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Jithesh Nair

Commands in MS-DOS are strings of characters typed at the command prompt that instruct the operating system to perform tasks; common commands include DIR to view files in a directory and COPY to duplicate files. Typing commands allows users to interact with and control the computer without using a graphical user interface.

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Session - 1 Basics Of Computers VIVEK KUMAR SINGH vivek@bhu.ac.in
A Desktop Machine 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 2
A Computer System User • Hardware • Software • User Software Hardware 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 3
A Computer System (Contd.) • In general, a computer is a machine which accepts data, processes it and returns new information as output. Processing Data Information 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 4
Software • Software is set of programs (which are step by step instructions) telling the computer how to process data. • Software needs to be installed on a computer, usually from a CD. • Softwares can be divided into two groups: - System SW - Application SW 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 5
Software (Contd.) System Software • It controls the overall operation of the system. • It is stored in the computer's memory and instructs the computer to load, store, and execute an application. • Examples: Operating System (OS), Translators DOS, Windows, Unix etc. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 6
Software (Contd..) Application Software • They are Softwares written to perform specific tasks. • The basic types of application software are: word processing, database, spreadsheet, desktop publishing, and communication. Examples: MSOffice, Tally, MSOutlook, ISBS, MODBANKER BANKSOFT 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 7
Advantages of Using Computers • Speed: Computers can carry out instructions in less than a millionth of a second. • Accuracy : Computers can do the calculations without errors and very accurately. • Diligence : Computers are capable of performing any task given to them repetitively. • Storage Capacity : Computers can store large volume of data and information on magnetic media. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 8
History of Evolution Of Computers Two Eras: • Mechanical Era (Before 1945) • Electronic Era (1945 - ) Can be divided into generations. • First Generation (1945 – 1954) • Second Generation (1955 – 1964) • Third Generation (1965 – 1974) • Fourth Generation (1975 - ) 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 9
Types of Computers On the basis of Computing Power & Size: • Laptop / Palmtop • Micro Computer / Desktop • Mini Computer / Mainframe • Super Computer 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 10
Language of Computers • Computers only understand the electronic signals. Either Current is flowing or not. • Current Flowing : ON • Current Not Flowing : OFF • Binary Language • ON : 1 • OFF : 0 • Bit, Byte, KB, MB, GB 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 11
Computer Network • A Computer Network is interconnection of Computers to share resources. • Resources can be : Information, Load, Devices etc. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 12
Types Of Computer Networks On the basis of Size: • Local Area Network (LAN) Its a network of the computers locally i.e. in one room, one building. • Wide Area Network (WAN) Its a network of the computers spread widely geographically. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 13
Benefits of Computer Networks • Information Sharing • Device Sharing • Load Sharing • Mobility • Fast Communication • Anywhere Anytime Banking 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 14
Internet • Internet is a huge network of computer networks. • Internet provides many services: – Email – World Wide Web (www) – Remote Login (Telnet) – File Transfer (FTP) 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 15
End Of Session #1 ANY Queries ?????? 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 16
CPU ( Central Processing Unit) • The central processing unit (CPU), also known as just a "processor”, is the "brain" of your computer. • It contains various electronic circuits. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 17
VDU (Monitor) • This is the television-like screen where the results of a computer's tasks are displayed. • Monitors come in all sizes, but most commonly they are either 15 or 17 inches (measured diagonally from one corner of the screen to the opposite corner). 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 18
Keyboard • The keyboard looks like a typewriter. • It contains all the letters of the alphabet, numbers and some special symbols. • It operates like a typewriter keypad, but instead of moving an arm, which strikes the paper, it sends an electronic impulse to the computer, which displays a character on the monitor. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 19
Mouse • Its a device that is used to control the computer. A cable connects the mouse to the computer. • When the mouse is moved on a pad, called a mouse pad, the cursor on the screen moves. • A cursor is a small symbol displayed on the computer screen (normally a diagonal arrow that is used as a pointer) that shows you what the mouse is referencing on the screen. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 20
Printer • A printer is designed to output information from a computer onto a piece of paper. • There are three kinds of printers: dot matrix, laser, and inkjet. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 21
Scanner • A scanner is a device used to copy an image off paper and convert it into a digital image, which can be saved as a computer file and stored on a hard drive. • Scanners can also use a special kind of technology called Optical Character Recognition (OCR) to read text from paper and save it as an editable document file 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 22
Session # 2 Inside The CPU Cabinet
A Look Inside. Floppy CD 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 24
A Look Inside .. power supply CD-ROM drive floppy drive cards hard drive motherboard 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 25
A Look Inside… • Identify all the major components: – Power Supply – Motherboard – Memory – Card Slots – Cards (sound, video, network) – CPU, heatsink and fan – Drives (floppy, hard and CD-ROM) 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 26
A Look Inside…. RAM BANK Card Slots (ISA & PCI) CPU, Fan, Heatsink 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 27
What these components do. • Power Supply – (heart) supplies power to all the circuitry and devices. • Motherboard – (body) acts as a manager for everything on the computer – connects all the other components together. • CPU – Central Processing Unit – (brain) this does all the work of computing. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 28
What these components do.. • RAM – Random Access Memory – (short-term memory) holds data and program instructions that the computer is currently using. • Hard Drive – (long-term memory) holds all of the information that needs to be stored between uses of the computer. • Floppy and CD-ROM drives – (mouth/ears) allow you to give data to the computer and take data away from the computer. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 29
What these components do… • Card Slots – (fingers) Allows other components to be added to the computer. • Video card – (face) Does all of the processing necessary to get stuff looking nice on screen, quickly. • Sound card – (vocal cords) Allows sounds from HD or CD-ROM to be played. • Network Card – (telephone) allows computer to talk to other computers over a wire. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 30
Power Supply SMPS – Switch Mode Power Supply Switching Transistors Outputs + 5V, -5V, +12 V, -12 V Typical Costs are: • ATX – Rs.700 • Non ATX – Rs.300 Usually, SMPS comes with the CPU Cabinet. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 31
Motherbo ard 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 32
CPU CU • A Single Chip ALU Memory Registers Examples: Intel Family – Pentium 4, 3, 2, Pentium, XEON, Itanium AMD -- Athlon, K62 IBM -- Cyrix Motorola -- 68000 Series 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 33
RAM 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 34
Hard Drive We won’t remove this. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 35
Floppy Drive 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 36
CD-ROM Drive 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 37
Ribbon Cables polarized 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 38
Video Card 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 39
Sound Card 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 40
Back of Computer Remove these screws 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 41
10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 42
End of Session # 2 Queries??? 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 43
CPU • The central processing unit or (CPU) is the "brain" of your computer. It contains the electronic circuits that cause the computer to follow instructions from memory. • The CPU contains three main parts, all housed in a single package (Chip): – Control Unit (CU) – Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – Memory 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers BACK 44
Session # 3 Computer Peripherals
Major Peripherals • Keyboard • Mouse • Hard Disk • Floppy Disk • CD ROM • Printer • Scanner • Joystick 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 46
Keyboard • Keypad contains: – Alphabets – Numbers – Special Symbols – Function Keys • qwert Keyboard (Typewriter Keyboard). • On key press it sends a code (ASCII Code) to the CPU. • Plug N Play device. • Typical Cost is Rs.300 – Rs.1200 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 47
Mouse • Pointing & Click Device. • Two / Three Buttons • Wheel / Optical Mouse • Normally Left Click – Select/ Run Right Click – Popup Menu • Typical Cost is Rs.100 – Rs1000 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 48
Hard Disk • Magnetic Memory Device. • Non-removable storage device. • Several Circular Magnetic Disks are housed in a single case. • Data is stored as 1s & 0s. • Typical Capacity is 20 GB -80 GB • Typical Cost is Rs.2200 – Rs6000 • Cost/Bit is Low. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 49
Floppy Disk • Magnetic Memory Device. • Removable storage. • A single circular mylar plastic disk, coated with magnetic material is packed in a protective plastic casing. • Typical size is 3.5” & Capacity is 1.44MB • Typical Costs are: • Floppy Drive -- Rs.300 • Floppy Disk -- Rs.10 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 50
CD ROM • Optical Device. • Removable Storage. • Read Only Memory. • Typical Capacity is 550 Mb – 800MB • Typical Costs are: • Drive -- Rs.1000 • Disk Rs10 – Rs.35 • Related Terms: • CD Writer • WORM • CD RW 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 51
Printer • Output Device, Produces Hard Copy • Types: – Dot Matrix – Inkjet – Laser • Typical Cost Ranges from Rs.3500 – Rs.2 lacs • Related Terms: – Impact – Non Impact – Ribbon, Cartridge, Toner, Duty Cycle • Major Vendors in India: – HP, Cannon, Samsung, TVS, Epson etc. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 52
Scanner • Input Device, Converts a hard copy into a computer file. • Used to Scan Signatures, Photographs etc. • Optical Device. • Typical Cost Rs.4000 – Rs.75000 • Major Vendors in India: – HP, Umax, Cannon • Nowadays Scanners with OCR produces editable documents. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 53
End of Session #3 Queries??? 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 54
Session - 4 Overview of Operating System
What is Operating System  OS is system software, which may be viewed as collection of software consisting of procedures for operating the computer.  It provides an environment for execution of programs (application software).  It’s an interface between user & computer. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 56
Computer Machine (Hardware) Machine Language (Low Level Language) Operating System Human Understandable Language (High Level Language) User / Programmer 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 57
Types of OS  Multiprogramming OS  Multitasking/Multiprocessing  Multiuser OS  Time Sharing OS  Real Time OS  Distributed OS 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 58
A Second Classification This Classification is based on the type of interface Operating System provides for the user to work in. Character User Interface (CUI) The User has to type the commands on the command prompt to get the work completed. Ex. DOS, UNIX. Graphical User Interface (GUI) The User need not type any commands. He/She just point and clicks on the desired Icon to get the work done. Ex. Windows (9X, XP, NT, 2000), Linux. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 59
Functions of OS File Management Memory Management Process Management Device Management 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 60
Types of Processing Serial Processing The job is processed at the time when it is submitted. Batch Processing The similar jobs are bunched together and are kept for processing at an later time. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 61
MS-DOS Overview  MS-DOS is an acronym for MicroSoft Disk Operating System  It is a CUI based operating system.  It provides user with a command prompt (generally called as C:) where various command could be typed.  When one operates in the DOS environment, one interacts with the command interpreter, which interprets the commands given by user.  It provides an environment for execution of various application programs like MS-Word, MODBANKER, ISBS etc. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 62
What is Command  It is a string of characters which tells the computer what to do.  When one types commands to a computer, one is conversing with the operating system's command interpreter.  For example, to copy a file called file.txt from the 3-1/2" floppy drive to the hard drive, one could type C:> copy a:file.txt c: The word "copy" is a DOS command which causes files to be copied from one location to another 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 63
Entering the DOS Environment  If the OS is DOS then the system will directly show prompt (C:>)  If the OS is windows one must either terminate the Windows environment, or open a DOS shell within the Windows environment. Ist Method: Terminating Windows Environment Select “Restart in MS-DOS Mode” from Shut Down in Start Menu. IInd Method: Opening DOS Shell in Windows Select Start>Programs>Accessories>Command Prompt (XP) Start>Programs>Accessories>MS-DOS Prompt (98) 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 64
Files and Directory Files  A file is a collection of Records.  It is the smallest unit of File System (Storage) in a computer.  Any document created using computer is a file. This document could either be a letter, any excel sheet, any image or even a database. Directory  A collection of files is directory (in DOS) or folder (in Windows)  It is analogous to the Office Folder which contains various documents.  A directory/folder eases the management of related files/ documents, like the various circulars related to personnel could be placed in a directory called “personnel” and all the circulars related to loans could be placed in a directory called “loans”. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 65
Filenames in DOS?  The filename in DOS have the following format. <name>.<ext>  It has two parts the name and the extension.  The name could be of 8 characters and the extension of 3 characters.  The filename can contain alphabets and numbers. It cannot contain any special character other than underscore (_) and also no spaces. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 66
Organization of files in DOS The DOS file system is a hierarchical file system. Files are collected into directories, and directories may contain both files and other directories. There is always a directory which is not contained by any other, called the root which is represented by the backslash '' character. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 67
Organization of files in DOS (Contd.) Concept of Path: Every file can be specified by enumerating all of the directories between the root and it, separated by the backslash '' character, and appending the file name to the end. The drive which contains the root is specified at the head of the path, separated from the root by a colon (':') The hard drive is most commonly known as the C: drive, and the floppy drives are usually called A:(3-1/2 inch) and B: (5- 1/4 inch). 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 68
Organization of files in DOS (Contd.) / circulars loans personnel officer.txt new.dat january february retire.txt rest.txt abc.txt Fig. Hierarchical Structure of Files 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 69
Some DOS Commands dir: Listing of all the directories. C:> dir cls: Clears the screen. C:> cls copy con: Creates a file. C:> copy con <filename> < Write your Contents Here> Press Ctrl-Z (^Z) to finish writing. Ex: C:> copy con test.dat Lets Make UCO a top class Bank. Ctrl-Z (^Z) 1 file(s) copied. (A Message will be shown on the system) This will create a file named test.dat having some data. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 70
Some DOS Commands (Contd.) edit: Edits a file. C:> edit <filename> This will open a editor window where the contents of file can be seen. These contents could also be edited here and on saving, the contents of file will change. type: Displays the content of a file. C:> type <filename> This will display the contents of file on the computer. The contents of file could only be viewed but could not be changed, as in the case of edit. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 71
Some DOS Commands (Contd.) md: Make Directory. C:> md (directory name> This will create a directory with the specified name. cd: Change Directory. C:> cd (directory name> This will change the directory from current directory to the specified directory. rd: Remove Directory. C:> rd (directory name> If the directory is needed to be removed permanently from the computer, use this command. For this command to be executed it is necessary that the directory should be empty and user should be on a directory above it. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 72
Some DOS Commands (Contd.) copy: Copies a file. C:> copy <source> <destination> This will copy the file from the source location to the specified destination. The command creates a copy of the file on the destination i.e. the file would be found on both the location. move: Moves a file. C:> move <source> <destination> This will move the file from the source location to the specified destination. The file from the source location would be removed and would be moved to the destination. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 73
Some DOS Commands (Contd.) ren: Renames a file. C:> ren <old filename> <new filename> This will change the name (rename) of the file to a new name as specified. del: Deletes a file. C:> del <filename> This will delete the file permanently from the system. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 74
Overview of Windows  Windows is an GUI based operating system.  It is also developed by Microsoft Corporation, which is headed by Mr. Bill Gates.  Over the years the Microsoft have evolved various versions of Windows. Win95, Win98, Win2000, Win ME, Win NT, Win XP.  It gives user a handy environment where he doesn’t have to remember and learn the syntaxes of various commands as is the case in DOS.  The user can just point and click on the Icons provided to him on the screen. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 75
Folders and Documents  Folders are a way to organize your documents within drives in Windows as are the directories in DOS.  A document is each thing that you create on a computer. A document can be made using any type of software. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 76
End of Session #4 Queries??? 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 77
QUIZ 1. Name any four devices of a Computer. Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Light Pen. 2. What is the job of CPU? Central Processing Unit controls and coordinates all the activities of the computer. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 78
QUIZ 3. What is the unit of measuring the speed of the processor? Mega Hertz or Kilo Hertz ( No. of CPU Cycles/second) 4. What is a computer network? It is interconnection of computers to make a LAN,MAN or WAN. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 79
QUIZ 5. Name any three storage devices. Hard Disk, Magnetic Tape, Compact Disk. 6. What is command to create directory? C:>MD <<dir-name>> 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 80
QUIZ 7. What is Internet? It is the network of networks. 8. What are different types of printers? Dot Matrix Printer, Inkjet Laser 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 81
QUIZ 9.What is the use of Scanner? It is used to copy the real image on paper to be stored as digital image in the computer. 10. Why Operating system is required? It is required to provide the interface between the user and the computer. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 82
QUIZ 11. What is the difference between Primary Storage and Secondary Storage? Primary Storage is temporary storage, fast and costly. Secondary storage is permanent, slow and cheap. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 83
QUIZ 12. What is MODEM. Why it is required? It is Modulator Demodulator. It is used to connect the PC to the Internet using Analog Telephone Lines. 13. What is the maximum length of file name in DOS? First Name- 8 characters, Last Name- 3 characters. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 84
QUIZ 14. What is the command in DOS to see the contents of the file? C:> Type<<File Name>> 15. What are the two types of Software? Systems Software Application Software 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 85

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Comp intro

  • 1. Session - 1 Basics Of Computers VIVEK KUMAR SINGH [email protected]
  • 2. A Desktop Machine 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 2
  • 3. A Computer System User • Hardware • Software • User Software Hardware 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 3
  • 4. A Computer System (Contd.) • In general, a computer is a machine which accepts data, processes it and returns new information as output. Processing Data Information 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 4
  • 5. Software • Software is set of programs (which are step by step instructions) telling the computer how to process data. • Software needs to be installed on a computer, usually from a CD. • Softwares can be divided into two groups: - System SW - Application SW 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 5
  • 6. Software (Contd.) System Software • It controls the overall operation of the system. • It is stored in the computer's memory and instructs the computer to load, store, and execute an application. • Examples: Operating System (OS), Translators DOS, Windows, Unix etc. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 6
  • 7. Software (Contd..) Application Software • They are Softwares written to perform specific tasks. • The basic types of application software are: word processing, database, spreadsheet, desktop publishing, and communication. Examples: MSOffice, Tally, MSOutlook, ISBS, MODBANKER BANKSOFT 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 7
  • 8. Advantages of Using Computers • Speed: Computers can carry out instructions in less than a millionth of a second. • Accuracy : Computers can do the calculations without errors and very accurately. • Diligence : Computers are capable of performing any task given to them repetitively. • Storage Capacity : Computers can store large volume of data and information on magnetic media. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 8
  • 9. History of Evolution Of Computers Two Eras: • Mechanical Era (Before 1945) • Electronic Era (1945 - ) Can be divided into generations. • First Generation (1945 – 1954) • Second Generation (1955 – 1964) • Third Generation (1965 – 1974) • Fourth Generation (1975 - ) 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 9
  • 10. Types of Computers On the basis of Computing Power & Size: • Laptop / Palmtop • Micro Computer / Desktop • Mini Computer / Mainframe • Super Computer 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 10
  • 11. Language of Computers • Computers only understand the electronic signals. Either Current is flowing or not. • Current Flowing : ON • Current Not Flowing : OFF • Binary Language • ON : 1 • OFF : 0 • Bit, Byte, KB, MB, GB 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 11
  • 12. Computer Network • A Computer Network is interconnection of Computers to share resources. • Resources can be : Information, Load, Devices etc. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 12
  • 13. Types Of Computer Networks On the basis of Size: • Local Area Network (LAN) Its a network of the computers locally i.e. in one room, one building. • Wide Area Network (WAN) Its a network of the computers spread widely geographically. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 13
  • 14. Benefits of Computer Networks • Information Sharing • Device Sharing • Load Sharing • Mobility • Fast Communication • Anywhere Anytime Banking 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 14
  • 15. Internet • Internet is a huge network of computer networks. • Internet provides many services: – Email – World Wide Web (www) – Remote Login (Telnet) – File Transfer (FTP) 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 15
  • 16. End Of Session #1 ANY Queries ?????? 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 16
  • 17. CPU ( Central Processing Unit) • The central processing unit (CPU), also known as just a "processor”, is the "brain" of your computer. • It contains various electronic circuits. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 17
  • 18. VDU (Monitor) • This is the television-like screen where the results of a computer's tasks are displayed. • Monitors come in all sizes, but most commonly they are either 15 or 17 inches (measured diagonally from one corner of the screen to the opposite corner). 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 18
  • 19. Keyboard • The keyboard looks like a typewriter. • It contains all the letters of the alphabet, numbers and some special symbols. • It operates like a typewriter keypad, but instead of moving an arm, which strikes the paper, it sends an electronic impulse to the computer, which displays a character on the monitor. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 19
  • 20. Mouse • Its a device that is used to control the computer. A cable connects the mouse to the computer. • When the mouse is moved on a pad, called a mouse pad, the cursor on the screen moves. • A cursor is a small symbol displayed on the computer screen (normally a diagonal arrow that is used as a pointer) that shows you what the mouse is referencing on the screen. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 20
  • 21. Printer • A printer is designed to output information from a computer onto a piece of paper. • There are three kinds of printers: dot matrix, laser, and inkjet. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 21
  • 22. Scanner • A scanner is a device used to copy an image off paper and convert it into a digital image, which can be saved as a computer file and stored on a hard drive. • Scanners can also use a special kind of technology called Optical Character Recognition (OCR) to read text from paper and save it as an editable document file 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 22
  • 23. Session # 2 Inside The CPU Cabinet
  • 24. A Look Inside. Floppy CD 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 24
  • 25. A Look Inside .. power supply CD-ROM drive floppy drive cards hard drive motherboard 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 25
  • 26. A Look Inside… • Identify all the major components: – Power Supply – Motherboard – Memory – Card Slots – Cards (sound, video, network) – CPU, heatsink and fan – Drives (floppy, hard and CD-ROM) 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 26
  • 27. A Look Inside…. RAM BANK Card Slots (ISA & PCI) CPU, Fan, Heatsink 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 27
  • 28. What these components do. • Power Supply – (heart) supplies power to all the circuitry and devices. • Motherboard – (body) acts as a manager for everything on the computer – connects all the other components together. • CPU – Central Processing Unit – (brain) this does all the work of computing. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 28
  • 29. What these components do.. • RAM – Random Access Memory – (short-term memory) holds data and program instructions that the computer is currently using. • Hard Drive – (long-term memory) holds all of the information that needs to be stored between uses of the computer. • Floppy and CD-ROM drives – (mouth/ears) allow you to give data to the computer and take data away from the computer. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 29
  • 30. What these components do… • Card Slots – (fingers) Allows other components to be added to the computer. • Video card – (face) Does all of the processing necessary to get stuff looking nice on screen, quickly. • Sound card – (vocal cords) Allows sounds from HD or CD-ROM to be played. • Network Card – (telephone) allows computer to talk to other computers over a wire. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 30
  • 31. Power Supply SMPS – Switch Mode Power Supply Switching Transistors Outputs + 5V, -5V, +12 V, -12 V Typical Costs are: • ATX – Rs.700 • Non ATX – Rs.300 Usually, SMPS comes with the CPU Cabinet. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 31
  • 32. Motherbo ard 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 32
  • 33. CPU CU • A Single Chip ALU Memory Registers Examples: Intel Family – Pentium 4, 3, 2, Pentium, XEON, Itanium AMD -- Athlon, K62 IBM -- Cyrix Motorola -- 68000 Series 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 33
  • 34. RAM 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 34
  • 35. Hard Drive We won’t remove this. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 35
  • 36. Floppy Drive 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 36
  • 37. CD-ROM Drive 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 37
  • 38. Ribbon Cables polarized 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 38
  • 39. Video Card 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 39
  • 40. Sound Card 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 40
  • 41. Back of Computer Remove these screws 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 41
  • 42. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 42
  • 43. End of Session # 2 Queries??? 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 43
  • 44. CPU • The central processing unit or (CPU) is the "brain" of your computer. It contains the electronic circuits that cause the computer to follow instructions from memory. • The CPU contains three main parts, all housed in a single package (Chip): – Control Unit (CU) – Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – Memory 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers BACK 44
  • 45. Session # 3 Computer Peripherals
  • 46. Major Peripherals • Keyboard • Mouse • Hard Disk • Floppy Disk • CD ROM • Printer • Scanner • Joystick 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 46
  • 47. Keyboard • Keypad contains: – Alphabets – Numbers – Special Symbols – Function Keys • qwert Keyboard (Typewriter Keyboard). • On key press it sends a code (ASCII Code) to the CPU. • Plug N Play device. • Typical Cost is Rs.300 – Rs.1200 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 47
  • 48. Mouse • Pointing & Click Device. • Two / Three Buttons • Wheel / Optical Mouse • Normally Left Click – Select/ Run Right Click – Popup Menu • Typical Cost is Rs.100 – Rs1000 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 48
  • 49. Hard Disk • Magnetic Memory Device. • Non-removable storage device. • Several Circular Magnetic Disks are housed in a single case. • Data is stored as 1s & 0s. • Typical Capacity is 20 GB -80 GB • Typical Cost is Rs.2200 – Rs6000 • Cost/Bit is Low. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 49
  • 50. Floppy Disk • Magnetic Memory Device. • Removable storage. • A single circular mylar plastic disk, coated with magnetic material is packed in a protective plastic casing. • Typical size is 3.5” & Capacity is 1.44MB • Typical Costs are: • Floppy Drive -- Rs.300 • Floppy Disk -- Rs.10 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 50
  • 51. CD ROM • Optical Device. • Removable Storage. • Read Only Memory. • Typical Capacity is 550 Mb – 800MB • Typical Costs are: • Drive -- Rs.1000 • Disk Rs10 – Rs.35 • Related Terms: • CD Writer • WORM • CD RW 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 51
  • 52. Printer • Output Device, Produces Hard Copy • Types: – Dot Matrix – Inkjet – Laser • Typical Cost Ranges from Rs.3500 – Rs.2 lacs • Related Terms: – Impact – Non Impact – Ribbon, Cartridge, Toner, Duty Cycle • Major Vendors in India: – HP, Cannon, Samsung, TVS, Epson etc. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 52
  • 53. Scanner • Input Device, Converts a hard copy into a computer file. • Used to Scan Signatures, Photographs etc. • Optical Device. • Typical Cost Rs.4000 – Rs.75000 • Major Vendors in India: – HP, Umax, Cannon • Nowadays Scanners with OCR produces editable documents. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 53
  • 54. End of Session #3 Queries??? 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 54
  • 55. Session - 4 Overview of Operating System
  • 56. What is Operating System  OS is system software, which may be viewed as collection of software consisting of procedures for operating the computer.  It provides an environment for execution of programs (application software).  It’s an interface between user & computer. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 56
  • 57. Computer Machine (Hardware) Machine Language (Low Level Language) Operating System Human Understandable Language (High Level Language) User / Programmer 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 57
  • 58. Types of OS  Multiprogramming OS  Multitasking/Multiprocessing  Multiuser OS  Time Sharing OS  Real Time OS  Distributed OS 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 58
  • 59. A Second Classification This Classification is based on the type of interface Operating System provides for the user to work in. Character User Interface (CUI) The User has to type the commands on the command prompt to get the work completed. Ex. DOS, UNIX. Graphical User Interface (GUI) The User need not type any commands. He/She just point and clicks on the desired Icon to get the work done. Ex. Windows (9X, XP, NT, 2000), Linux. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 59
  • 60. Functions of OS File Management Memory Management Process Management Device Management 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 60
  • 61. Types of Processing Serial Processing The job is processed at the time when it is submitted. Batch Processing The similar jobs are bunched together and are kept for processing at an later time. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 61
  • 62. MS-DOS Overview  MS-DOS is an acronym for MicroSoft Disk Operating System  It is a CUI based operating system.  It provides user with a command prompt (generally called as C:) where various command could be typed.  When one operates in the DOS environment, one interacts with the command interpreter, which interprets the commands given by user.  It provides an environment for execution of various application programs like MS-Word, MODBANKER, ISBS etc. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 62
  • 63. What is Command  It is a string of characters which tells the computer what to do.  When one types commands to a computer, one is conversing with the operating system's command interpreter.  For example, to copy a file called file.txt from the 3-1/2" floppy drive to the hard drive, one could type C:> copy a:file.txt c: The word "copy" is a DOS command which causes files to be copied from one location to another 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 63
  • 64. Entering the DOS Environment  If the OS is DOS then the system will directly show prompt (C:>)  If the OS is windows one must either terminate the Windows environment, or open a DOS shell within the Windows environment. Ist Method: Terminating Windows Environment Select “Restart in MS-DOS Mode” from Shut Down in Start Menu. IInd Method: Opening DOS Shell in Windows Select Start>Programs>Accessories>Command Prompt (XP) Start>Programs>Accessories>MS-DOS Prompt (98) 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 64
  • 65. Files and Directory Files  A file is a collection of Records.  It is the smallest unit of File System (Storage) in a computer.  Any document created using computer is a file. This document could either be a letter, any excel sheet, any image or even a database. Directory  A collection of files is directory (in DOS) or folder (in Windows)  It is analogous to the Office Folder which contains various documents.  A directory/folder eases the management of related files/ documents, like the various circulars related to personnel could be placed in a directory called “personnel” and all the circulars related to loans could be placed in a directory called “loans”. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 65
  • 66. Filenames in DOS?  The filename in DOS have the following format. <name>.<ext>  It has two parts the name and the extension.  The name could be of 8 characters and the extension of 3 characters.  The filename can contain alphabets and numbers. It cannot contain any special character other than underscore (_) and also no spaces. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 66
  • 67. Organization of files in DOS The DOS file system is a hierarchical file system. Files are collected into directories, and directories may contain both files and other directories. There is always a directory which is not contained by any other, called the root which is represented by the backslash '' character. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 67
  • 68. Organization of files in DOS (Contd.) Concept of Path: Every file can be specified by enumerating all of the directories between the root and it, separated by the backslash '' character, and appending the file name to the end. The drive which contains the root is specified at the head of the path, separated from the root by a colon (':') The hard drive is most commonly known as the C: drive, and the floppy drives are usually called A:(3-1/2 inch) and B: (5- 1/4 inch). 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 68
  • 69. Organization of files in DOS (Contd.) / circulars loans personnel officer.txt new.dat january february retire.txt rest.txt abc.txt Fig. Hierarchical Structure of Files 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 69
  • 70. Some DOS Commands dir: Listing of all the directories. C:> dir cls: Clears the screen. C:> cls copy con: Creates a file. C:> copy con <filename> < Write your Contents Here> Press Ctrl-Z (^Z) to finish writing. Ex: C:> copy con test.dat Lets Make UCO a top class Bank. Ctrl-Z (^Z) 1 file(s) copied. (A Message will be shown on the system) This will create a file named test.dat having some data. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 70
  • 71. Some DOS Commands (Contd.) edit: Edits a file. C:> edit <filename> This will open a editor window where the contents of file can be seen. These contents could also be edited here and on saving, the contents of file will change. type: Displays the content of a file. C:> type <filename> This will display the contents of file on the computer. The contents of file could only be viewed but could not be changed, as in the case of edit. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 71
  • 72. Some DOS Commands (Contd.) md: Make Directory. C:> md (directory name> This will create a directory with the specified name. cd: Change Directory. C:> cd (directory name> This will change the directory from current directory to the specified directory. rd: Remove Directory. C:> rd (directory name> If the directory is needed to be removed permanently from the computer, use this command. For this command to be executed it is necessary that the directory should be empty and user should be on a directory above it. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 72
  • 73. Some DOS Commands (Contd.) copy: Copies a file. C:> copy <source> <destination> This will copy the file from the source location to the specified destination. The command creates a copy of the file on the destination i.e. the file would be found on both the location. move: Moves a file. C:> move <source> <destination> This will move the file from the source location to the specified destination. The file from the source location would be removed and would be moved to the destination. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 73
  • 74. Some DOS Commands (Contd.) ren: Renames a file. C:> ren <old filename> <new filename> This will change the name (rename) of the file to a new name as specified. del: Deletes a file. C:> del <filename> This will delete the file permanently from the system. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 74
  • 75. Overview of Windows  Windows is an GUI based operating system.  It is also developed by Microsoft Corporation, which is headed by Mr. Bill Gates.  Over the years the Microsoft have evolved various versions of Windows. Win95, Win98, Win2000, Win ME, Win NT, Win XP.  It gives user a handy environment where he doesn’t have to remember and learn the syntaxes of various commands as is the case in DOS.  The user can just point and click on the Icons provided to him on the screen. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 75
  • 76. Folders and Documents  Folders are a way to organize your documents within drives in Windows as are the directories in DOS.  A document is each thing that you create on a computer. A document can be made using any type of software. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 76
  • 77. End of Session #4 Queries??? 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 77
  • 78. QUIZ 1. Name any four devices of a Computer. Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Light Pen. 2. What is the job of CPU? Central Processing Unit controls and coordinates all the activities of the computer. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 78
  • 79. QUIZ 3. What is the unit of measuring the speed of the processor? Mega Hertz or Kilo Hertz ( No. of CPU Cycles/second) 4. What is a computer network? It is interconnection of computers to make a LAN,MAN or WAN. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 79
  • 80. QUIZ 5. Name any three storage devices. Hard Disk, Magnetic Tape, Compact Disk. 6. What is command to create directory? C:>MD <<dir-name>> 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 80
  • 81. QUIZ 7. What is Internet? It is the network of networks. 8. What are different types of printers? Dot Matrix Printer, Inkjet Laser 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 81
  • 82. QUIZ 9.What is the use of Scanner? It is used to copy the real image on paper to be stored as digital image in the computer. 10. Why Operating system is required? It is required to provide the interface between the user and the computer. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 82
  • 83. QUIZ 11. What is the difference between Primary Storage and Secondary Storage? Primary Storage is temporary storage, fast and costly. Secondary storage is permanent, slow and cheap. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 83
  • 84. QUIZ 12. What is MODEM. Why it is required? It is Modulator Demodulator. It is used to connect the PC to the Internet using Analog Telephone Lines. 13. What is the maximum length of file name in DOS? First Name- 8 characters, Last Name- 3 characters. 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 84
  • 85. QUIZ 14. What is the command in DOS to see the contents of the file? C:> Type<<File Name>> 15. What are the two types of Software? Systems Software Application Software 10/08/12 Introduction to Computers 85

Editor's Notes

  • #77: Now click on the folder “From your Teacher” Then click on the Document “Welcome to Class” Explain the software program that was used to create this document.