Common diseases in human BY Asif Ibrahim
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This document discusses diseases caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and helminths. It provides examples of different diseases caused by specific pathogens, including salmonella (typhoid), streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia), plasmodium (malaria), entamoeba histolytica (amoebiasis), ascaris (ascariasis), and wuchereria (elephantiasis). It also discusses ringworm caused by fungi of the genera microsporum, trichophyton and epidermophyton. Prevention methods include maintaining hygiene, cleaning water sources, and avoiding mosquito bites to prevent diseases like malaria, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, etc
Common diseases in human BY Asif Ibrahim
- 2. • Any condition which interferes with the normal functioning of the body is called a disease. • Disease may be defined as a disorder in the physical, physiological, psychological or social state of a person caused due to nutritional deficiency, physiological disorder, genetic disorder, pathogen or any other reason. 10-09-2017asifibrahim9070478786 2
- 4. • Pathogen : Salmonella typhi (Bacteria) • Target organ - Small intestine • Mode of transmission : • Through contaminated food and water • Confirmation Test - Widal test • Symptoms : • High fever (39° to 40°C) • weakness • stomach pain • constipation • headache and loss of appetite • In severe cases intestinal perforation and death may occur. 10-09-2017asifibrahim9070478786 4
- 5. • Pathogen : • Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae (Bacteria) • Target organ - Alveoli of the lungs • Mode of transmission : • By inhaling the droplets/aerosols released by an infected person • By sharing glasses and utensils with an infected person • Symptoms : • Fever, chills, cough and headache • In severe cases, the lips and finger nails may turn gray to bluish in colour. • Other bacterial diseases in man - Dysentery, plague, diphtheria 10-09-2017asifibrahim9070478786 5
- 6. • Pathogen : • Rhino viruses (Virus) • Target organ - Nose and respiratory passage but not the lungs. • Mode of transmission : • Through droplets from cough or sneezes of an infected person • Through contaminated objects such as pens, books, cups, doorknobs, computer keyboard or mouse, etc. • Symptoms : • Nasal congestion and discharge • Sore throat, hoarseness, cough, headache & tiredness 10-09-2017asifibrahim9070478786 6
- 7. • Pathogen : • Plasmodium vivax, P. malaria, P.falciparum • Mode of transmission : • By bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes • Incubation period : • Approximately 12 days • Symptoms • Headache, nausea and muscular pain. • Feeling of chilliness and shivering followed by fever which becomes normal along with sweating after some time. • The patient becomes weak and anaemic. • If not treated properly secondary complications may lead to death. 10-09-2017asifibrahim9070478786 7
- 8. Prevention and cure:- • Fitting of double door and windows (with wire mesh) in the house to prevent entry of mosquitoes. • Use of mosquito net and mosquito repellents. • No water should be allowed to collect in ditches or other open spaces to prevent mosquito breeding. • Sprinkling of kerosene oil in ditches or other open spaces where water gets collected. • Antimalarial drugs to be taken. 10-09-2017asifibrahim9070478786 8
- 10. • Pathogen : • Entamoeba histolytica (Protozoan) • Target organ - Large intestine of human • Mode of transmission : • Houseflies transmit the parasite from faeces of infected person to food, food products and water. • Symptoms : i. Constipation ii. Abdominal pain and cramps iii. Stools with excess mucous and blood clots 10-09-2017asifibrahim9070478786 10
- 11. • Pathogen : Ascaris • Target organ – intestine • Mode of transmission : • The eggs of the parasite are excreted along with the faeces of infected persons which contaminate soil, water, plants, etc. • contaminated water, vegetables, fruits, etc. • Symptoms : • Internal bleeding • Muscular pain • Fever • Anemia • Blockage of the intestinal passage 10-09-2017asifibrahim9070478786 11
- 12. • Pathogen : Wuchereria (W. bancrofti and W. malayi) • Target organ – • Lymphatic vessels of lower limbs • Mode of transmission : • bite by female Culex mosquito • Symptoms : • Blocked lymph ducts • Enlarged groin lymph nodes • Fever • Thickened skin tissue • Impaired lymphatic drainage 10-09-2017asifibrahim9070478786 12 Elephantiasis
- 13. • Ringworm is a fungal infection of the skin. • The name “ringworm” is a misnomer, since the infection is caused by a fungus, not a worm. • Pathogens : • Microsporum • Trichophyton • Epidermophyton 10-09-2017asifibrahim9070478786 13
- 14. • Symptoms : • Appearance of dry, scaly lesions on various parts of the body such as skin, nails and scalp are the main symptoms of the disease. • These lesions are accompanied by intense itching. • Heat and moisture help these fungi to grow, which makes them thrive in skin folds such as those in the groin or between the toes. • Mode of transmission : • They acquired from soil or by using towels, clothes or even the comb of infected individuals. 10-09-2017asifibrahim9070478786 14
- 15. • Maintenance of personal and public hygiene • Keeping the body clean • Consumption of clean drinking water, food, vegetables, fruits, etc. • Proper disposal of waste and excreta; • Periodic cleaning and disinfection of water reservoirs, pools, cesspools and tanks • Vaccination and immunisation 10-09-2017asifibrahim9070478786 15
- 17. • To avoid stagnation of water in and around residential areas • Regular cleaning of household coolers, • Use of mosquito nets, • Introducing fishes like Gambusia in ponds that feed on mosquito larvae, • Spraying of insecticides in ditches, drainage areas and swamps, etc. • Doors and windows should be provided with wire mesh 10-09-2017asifibrahim9070478786 17 Gambusia