Combining ability and heteroses analysis for seed yield and yield components in brassica napus l

Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.9, 2013
31
Combining Ability and Heteroses Analysis for Seed Yield and
Yield Components in Brassica napus L.
Muhammad Zahir Ahsan*
, Farooq Ahmad Khan, Shehzad Ahmed Kang*, Kashif Rasheed
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics,University of Agriculture Faisalabad
*Email of the correspondence Authors: ahsanzahir@gmail.com shahzadpbg@gmail.com
Abstract
Line × tester analysis of three testers and five lines of Brassica napus L. were used to estimate combining ability
and heterosis of plant height, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, 1000-seed weight and
seed yield per plant. Significant mean squares of treatments for yield components and seed yield indicated
significant genetic variations among the genotypes including parents and their crosses. Parents Vs crosses mean
square indicated, average heterosis was significant for all the traits except plant height. Line × tester mean square
was significant for all the traits. High GCA to SCA ratio; indicated the prime importance of additive genetic
effects for all traits except seed yield per plant. Significant positive general combining ability (GCA) and
specific combining ability (SCA) effects were observed. Most of the crosses had significant positive over better
parent heterosis of seed yield, indicating that these hybrids were suitable candidates for improving these traits
using combination method.
Key words: Combining ability, Heteroses, Line × Tester, Brassica napus L.
1. Introduction
The economy of Pakistan is agro-based and majority of its people are dependent upon this sector. The
significant progress in agriculture sector has been achieved in the production and improvement of some
important crops such as wheat, cotton, sugarcane, rice maize. Pakistan is lucky to have an over of dozen oilseed
crops, which can be grow one or the other season round the year. Despite their importance in our national
economy and trade, the oilseed crops in general, are termed as “Miner/ Marginal crops”. This status and
approach is indirect result of neglecting the oilseed crops as well as agronomic sector. The present crisis
demands much attention for the improvement of oilseed crops.
The total availability of edible oils during 2009-10 is 2.9 million tons out of which Local production
stood at 0.669 million tons which accounts only 23% of total availability. The remaining 77% was made
available through imports by the cost of 1.65 billion US dollars. (Anonymous, 2010-11). Rapeseed (Brassica
napus L.) oil ranks third behind soybean and oil palm showing the importance of this product. Apart from direct
human and animal consumption, industrial uses include the manufacture of rapeseed oi1 and convert biomass to
bio energy have been developed in the recent years in world (Ofori and Becker 2008). Thus considering that the
rapeseed oil, beside its use for food, feed and industrial purposes, is also used for metilester, which is important
component for biodiesel production
Hybrid seed production is the main method used to increase yield of oilseed crops. As compared to
conventional rape-seed cultivars the yield of hybrids rapeseeds is commonly l5% higher and round the world
area under hybrids increasing day by day in China about 60% hybrids are cultivated (Fu 2007). Generally it is
believed that heterosis increases with broader genetic basis (Seyis et al. 2006).
In rapeseed breeding for hybrid and open pollinated varieties, general and specific combining ability
effects (GCA and SCA) are important indicators of the potential of inbred lines in hybrid combinations. The line
× tester analysis is one of the efficient methods of evaluating large number of inbreds as well as provides
information about the relative importance of GCA effects of lines and testers and also SCA effects of pairs of
parental genotypes for interpreting the genetic basis of important plant traits (Mather and Jinks, 1982).
Estimation of genetic parameters for yield components can be important for indirect selection for seed yield.
Although combining ability studies in oilseed Brassica spp. are very little, most of these studies emphasized the
predominance effect of GCA on yield and most of the yield components indicating the importance of additive
gene action (McGee and Brown, 1995; Wos et al., 1999; Gupta; 2006).
The present study of Line × tester involving five female lines and three male Testers is an attempt to
develop Brassica hybrid with diverse genetic background for their potential in various cross combinations for
different plant characters the main objective of the study is to:
i. Evaluate Lines, testers and their crosses.
ii. Estimate General combining ability of the lines and testers.
iii. Specific combining ability of the crosses for seed yield and its components.
iv. Identify the Brassica hybrid (s) for higher seed yield potential and more oil content.

Vol.3, No.9, 2013
32
2. Material and Methods
The materials for this study consisted of eight genotypes i.e. Golarchi, Star, Range, DGL, Ayub2000,
Hybripol, Lagena and BA0714. These parental materials were obtained from the germplasm of the Department
of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. During Rabi season of 2010-11, 15 F1
hybrids were obtained by crossing five female lines (Golarchi, Star, Range, DGL and Ayub2000) with three
male lines (Hybripol, Lagena and BA0714) in line × tester fashion. After emasculation and pollinations all the
racemes were covered with butter paper begs to avoid open pollination. The pollens of three male parents were
collected separately during morning hours (7:00 to 9:00 AM) and pollinated each female line separately and
butter paper bag was replaced after pollination. Next year 15 hybrids and eight parents were laid out in
randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications. Each entry was sown in plot having dimension
3m × 9m. The plant to plant distance was 30cm and row to distance was 60 cm. All the agronomic practices
recommended for Brassica napus were followed throughout growing season for raising successful experimental
crop.
The mean of three replications calculated for the parents and hybrids for five characters were subjected
to statistical analysis of variance according to Steel et al. (1997).
The mean sum of squares, along with the variance of general combining ability (GCA) of the parents
and specific combining ability (SCA) of the hybrids were worked out based on the procedure developed by
Kempthorne (1957).
Percent heterosis of F1 over mid parent (MP) and better parent (BP) was calculated as proposed by
Falconer and Mackay (1996).
Percent Heterosis Over Mid Parent MP =
F1 − MP
MP
× 100
Percent Heterosis Over better Parent BP =
F1 − BP
BP
× 100
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Plant Height
In ANOVA (Table 1) all parents (both male and female) and crosses were notified highly significant
results in both F table values (0.05-0.01) .On the other hand interaction between parent and crosses showed non
significant results, also female vs. male pattern revealed highly significant results for the trait of plant height.
Table “3’’ Out of five lines, female genotypes Star and Range showed highly significant GCA in
positive direction while Golarchi and Ayub2000 revealed highly significant GCA effects in negative direction.
Whereas in three male parents, the genotype Hybripol indicated highly significant GCA effects in positive and
Lagena showed GCA in negative direction.
In case of specific combining ability, (Table 4) the hybrids (DGL × Hybripol, Range × Lagena, DGL ×
BA0714) were showed significant positive specific combining ability effects while the hybrids Range ×
Hybripol, DGL × Lagena, Ayub2000 × BA0714 indicated significant SCA effects in negative direction. Whereas
the hybrid DGL × Lagena (-24.42) exhibited good specific combiner followed by DGL × BA0714 (12.57) for
the trait of plant height.
In table “5” Four crosses (DGL × Hybripol, Range × Lagena, Range × BA0714 and DGL × BA0714)
showed highly significant mid parent heterosis. Two crosses (Golarchi × Hybripol and DGL × Lagena) exhibited
highly significant negative heterosis. All others showed non significant mid parent heterosis for plant height.
Overall range of heterosis was -8.050% to 16.452%.
Non of the hybrid showed significant positive heterosis over better parent. But nine crosses showed
highly significant negative heterosis. Range of the mid parent heterosis was -12.89% to 7.0592%
3.2. Number of Primary Branches per Plant
In ANOVA (table 1) all parents, crosses, Parent vs. crosses, females, males and female vs. male were
highly significant at both F table values (0.05-0.01) for the trait of number of primary branches per plant.
Table “3” noticed the GCA effects for this trait, only one line Golarchi revealed highly significant
result in positive direction while lines Star and Range were showed significant results in negative direction for
GCA effects. In tester portion, Lagena showed significant result in positive direction and the genotypes Hybripol
and BA0714 revealed significant GCA effects in negative direction for the trait primary branches per plant.
It is noticed from the table “4” that four hybrids (Star × Hybripol, DGL × Hybripol, Ayub2000 ×
Lagena and Galorchi × BA0714) showed highly significant specific combining ability in positive direction two
crosses (Range × hybripol and Galorchi × Lagena) exhibited significant in positive direction, Two crosses
(Ayub2000 × Hybripol and DGL × Lagena) showed highly significant but in negative direction two crosses
exhibited significant specific combining ability in negative direction, all other hybrids were non significant for
primary branches per plant

Vol.3, No.9, 2013
33
Out of fifteen crosses (Table 5) five crosses exhibited highly significant heterosis ranging from 4.346%
(DGL × Lagena) to 24.36% (Ayub2000 × lagena) over mid parent one cross i.e. Golarchi × Lagena significant
positive heterosis 2.166% over mid parent. Sven hybrids registered highly significant heterosis ranging from -
4.58% (Star × Hybripol) to -24.6% (Range × BA0714) over mid parent. All other crosses exhibited non
significant mid parent heterosis. Overall mid parent heterosis was in the range of -24.6% to 24.36%.
Highly significant better parent heterosis was observed in two crosses Ayub2000 × Lagena and Golarchi ×
BA0714 i.e. 9.166% and 4.17× respectively. One hybrid Golarchi × Lagena showed significant positive heterosis.
Eleven crosses showed highly significant negative heterosis over better parent in the range of -3.33% to -29.4%
for number of primary branches per plant.
3.3. Number of Secondary Branches per Plant
In ANOVA (table 1) all parents, crosses, male, female, crosses, interaction between parent and crosses
and interaction between male and female exhibited highly significant results at both F table values (0.05-0.01 for
the trait of number of secondary branches per plant.
Table “3” revealed that the lines Star and DGL were showed significant positive GCA effects while
the lines Golarchi and Range expressed significant GCA effects in negative direction. Out of three testers,
Hybripol and Lagena noticed significant GCA effects in positive direction while only one male genotype
BA0714 exhibited significant negative GCA effect for the trait secondary branches per plant.
Specific combining ability (Table 4) was found highly significant in positive direction for four
crosses (Range × Hybripol, Range × Lagena, Ayub × Lagena and DGL × BA0714), four crosses showed highly
significant but in negative direction and one cross (Ayub2000 × Hybripol) showed significant but in negative
direction all other crosses exhibited non significant specific combining ability for secondary branches per plant.
In table “5” Two crosses (DGL × Hybripol and DGL × BA0714) showed highly significant positive
heterosis over mid parent i.e. in the range of 19.62% to 41.69%. Four hybrids registered highly significant
negative heterosis in the range of -11.1% (Ayub2000 × BA0714) to -61% (Range × BA0714). Two crosses
showed significant negative heterosis. All other crosses exhibited non significant mid parent heterosis.
Positive highly significant heterosis over better parent was observed only in two crosses i.e. 17.14%
DGL × Hybripol and 37.40% DGL × BA0714. Eight crosses showed highly significant negative heterosis over
better parent in the range of 5.46% () to 65.1% (Range × BA0714). Four crosses showed significant negative
heterosis. Overall range of better parent heterosis was -65.1% to 37.40%.
3.4. 1000-seed weight
In ANOVA (table 1) all parents, female, crosses, revealed highly significant and male genotypes
notified non significant results in both F table values (0.05-0.01).On the other hand interaction between parent
and crosses notified significant results, also female vs. male pattern showed highly significant results for the trait
of 1000-seed weight.
For the character 1000-seed weight, (Table 3) there was no female parent exhibited significant GCA
effect, Whereas in male parent/tester only one genotype BA0714 indicated significant GCA effect in negative
direction.
From table “5” it was noticed that only one cross (Ayub2000 × Hybripol) showed significant
specific combining ability in positive direction all other crosses exhibited non significant specific combining
ability for 1000-seed weight.
From fifteen crosses (Table 5) four crosses showed highly significant mid parent heterosis in the range
of 19.1104% (Golarchi × Hybripol) to 41.9847% (Ayub2000 × Hybripol). Golarchi × Lagena and Star ×
BA0714 exhibited significant heterosis i.e. 24.9122% and 19.4244% respectively. All other crosses showed non
significant mid parent heterosis for 1000-seed weight
Highly significant better parent heterosis was observed in three crosses i.e. 17.384% (Golarchi ×
Hybripol), 31.277% (Ayub2000 × Hybripol) and 15.359% Golarchi × Lagena however one cross Range ×
Hybripol exhibited highly significant negative better parent heterosis. All other crosses showed non significant
better parent heterosis for 1000-seed weight.
3.5. Seed yield per Plant
In ANOVA (table 1) all parents (both male and female), crosses, interaction between parent and crosses
and interaction between male vs female notified highly significant results in both F tab values (0.05-0.01) for the
trait of seed yield per plant.
In this trait, (Table 3) female genotypes Golarchi and Ayub2000 showed significant positive GCA
effects while the genotypes Range and DGL expressed significant GCA effects in negative direction. In male
genotypes, all parents were exhibited non significant results for seed yield per plant.
Four crosses (Table 4) (Range × Hybripol, Ayub2000 × Hybripol, Galorchi × Lagena and Star ×
Lagena) exhibited highly significant specific combining ability in positive direction and two crosses (Galorchi ×
Hybripol, Star × Lagena) showed highly significant but in negative direction. One cross (DGL × Hybripol)

Vol.3, No.9, 2013
34
showed significant positive combining ability and five crosses showed negative significant specific combining
ability and three crosses showed non significant specific combining ability for seed yield per plant.
In table “5” Positive highly significant mid parent heterosis was observed in two crosses i.e. 110.77%
(Golarchi × Lagena) and 79.437% (Star × BA0714) and Golarchi × BA0714 was found significant positive
heterosis. Negative highly significant heterosis was observed in seven crosses ranging from -15.56% (Ayub2000
× BA0714) to -46.90% (Golarchi × Hybripol). DGL × Hybripol exhibited significant negative mid parent
heterosis. All other hybrids were non significant for seed yield per plant.
Better parent heterosis was positively highly significant for two crosses (Golarchi × Lagena and Star ×
BA0714) i.e. 96.371% and 60.966% respectively. Nine crosses exhibited highly significant negative heterosis in
the range of -19.14% (Ayub2000 × Hybripol) to -60.41% (Range × BA0714). All other hybrids showed non
significant better parent heterosis for seed yield per plant.
Table 1. Analysis of variance for five traits of Brassica napus L.
SOV d.f PH PBPP SBPP SW SY
Replication 2 17.93 0.0371 0.063 0.3578 17.62
Treatments 22 1655.20**
6.97**
25.1**
12.18**
2288**
Parents 7 2428.95**
10.3**
11.49**
12.33**
3580**
Crosses 14 1385.04**
5.75**
32.7**
9.27**
1701**
Parents vs Crosses 1 21.2 0.61**
13.7**
50.7**
1461**
Females 4 1960.23**
15.9**
5.39**
18.9**
4043**
Males 2 2135.11**
0.86**
28.4**
4.04 3003**
F Vs M 1 7279.4**
15.7**
380**
49.5**
1639**
Error 44 54.47 0.0241 0.3477 1.9327 47.64
Table 2. Analysis of variance for combining ability
Table 3. General Combining Ability effects for Parents in respect to five Characters in Brassica napus
Character Plant Height Primary
Branches
Secondary
Branches
1000-seed weight Seed Yield per
Plant
Golarchi -7.82*
1.64**
-0.63**
0.722 7.79**
Star 13.2**
-0.518**
1.20**
0.522 -3.514
Range 19.7**
-1.302**
-3.49**
-0.37 -12**
DGL 0.957 0.049 3.11**
-0. 088 -4.63*
Ayub2000 -26.3**
0.127 -0.186 -0.83 12.9**
Hybripol 10.8**
-0.326**
0.59**
-0.3 -0.49
Lagena -6.244*
0.505**
0.92**
0.772 2.96
BA0714 -4.576 -0.179**
-1.19**
-1.3*
-2.55
* Significant (α=0.05) ** Highly significant (α=0.01)
Traits d.f.
Plant
Height
Primary
Branches
Secondary Branches 1000-seed weight
Seed Yield per
Plant
Replication 2 0.96 0.03 0.16 0.0317 3402
Lines (L) 4 2932.8**
10.6**
53.62**
14.64**
709944**
Testers (T) 2 1328**
2.97**
16.08**
3.57 737035**
L x T 8 625.4**
4.02**
26.50**
10.78**
262098**
Error 28 64.88 0.03 0.3907 2.83 1216

Vol.3, No.9, 2013
35
Table 4. Specific Combining Ability effects for Hybrids
Crosses
Plant
Height
Primary
Branches
Secondary
Branches
1000-seed
weight
Seed Yield per
Plant
1 Golarchi × Hybripol -9.38 -0.193 0.278 -0.49 -37**
2 Star × Hybripol 7.29 0.523**
-0.555 -0.69 -8.7*
3 Range × Hybripol -11*
0.260*
2.67**
-1.67 16.3**
4 DGL × Hybripol 11**
1.204**
-1.45**
-0.05 8.997*
5 Ayub2000×Hybrpol 1.513 -1.77**
-0.961*
2.99*
21.2**
6 Golarchi × Lagena 4.024 0.3653*
-2.45**
1.074 48**
7 Star × Lagena -2.96 -0.327*
0.4514 -1.26 -22**
8 Range × Lagena 12.6*
-0.272*
2.18**
0.167 -6.366
9 DGL × Lagena -24**
-1.08**
-2.09**
1.284 -6.846
10
Ayub2000 ×
Lagena
10.90 1.994**
1.84**
-1.25 -12.6*
11 Golarchi × BA0714 5.356 0.559**
2.137 -0.58 -10.4*
12 Star × BA0714 -4.31 -0.175 0.1036 1.960 31.3**
13 Range × BA0714 -1.20 0.026 -4.86**
1.516 -9.87*
14 DGL × BA0714 12.7*
-0.176 3.56**
-1.23 -2.150
15 Ayub2000×BA0714 -12**
-0.220*
-0.9063 -1.66 -8.58*
Table 5. Heterosis for five traits
Sr
.
Cross
Name
Plant Height Primary
Branches
Secondary
Branch
1000-seed weight Seed yield per
Plant
MP BP MP BP MP BP MP BP MP BP
1 Golarchi
×
Hybripol
-8.05**
-8.7**
0.142 -3.33**
0.835 -5.94*
19.1104*
*
17.384*
*
-46.90**
-56.58**
2 Star ×
Hybripol
4.46 -1.14 -4.58**
-9.28**
3.903 -5.46*
10.4338 6.7221 -24.68**
-40.38**
3 Range ×
Hybripol
-1.72 -7.6**
-24.3**
-29.4**
-5.96*
-15.1**
-8.5637 -16.29**
-33.27**
-39.33**
4 DGL ×
Hybripol
8.45**
7.05**
24.35*
*
2.086*
19.62*
*
17.14*
*
31.5430*
*
14.635 -11.22*
-25.27**
5 Ayub200
×
Hybripol
-2.80 -10.91 -15.9**
-23.8**
-0.95 -4.90 41.9847*
*
31.277*
*
-9.837 -19.14**
6 Golarchi
× Lagena
-3.98 -10**
2.166*
2.166*
-27.4**
-32.5**
24.9122*
15.359*
110.77*
*
96.371*
*
7 Star ×
Lagena
-2.32 -12**
-8.16**
-15.5**
-4.85*
-9.25**
2.21031 -1.101 -11.13 -13.75
8 Range ×
Lagena
7.41** -4.80 -24.4**
-27.1**
-21.0**
-23.9**
0.09484 -2.283 -36.06**
-53.68**
9 DGL ×
Lagena
-12.1**
-16**
4.346*
*
-16.6**
-1.34 -
12.38*
35.2733*
*
11.471 2.8334 -7.296
10 Ayub200
0 ×
Lagena
-0.18 -2.742 24.36*
*
9.166*
*
0.529 -9.10*
3.72300 -9.721 -18.08**
-41.20**
11 Golarchi
×
BA0714
5.02 -9.1**
8.695*
*
4.166*
*
2.197 -5.55**
7.86686 6.6566 20.849*
4.4457
12 Star ×
BA0714
4.90 -12**
-8.86**
-12.7**
-2.01 -11.6 19.4244*
15.038 79.437*
*
60.966*
*
13 Range ×
BA0714
8.96**
-9.8**
-24.6**
-30.2**
-61.0**
-65.1**
3.48326 -5.555 -42.58**
-60.41**
14 DGL ×
BA0714
16.452*
*
2.639
2
11.92*
*
-7.57**
41.69*
*
37.40*
*
9.54214 -4.263 9.1993 -8.403
15 Ayub200
0 ×
BA0714
-4.884 -10**
1.659 -7.27**
-11.1**
-
15.5**
-6.2096 -13.01 -
15.56**
-
42.27**
* Significant (α=0.05) ** Highly significant (α=0.01)

Vol.3, No.9, 2013
36
4. Conclusion
The analysis of variance for combining ability indicated highly significant male × Female interaction.
The parents Golarchi, Ayub2000 (Female) were found good general combiner lines for seed yield per plant. The
best hybrid on the basis of SCA effects was DGL × Hybripol for plant height, Golarchi × Lagena best for seed
yield per plant. High degree of desirable heterosis over mid and better parent was observed in many hybrids for
most of the characters studied. The hybrid combination DGL × Hybripol showed highest better parent heterosis
for plant height, Ayub2000 × Lagena for primary branches per plant, DGL × BA0714 for secondary branches
per plant, Ayub2000 × Hybripol for 1000-seed weight, Golarchi × Lagena for seed yield per plant.
The present investigation resulted in identification of higher combinations with higher value of
heterosis over mid and better parent for more than one traits, cross Ayub2000 × Hybripol for 1000-seed weight,
seed yield per plant, Ayub2000 × BA0714 best heterotic cross for seed yield per plant.
The study revealed that parents Golarchi, Ayub2000, Lagena, Hybripol were good general combiners
for seed yield and other yield attributing traits therefore these parental lines can be utilized for developing further
hybrids.
Based on SCA effects the crosses Range × Hybripol, Ayub2000 × HYbripol, Golarchi × Lagena, Star ×
BA0714 were found to be good for seed yield and Star × Lagena was best hybrid for oil contents. It is suggested
to test these hybrids on large scale to know their potential and stability.
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