2. + Communication skills refer to the ability to convey and
receive messages effectively between two or more people.
+ These skills can include verbal, nonverbal, and written
communication, as well as active listening, empathy, and clarity in
expressing ideas and thoughts.
2
3. + Language skills refer to the ability to use a particular
language effectively for communication purposes.
+ Effective language skills involve being able to express
oneself clearly and fluently, using appropriate language and
tone for the audience and situation, and understanding how to
use language to achieve specific communication goals.
+ They also involve being able to understand and interpret the
language of others, whether it is spoken or written.
3
4. + Language skills are essential for effective communication,
socialization, and academic and professional success.
+ They allow individuals to engage in meaningful conversations,
express their thoughts and feelings, understand and analyze information,
and communicate effectively in a variety of settings.
+ Language skills are also important for cultural understanding and
diversity, as they enable individuals to appreciate and communicate with
people from different backgrounds and cultures.
4
6. + Listening is a language skill that involves understanding and
interpreting spoken language.
+ It is the ability to receive and interpret auditory information,
process it, and respond appropriately.
+ Listening is an important part of effective communication and
is essential for successful interactions in both personal and
professional settings.
6
7. + Effective listening involves more than just hearing what is
being said.
+ It requires actively engaging with the speaker, paying
attention to nonverbal cues such as tone of voice and body
language, and demonstrating understanding and empathy.
+ Good listening skills also involve asking clarifying
questions, paraphrasing and summarizing what was said,
and responding appropriately to the speaker's message.
7
8. + Listening is a critical language skill because it enables
individuals to understand and interpret spoken language,
communicate effectively, and build relationships.
+ It is an important aspect of language learning, as it allows
individuals to absorb new vocabulary, grammar, and sentence
structures.
+ Effective listening also helps to build trust and respect in
personal and professional relationships, as it demonstrates a
willingness to understand and empathize with others.
8
9. 1. Passive listening: This is the most basic form of listening, where the
listener is simply hearing the speaker's words without actively
engaging with them. This type of listening may occur during casual
conversations or when listening to music or other forms of
entertainment.
2. Active listening: This type of listening involves actively engaging
with the speaker, paying attention to nonverbal cues, and
demonstrating understanding and empathy. Active listening
requires the listener to be fully present in the conversation and to
focus on the speaker's message.
9
10. 3. Reflective listening: This involves repeating or summarizing what
the speaker has said to ensure that the listener has understood the
message correctly. Reflective listening is particularly important in
situations where there may be a risk of miscommunication or
misunderstandings.
4. Empathetic listening: This involves listening to the speaker's
message and demonstrating empathy and understanding.
Empathetic listening is particularly important in situations where the
speaker may be experiencing strong emotions or needs support.
10
11. 5. Critical listening: This involves analyzing and evaluating the
speaker's message, looking for inconsistencies, biases, or other flaws.
Critical listening is important in situations where accuracy and
precision are essential, such as in academic or professional settings.
6. Appreciative listening: This involves listening to enjoy and
appreciate the message being conveyed. This type of listening is
often used when listening to music, poetry, or other forms of artistic
expression.
11
12. 1. Receiving: This is the first stage of the listening process, where the
listener hears the message being communicated.
2. Understanding: In this stage, the listener attempts to understand the
meaning of the message being conveyed. This involves processing
the words and phrases used, as well as interpreting any nonverbal
cues.
12
13. 3. Remembering: This stage involves retaining the information
received during the listening process. The listener may use
techniques such as note-taking or mental repetition to help
remember important details.
4. Evaluating: In this stage, the listener assesses the message being
communicated, looking for biases, inconsistencies, or other factors
that may affect its accuracy or relevance.
13
14. 5. Responding: This is the final stage of the listening process, where
the listener provides feedback to the speaker to demonstrate that
they have understood the message. This may involve asking clarifying
questions, providing a summary of the message, or expressing
agreement or disagreement with the speaker's point of view.
14
15. + Hearing and listening are often used interchangeably, but they
are not the same thing.
+ Hearing refers to the ability to perceive sound through the ears. It
is a physiological process that occurs when sound waves enter the
ear canal and are processed by the auditory system.
15
16. + Listening, on the other hand, involves actively paying attention to
and interpreting the meaning of the sounds being heard. It is a
conscious process that involves the brain's cognitive and perceptual
processes.
+ In other words, hearing is a passive process that occurs
automatically, while listening is an active process that requires
intention and attention.
16
17. + Speaking is a language skill that involves the ability to
express oneself using spoken language. It is the process of
communicating one's thoughts, ideas, and feelings through
the use of words, intonation, and nonverbal cues.
+ Speaking is an essential component of effective
communication and is a critical skill for both personal and
professional success.
17
18. + Effective speaking involves being able to articulate ideas
clearly and coherently, using appropriate language and
tone for the audience and situation, and adapting one's
communication style to the needs of the listener.
+ Good speaking skills also involve using nonverbal cues
such as facial expressions, gestures, and posture to
reinforce and enhance the spoken message.
18
19. + Speaking is a critical language skill because it allows
individuals to express themselves, communicate effectively,
and build relationships.
+ It is an important aspect of language learning, as it provides
opportunities to practice and develop vocabulary, grammar,
and pronunciation.
+ Effective speaking also helps to build confidence and
assertiveness in personal and professional settings, as it
demonstrates a willingness to express oneself and take
initiative.
19
20. 1. Clarity: A good speaker should be able to articulate ideas
and thoughts clearly, using appropriate vocabulary and
grammar.
2. Confidence: Confidence is essential for effective public
speaking. A good speaker should project self-assurance and
conviction, which helps to engage the audience.
3. Enthusiasm: A good speaker should demonstrate
enthusiasm for the topic being presented, which helps to
maintain the audience's interest and attention.
20
21. 4. Authenticity: A good speaker should be authentic and
genuine, which helps to establish trust and rapport with the
audience.
5. Empathy: A good speaker should be able to understand and
connect with the audience's needs and emotions, which helps
to create a sense of rapport and understanding.
6. Adaptability: A good speaker should be able to adapt to the
needs of the audience and the situation, adjusting their
speaking style and content accordingly.
21
22. 7. Organization: A good speaker should be able to organize
their thoughts and ideas in a logical and coherent manner,
which helps to convey a clear message to the audience.
8. Charisma: Charisma is the ability to inspire and motivate
others, and it is an essential quality for effective public
speaking.
9. Eye contact: A good speaker should make eye contact with
the audience, which helps to establish a sense of connection
and engagement.
22
23. 10. Effective use of nonverbal communication: A good speaker
should be able to use body language, gestures, and facial
expressions effectively to enhance the message being
conveyed.
23
24. 1. Audience: Consider the needs, interests, and knowledge of
your audience. Tailor your message to their level of
understanding and use examples that resonate with them.
2. Purpose: Clearly define the purpose of your message. Is it
to inform, persuade, or entertain? Knowing the purpose of
your message helps you to stay on track and maintain
focus.
24
25. 3. Content: Choose content that is relevant, informative, and
engaging. Use clear and concise language and avoid jargon
or technical terms that may be unfamiliar to your audience.
4. Tone: Your tone of voice should match the message you are
conveying. Use a confident and assertive tone for persuasive
messages, and a warm and friendly tone for more informal
messages.
25
26. 5. Body language: Use appropriate body language, such as
facial expressions and gestures, to emphasize your message
and engage your audience.
6. Eye contact: Maintain eye contact with your audience to
build trust and establish a connection.
26
27. 7. Timing: Be mindful of the time allotted for your message
and avoid going over time. This shows respect for your
audience's time and helps you to maintain their attention.
8. Practice: Practice your message beforehand to ensure that
you are comfortable with the content and delivery. This
helps to reduce nervousness and improve your overall
delivery.
27
28. 9. Feedback: Seek feedback from others to improve your
speaking skills. This helps you to identify areas for
improvement and make adjustments to enhance your
message.
10.Stay flexible: Be prepared to adjust your message or
delivery based on audience reactions or unexpected
circumstances. This shows your ability to be adaptable and
responsive.
28
29. + Reading is a language skill that involves the ability to
understand written language.
+ It is the process of interpreting written words and sentences,
making sense of the text, and extracting meaning from it.
+ Reading is an essential language skill, as it enables
individuals to access and process information from a wide
range of sources, including books, newspapers, and digital
media.
29
30. + Effective reading skills involve the ability to identify and
comprehend main ideas, draw inferences, and make
connections between different pieces of information.
+ Good readers can also recognize and understand
vocabulary and sentence structure, which helps to enhance
their comprehension and understanding of the text.
30
31. + Reading is a critical component of language learning, as it
provides opportunities to practice and develop vocabulary,
grammar, and comprehension skills.
+ It also helps to improve critical thinking skills and expand
knowledge on a wide range of subjects.
+ Additionally, reading can be an enjoyable and rewarding
activity, as it offers a window into different cultures and
perspectives, and can provide a source of entertainment and
inspiration.
31
32. 1. Pre-reading: Before reading, it is important to preview the
material to get a sense of what it is about. This can include
scanning the headings, subheadings, and bold or italicized
text to identify key information and gain a general
understanding of the content.
2. Skimming: Skimming involves quickly reading through the
text to get a general sense of the content. This can include
reading the first sentence of each paragraph, looking at
headings and subheadings, and scanning the text for
important information.
32
33. 3. Scanning: Scanning involves searching for specific
information within the text. This can include looking for key
words or phrases, dates, or other important details.
4. Active reading: Active reading involves actively engaging
with the text to better understand its meaning. This can
include highlighting or underlining important passages,
taking notes, and asking questions to clarify confusing or
unclear sections.
33
34. 5. Reflecting: Reflecting on what has been read involves
thinking about the meaning of the text, making
connections between different parts of the text, and
considering its relevance to your own life or experiences.
6. Responding: Responding to what has been read can
involve discussing the text with others, writing a summary
or analysis, or expressing your thoughts and opinions on
the text. This helps to solidify your understanding of the
material and can lead to a deeper engagement with the
content.
34
35. 1. Skimming: This involves quickly reading through a text to
get a general sense of the content, structure, and main ideas.
Skimming is useful for previewing a text before reading it in
more detail.
2. Scanning: This involves searching for specific information
within a text, such as a particular fact, date, or name.
Scanning is useful for quickly finding information without
having to read the entire text.
35
36. 3. Critical reading: This involves analyzing the text carefully
and critically, evaluating the evidence and arguments
presented, and considering the author's perspective and
biases. Critical reading is useful for understanding
complex ideas and developing your own perspective on
a topic.
36
37. 4. Close reading: This involves reading a text carefully and
thoroughly, paying close attention to the language,
structure, and meaning of the text. Close reading is useful
for analyzing literature or other texts that require a deep
understanding of the content and its underlying themes.
37
38. 5. Active reading: This involves actively engaging with the
text by taking notes, highlighting important passages, and
asking questions to clarify confusing or unclear sections.
Active reading is useful for improving comprehension and
retention of the material.
38
39. + Writing is a language skill that involves the ability to put
thoughts, ideas, and information into written form using
appropriate grammar, vocabulary, and style.
+ Writing allows individuals to communicate their ideas and
perspectives with others, and is used in a wide variety of
contexts, including academic, professional, and personal
communication.
39
40. + Writing can take many forms, including essays, reports,
emails, letters, memos, creative writing, academic writing,
technical writing, and social media writing.
+ Developing strong writing skills can help individuals to
express themselves more clearly, to persuade others, and to
communicate effectively in a variety of contexts.
40
41. 1. Prewriting: Prewriting involves brainstorming, outlining, and
researching the topic you will be writing about. This step
helps you to organize your thoughts and develop a clear
plan for your writing.
2. Drafting: Drafting involves putting your ideas down on
paper or screen in a rough draft. This step is about getting
your ideas out and onto the page, rather than worrying
about perfect grammar, punctuation, or formatting.
41
42. 3. Revising: Revising involves reviewing and making changes
to your draft to improve clarity, coherence, and overall
effectiveness. This step includes checking for errors in
grammar, punctuation, and spelling, as well as reorganizing
or rewording sections of your writing to improve the flow
and impact of your message.
4. Editing: Editing involves making final adjustments to your
writing, such as correcting typos, improving sentence
structure, and formatting your document for readability and
consistency.
42
43. 5. Publishing: Publishing involves sharing your writing with
your intended audience, whether that be through
submitting to a publisher, posting on a blog or social media,
or sharing with colleagues or friends.
43
44. + Viewing is a language skill that involves understanding and
interpreting visual materials such as images, videos, charts, and graphs.
+ It is the ability to extract meaning and information from visual
sources and comprehend the message being conveyed.
+ In today's digital age, viewing has become an essential component
of communication and information literacy.
44
45. + Viewing skills are important because they enable individuals to
effectively interpret and analyze visual information, including identifying
key elements, recognizing patterns, and making connections between
different pieces of information.
+ These skills are particularly important in fields such as science,
mathematics, and design, where visual representation is often used to
convey complex ideas and concepts.
45
46. + Examples of visual materials that require strong viewing skills
include charts and graphs used to represent data, diagrams used to
illustrate processes, and maps used to convey geographical
information.
+ Additionally, viewing skills are essential in analyzing and
interpreting visual media such as television programs, films, and
advertisements.
46
47. 1. Charts and graphs: Bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts, and other
types of visual displays can be used to represent data and
information in a clear and concise manner.
2. Diagrams: Flowcharts, Venn diagrams, mind maps, and other types
of diagrams can be used to illustrate relationships between ideas
or to show how a process works.
3. Images: Photographs, illustrations, and other types of images can
be used to convey a particular mood, feeling, or idea.
47
48. 4. Videos: Videos can be used to demonstrate a process or concept,
provide a visual representation of data, or tell a story.
5. Infographics: Infographics are visual representations of data and
information that are designed to be easily understood by the
viewer.
48
49. 6. Sketches and drawings: Sketches and drawings can be used to
illustrate an idea or concept in a simple and straightforward
manner.
7. Maps: Maps can be used to convey information about
geographic locations, demographics, or other types of data that
are tied to a particular location.
49
50. 1. Graphic viewing: This involves interpreting graphics, such as charts,
diagrams, maps, and other visual aids, to understand data or
information.
2. Multimedia viewing: This involves interpreting multimedia
materials, such as videos, animations, and audio recordings, to
understand information and concepts.
3. Visual literacy: This involves the ability to interpret and analyze
visual materials in a critical and meaningful way, including
understanding the composition, tone, and meaning of images.
50
51. 4. Cultural viewing: This involves understanding and interpreting
the cultural context and meaning of visual materials, such as art,
advertisements, and other forms of media.
5. Digital viewing: This involves interpreting and analyzing digital
media, such as websites, social media, and other online content,
to understand information and communicate effectively.
51
52. + Verbal messages refer to the spoken or written words that are used
to convey a message from one person to another.
+ Verbal communication is one of the most common forms of
communication and involves the use of language to express thoughts,
ideas, opinions, feelings, and other types of information.
52
53. + Verbal messages can be communicated through various means,
such as face-to-face conversations, phone calls, video calls, emails, text
messages, and other forms of written communication.
+ The words used in verbal messages can have different meanings
and interpretations depending on the context, tone, and other factors.
53
54. + Effective verbal communication involves not only speaking clearly
and articulately, but also listening actively and attentively to the other
person's verbal messages.
+ This helps ensure that the message is conveyed accurately and
that any misunderstandings or misinterpretations are addressed in
real-time.
54
55. 1. Informational messages: These are messages that are intended to
convey information or facts about a particular topic or subject. They
can be delivered through various means, such as lectures,
presentations, reports, and news broadcasts.
2. Persuasive messages: These are messages that are intended to
persuade or convince the audience to adopt a particular viewpoint
or take a specific action. They can be delivered through various
means, such as advertisements, speeches, and political campaigns.
55
56. 3. Instructional messages: These are messages that are intended to
provide instructions or guidance on how to do something. They
can be delivered through various means, such as manuals,
tutorials, and online courses.
4. Expressive messages: These are messages that are intended to
express emotions or feelings. They can be delivered through
various means, such as poetry, music, and personal conversations.
5. Ceremonial messages: These are messages that are intended to
mark a special occasion or event, such as a graduation ceremony,
wedding, or funeral. They can be delivered through various means,
such as speeches and toasts.
56
57. + Unclear and ambiguous messages: These are messages that are not
well-defined or lack clarity, making them difficult to understand or
interpret.
+ Unclear messages can cause confusion and misunderstandings,
which can lead to ineffective communication.
+ Ambiguous messages can have multiple interpretations, which can
lead to confusion and misinterpretations.
57
58. + Inflammatory language: This is language that is used to provoke an
emotional response or incite anger or hostility.
+ Inflammatory language can be used intentionally or unintentionally,
and can be harmful to effective communication.
+ Examples of inflammatory language include insults, personal attacks,
and accusations.
58
59. + Derogatory language: This is language that is used to belittle or
demean someone, based on their race, gender, ethnicity, religion, or
other personal characteristics.
+ Derogatory language is disrespectful and can cause harm to
individuals or groups.
+ Examples of derogatory language include racial slurs, sexist
comments, and homophobic remarks.
59
60. + In summary, unclear and ambiguous messages can be confusing
and lead to misunderstandings, inflammatory language can provoke
emotional reactions and damage relationships, and derogatory
language is disrespectful and can cause harm to individuals or
groups.
+ Effective communication involves avoiding these types of
language and using clear and respectful language that promotes
understanding and positive relationships.
60
61. + Nonverbal language refers to communication that occurs without
the use of spoken or written words, and instead relies on other forms of
expression, such as body language, facial expressions, tone of voice,
gestures, posture, and eye contact.
+ Nonverbal communication can convey a wide range of messages,
including emotions, attitudes, intentions, and social cues.
61
62. + It can also complement and reinforce verbal communication, or
even contradict it, depending on the situation.
+ Nonverbal language can be a powerful tool for effective
communication, and understanding how to read and use it can
improve overall communication skills.
62
63. + Paralanguage
+ Facial Expressions and Eye Contact
+ Posture and Movement
+ Personal Space and Distance
63
64. + Paralanguage refers to the nonverbal elements of speech that help
convey meaning and emotional tone.
+ It includes aspects such as tone of voice, volume, pitch, inflection,
pace, and rhythm, as well as vocalizations such as laughter, sighs, and
groans.
+ Paralanguage is important in communication because it can
significantly affect how a message is perceived, and can convey
information about the speaker's emotional state and intentions.
64
65. + For example, a change in tone of voice can indicate sarcasm, anger,
or excitement, while a slow and deliberate pace can suggest hesitation
or uncertainty.
+ Understanding and effectively using paralanguage can help
improve communication skills and promote clearer, more effective
communication.
65
66. + Facial expressions are nonverbal cues conveyed through the
movement of muscles in the face.
+ They can be used to convey emotions, attitudes, and intentions.
Common facial expressions include smiling, frowning, raising eyebrows,
squinting, and rolling eyes.
+ Facial expressions can significantly impact how a message is
perceived, and can help to reinforce or contradict verbal
communication.
66
67. + Eye contact involves the use of the eyes to convey messages,
establish connections with others, and express emotions.
+ Eye contact can convey a range of messages, including interest,
attention, attraction, hostility, and discomfort.
67
68. + The duration and intensity of eye contact can also communicate
different messages.
+ For example, prolonged eye contact can indicate confidence,
honesty, or intimacy, while a lack of eye contact can suggest shyness,
disinterest, or dishonesty.
+ Understanding and effectively using facial expressions and eye
contact can help improve communication skills and enhance overall
nonverbal communication.
68
69. + Posture refers to the way an individual positions and carries their
body, while movement involves the physical actions and gestures used
to convey messages.
+ Posture can convey a range of messages, including confidence,
relaxation, tension, or discomfort.
+ For example, an individual standing tall with their shoulders back
and chin up may convey a sense of confidence or authority, while
someone hunched over with crossed arms may appear closed off or
defensive.
69
70. + Movement can also communicate messages and emotions.
+ For example, a person may use hand gestures to emphasize points,
nod their head to show agreement, or shake their head to indicate
disagreement.
+ Movement can also indicate a person's emotional state, such as
fidgeting when nervous or pacing when anxious.
+ Understanding and effectively using posture and movement can
enhance nonverbal communication skills and help individuals to better
convey their intended messages.
70
71. + Personal space and distance refer to the physical space between
individuals during communication.
+ This space is an important aspect of nonverbal communication,
and it can influence how comfortable individuals feel during
interactions.
71
72. + Personal space varies across cultures and individuals, but in general,
four distance zones can be identified:
1. Intimate distance: This is the space closest to an individual,
typically within 18 inches. It is reserved for intimate relationships
and can be uncomfortable if breached by strangers or
acquaintances.
2. Personal distance: This is the space between 18 inches and four
feet away from an individual. It is the distance typically maintained
between friends, family members, and colleagues.
72
73. 3. Social distance: This is the space between four and 12 feet away
from an individual. It is the distance maintained during social
interactions, such as in a classroom or at a party.
4. Public distance: This is the space more than 12 feet away from an
individual. It is typically used for public speaking and formal
presentations.
73
74. + The appropriate distance and use of personal space can vary
based on the context of the interaction and the relationship between
individuals.
+ Being aware of personal space and distance can help
individuals to convey respect and build rapport during
communication.
74