable or reactive ingredients. 7) Inert Waste – Refers to waste items that are neither chemically or biologically reactive nor decompose easily. In order to segregate waste appropriately, it is important to correctly identify the type waste that is generated. For the purposes of waste segregation at source, waste is identified and classified into the following categories depending on their biological, physical and chemical properties:
- 21. Type of wasteColour of bin Wet waste Green Dry waste Blue Sanitary waste Red E waste Black/grey Hazardous waste black
- 22. RECYCLING AT SOURCE •Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse of waste materials such as empty beverage containers. This process involves breaking down and reusing materials that would otherwise be gotten rid of as trash. • There are numerous benefits of recycling, and with so many new technologies making even more materials recyclable, it is possible to clean up the Earth. • Recycling not only benefits the environment but also positively affects the economy. The materials from which the items are made can be made into new products. • Materials for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles, a procedure called kerbside collection. In some communities, the owner of the waste is required to separate the materials into different bins (e.g. for paper, plastics, metals) prior to its collection. • In other communities, all recyclable materials are placed in a single bin for collection, and the sorting is handled later at a central facility. The latter method is known as "single-stream recycling".
- 23. • The mostcommon consumer products recycled include aluminium such as beverage cans, copper such as wire, steel from food and aerosol cans, old steel furnishings or equipment, rubber tyres, polyethylene and PET bottles, glass bottles and jars, paperboard cartons, newspapers, magazines and light paper, and corrugated fibreboards boxes. • PVC, LDPE, PP, and PS (see resin identification code) are also recyclable. These items are usually composed of a single type of material, making them relatively easy to recycle into new products. • The recycling of complex products (such as computers and electronic equipment) is more difficult, due to the additional dismantling and separation required. • The type of material accepted for recycling varies by city and country. Each city and country has different recycling programs in place that can handle the various types of recyclable materials. However, certain variation in acceptance is reflected in the resale value of the material once it is reprocessed. • Some of the types of recycling include waste paper and cardboard, plastic recycling, metal recycling, electronic devices, wood recycling, glass recycling, cloth and textile and so many more.
- 24. RE-USE 1. Biological reprocessing •in nature, such as plant material, food scraps, and paper products, can be recovered through composting and digestion processes to decompose the organic matter. The resulting organic material is then recycled as mulch or compost for agricultural or landscaping purposes. In addition, waste gas from the process (such as methane) can be captured and used for generating electricity and heat (CHP/cogeneration) maximising efficiencies. • There are different types of composting and digestion methods and technologies. They vary in complexity from simple home compost heaps to large-scale industrial digestion of mixed domestic waste. • The different methods of biological decomposition are classified as aerobic or anaerobic methods. Some methods use the hybrids of these two methods. The anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of solid waste is more environmentally effective than landfill, or incineration. The intention of biological processing in waste management is to control and accelerate the natural process of decomposition of organic matter. (See resource recovery).
- 25. Biological recoverythrough composting
- 26. 2. Energy recovery •Energy recovery from waste is the conversion of non-recyclable waste materials into usable heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes, including combustion, gasification, paralysation, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas recovery. This process is often called waste-to-energy. Energy recovery from waste is part of the non-hazardous waste management hierarchy. • Using energy recovery to convert non-recyclable waste materials into electricity and heat, generates a renewable energy source and can reduce carbon emissions by offsetting the need for energy from fossil sources as well as reduce methane generation from landfills. Globally, waste-to-energy accounts for 16% of waste management. The energy content of waste products can be harnessed directly by using them as a direct combustion fuel, or indirectly by processing them into another type of fuel. • Thermal treatment ranges from using waste as a fuel source for cooking or heating and the use of the gas fuel (see above), to fuel for boilers to generate steam and electricity in a turbine. Pyrolysis and gasification are two related forms of thermal treatment where waste materials are heated to high temperatures with limited oxygen availability. The process usually occurs in a sealed vessel under high pressure. Pyrolysis of solid waste converts the material into solid, liquid, and gas products.
- 27. • The liquidand gas can be burnt to produce energy or refined into other chemical products (chemical refinery). The solid residue (char) can be further refined into products such as activated carbon. Gasification and advanced Plasma arc gasification are used to convert organic materials directly into a synthetic gas (syngas) composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The gas is then burnt to produce electricity and steam. An alternative to pyrolysis is high-temperature and pressure supercritical water decomposition (hydrothermal monophasic oxidation).
- 28. Energy recoverythrough incineration