COM310-Week 2 Lecture Slides
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This document summarizes several theories of cognition, intrapersonal communication, and interpersonal communication. It discusses theories related to message design logics, communication accommodation, uncertainty reduction, expectancy violations, politeness theory, social exchange theory, the dialectical perspective, and communication privacy management. For each theory, it provides an overview of the key premises, assumptions, concepts, and predictions put forth by the theorists. The document is comprehensive in covering several important theories within the fields of cognition, intrapersonal communication, and interpersonal communication.
![ Assumptions
Humans are rational and goal oriented with respect to
achieving face needs
We have choices and make communicative decisions to
maintain face
“Everyone’s face depends on everyone else’s [face] being
maintained” (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p.61).
Some behaviors are fundamentally face threatening;
inevitably we will hurt someone’s face
Face-threatening acts (FTAs)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/wk2-pptslides-121128014958-phpapp02/85/COM310-Week-2-Lecture-Slides-29-320.jpg)
COM310-Week 2 Lecture Slides
- 1. Inside the Head: Theories of Cognition and Intrapersonal Communication
- 2. Communication has early roots in psychology Cognitive scholars are concerned with the mental processes that are used to process stimuli and generate particular effects Contrasts behavioral view that focuses solely on external causes (or stimuli) and behavioral effects
- 3. 1. Message Design Logics 2. Communication Accommodation Theory 3. Uncertainty Reduction Theory 4. Expectancy Violations Theory
- 4. O’Keefe Premise: Message Design Logics predicts that people strategically design messages sent to others
- 5. Three types of Design 1. Expressive design 2. Conventional design 3. Rhetorical design
- 6. Problems interacting with different MDL styles When individuals share the same MDL: they are more likely to acknowledge communication problems When individuals have different MDLs: they are more likely to blame their problems on the other’s bad intentions, mistaken beliefs, or undesirable personality characteristics
- 7. Giles & Coupland Premise: when individuals interact with others, they will accommodate their speech and language patterns, either by matching their partner’s speech or by differentiating their speech and language use
- 8. Individuals belong to a wide variety of social groups These groups shape each person’s collective identity In-groups: social affiliations to which an individual feels he or she belongs Out-groups: social affiliations to which a person feels that he or she does not belong Language, speech, and nonverbal messages all communicate one’s in-group and out-group status
- 9. Individuals adjust their speech and conversational patterns either to assimilate with or to deviate from others Convergence: altering your speech and behavior so that it matches that of your conversational partner Divergence: rather than match your partner’s communication patterns, you seek to make your speech different
- 10. Predictions When a person wants to be viewed as part of an in- group, s/he will accommodate by convergence When a persona wants to be viewed as distinct from a certain group, s/he will alter your speech through divergence In addition to expressing disagreement or rejection of a speaker, divergence also illustrates one’s cultural identity or differences in one’s status.
- 11. Accommodation is not always appropriate or effective When in doubt, individuals rely on social norms to inform their decision to accommodate (or not)
- 12. Positive Effects Negative Effects Increased attraction, Incorrect stereotypes of social approval, and out-group, perceived increased persuasion condescension, loss of personal identity
- 13. Positive Effects Negative Effects Protects cultural Perceived disdain for identity, asserts out-group, perceived power differences, lack of effort, and and increased increased psychological sympathy distance
- 14. Berger & Calabrese Premise: URT explains and predict when, why, and how individuals use communication to minimize their doubts when interacting with others
- 15. URT functions based on three assumptions Primary goal of communication is to minimize uncertainties that we have about the world Individuals experience uncertainty regularly; the experience of uncertainty is unpleasant Communication is the primary vehicle for reducing uncertainty
- 16. Reducing uncertainty 3 antecedent conditions: influence whether we have the motivation to reduce uncertainty Anticipation of future interaction Incentive value Deviance
- 17. Two types of uncertainty Behavioral uncertainty Cognitive uncertainty
- 18. 8 Axioms that research has established follow from the principles of URT: Verbal communication reduces uncertainty Welcoming nonverbal expressions reduce uncertainty The greater the uncertainty, the more information-seeking behaviors When uncertainty is high, intimacy is low High uncertainty leads to more reciprocal communication strategies Greater similarities between communicators reduces uncertainty As uncertainty decreases, liking increases Shared communication networks and ties reduce uncertainty
- 19. Berger (1995, 1997) noted that much of social interaction is goal driven; we communicate for a reason and we create plans to guide interaction Uncertainty reduction strategies Passive strategy Active strategy Interactive strategy
- 20. Burgoon Premise: explains the meanings that people attribute to the violation of their personal space and predicts their response to such infringements Assumptions EVT builds on numerous axioms Primary assumption: humans have competing needs for personal space and for affiliation
- 21. EVT makes predictions as to how individuals will react to a given violation Reciprocate: match someone’s behavior Compensate: counteract by doing the opposite of your partner’s behavior
- 22. Core Concepts Expectancy Context of the behavior Relationship with the person in question Communicator’s characteristics Violation valance (+/-) Communicator reward valence (+/-)
- 23. Predicting reactions when expectations are violated Predictable patterns develop (VV +) + (CRV+) = reciprocate (VV -) + (CRV-) = reciprocate (VV -) + (CRV+) = compensate (VV +) + (CRV-) = reciprocate or compensate
- 24. Between People: Theories of Interpersonal Communication
- 25. Interpersonal Communication: messages that occur between two, interdependent persons, with a focus on how interpersonal messages are offered to initiate, define, maintain, or further a relationship IPC refers to both content and quality of messages and the possibility of further relationship development
- 26. 1. Politeness Theory 2. Social Exchange Theory 3. Dialectical Perspective 4. Communication Privacy Management Theory
- 27. Brown and Levinson Premise: politeness theory explains how we manage our own and others’ identities through interaction, in particular, through the use of politeness strategies
- 28. Assumption: all individuals are concerned with maintaining face Face: desired self-image that you wish to present to others; includes awareness that interactional partners have own face needs Positive face Negative face It is difficult to achieve positive and negative face simultaneously
- 29. Assumptions Humans are rational and goal oriented with respect to achieving face needs We have choices and make communicative decisions to maintain face “Everyone’s face depends on everyone else’s [face] being maintained” (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p.61). Some behaviors are fundamentally face threatening; inevitably we will hurt someone’s face Face-threatening acts (FTAs)
- 30. Preserving Face Preventive facework Corrective facework
- 31. Strategies for committing a FTA Avoidance Go off record Negative politeness Positive politeness Bald on record
- 32. People choose their FTA strategy tactically Three factors influence strategy choice: Prestige Power Risk
- 33. Thibaut & Kelley Premise: Social exchange theory (SET) explains when and why individuals continue and develop some personal relationships while ending others
- 34. Assumptions Relationships are a function of comparing benefits gained versus costs to attain benefits People want to make the most of the benefits, while lessening the costs (minimax principle) By nature, humans are selfish; you tend to look out for yourself first and foremost.
- 35. Core Components Outcome (O): ratio of rewards to costs in a given relationship Rewards – Costs = Outcome Comparison level (CL): what rewards do I expect to receive in this relationship? Comparison level of alternatives (Clalt): what other options do I have?
- 36. Predictions Outcomes > CL = satisfied Outcomes< CL = dissatisfied Outcome > CLalt = stay Outcome < CLalt = terminate
- 37. Baxter & Montgomery Premise: explains how individuals sustain relationships over time
- 38. Assumptions Praxis : Relationships have a dynamic trajectory Change: Relationships change Contradictions (dialectics): Partners have essential but different needs Totality: Change in one partner will affect the other
- 39. Internal dialectics: central tensions between partners Autonomy<—>Connection Openness<—>Closedness Predictability<—>Novelty
- 40. External dialectics: central tensions that a dyad experiences when interacting with other people Inclusion<—>Seclusion Revelation<—>Concealment Conventionality<—>Uniqueness
- 41. Relationships are sustained, not maintained To sustain a relationship, dialectical tensions must be managed Four primary strategies 1. Selection strategy 2. Cyclic alteration 3. Segmentation 4. Integration
- 42. Petronio Premise: CPM’s explains why and how people make decisions about whether to reveal or conceal private information based on specific rules
- 43. 6 Major Principles 1. Public<—>Private dialectical tension is central 2. Private information: information that is inaccessible to others Possession is central feature We make choices about sharing private information: to whom, what, when, where, and how we share 3. Privacy Rules: guide sharing of private information Cultural criteria Gender criteria Motivational criteria Contextual criteria Risk-benefit criteria
- 44. Major principles continued: 4. Boundaries Personal boundaries: contain individual information. Collective boundaries: contain shared information. 5. Boundary Coordination: maintaining collective boundaries Boundary linkage—alliances between the owners of the information Boundary ownership—rights and responsibilities bourn by the owners of the information Boundary permeability—how easily information is passed through the boundary 6. Boundary Turbulence: occurs when the rules for privacy management are not clear
- 45. My Way: Explaining Theories of Persuasion
- 46. Persuasion: “human communication that is designed to influence others by modifying their beliefs, values, or attitudes” (Simons, 1976, p. 21). (NOTE: What happened to actions?) Requirements for message to be considered persuasive: 1. Goal-driven sender 2. Communication is the means to achieve goal 3. Receiver must have free will
- 47. 1. Social Judgment Theory 2. Elaboration Likelihood Model 3. Theory of Planned Behavior 4. Inoculation Theory
- 48. Sherif & colleagues Premise: SJT focuses on peoples’ assessment of persuasive messages; people make evaluations about the content of messages based on their anchors, or stance, on a particular topic message
- 49. A person’s attitudes can be placed into one of three categories Latitude of acceptance Latitude of rejection Latitude of noncommitment
- 50. A person’s reaction to a persuasive message depends on his or her stance Persuader must map receivers’ attitudes and ego- involvement toward a topic Highly ego involved = Larger latitude of rejection Smaller latitude of noncommitment.
- 51. Social judgment explains responses through two processes: Contrast effect Assimilation effect
- 52. Petty & Caccipopo Premise: persuasion is a cognitive event; the targets of persuasive messages use metal processes of motivation and reasoning to accept or reject persuasive messages
- 53. Two Routes to Persuasion Centrally routed messages Peripherally routed messages
- 54. 1. Central Route: Information, rational arguments, and evidence Much more likely to create long-term change Succeed only when two factors are met: Motivated target Able target
- 55. Central route relies on strong arguments: Strong arguments create a positive cognitive response Neutral arguments create a noncommittal cognitive response Weak arguments create a negative cognitive response
- 56. 2. Peripheral Route When target’s motivation or ability is missing, persuader can use the peripheral route Peripheral messages rely on a target’s emotional involvement Persuade through superficial means Lead to only short-term changes, if any change at all
- 57. Seven Peripheral Cues (Strategies) 1. Authority 2. Commitment 3. Contrast 4. Liking 5. Reciprocity 6. Scarcity 7. Social proof
- 58. Peripheral messages can be evaluated as: Positive peripheral messages Neutral peripheral messages Negative peripheral messages
- 59. Fishbein & Ajzen Premise: all behavior is intentional, or goal-driven. Attitudes and behavioral norms predict behavioral intention.
- 60. Attitudes: our sum of beliefs about something Made of two components One’s evaluation of the object One’s belief strength Normative beliefs: perceptions about what others in your social network expect you to do
- 61. Evolution of a theory— A third predictor has been added to the theory: Perceived behavioral control is comprised of two elements: Self-efficiency Controllability
- 62. McGuire Premise: explains how targets can resist persuasion
- 63. People are more resistant to persuasion when an inoculation process takes place Two major components to an inoculation message: 1. Threat 2. Refutational preemption (See Table 7.1)