Complex Forms Of DeductionA complex form or pattern of deduction.docx
- 1. Complex Forms Of Deduction A complex form or pattern of deduction involves a combination of forms or pattern of deduction such as modus ponens, modus tollens, disjunctive syllogism, etc., to arrive at a final conclusion or deduction. Therefore, you must know the four basic forms of deduction to do complex forms of deduction. Example # 1: 1. If P, then Q. 2.Not Q. 3. P or K. Final deduction or Conclusion: ????? In this complex form of deduction, we arrive at the final conclusion or deduction as follows: 1. If P, then Q. 2. Not Q ------------------------- 3. Not P (from 1 & 2 using Modus Tollens) 4. P or K
- 2. ------------------------------------ Final Deduction or conclusion: K. (from 3 & 4 using Disjunctive syllogism) Example # 2: 1. P or K 2. If M, then N. 3. If N, then Not K. 4. M. Final deduction or conclusion:?????? In this complex form of deduction, we arrive at the final conclusion or deduction as follows. We need to write the correct sequence of steps to make the deductions clear and easy: 1. If M, then N. 2. If N, then Not K. ----------------------------- 3. If M, then Not K. (from 1 & 2 using hypothetical syllogism) 4. M. -------------------------------------- 5. Not K (from 3 & 4 using modus ponens)
- 3. 6. P or K ------------------------------- Final Deduction or conclusion: P. (from 5 & 6 using disjunctive syllogism) A Scandal In Bohemia: Study Questions CSN, Phil 102, Critical Thinking Instructor: Dr. Raghu A Scandal in Bohemia Study Questions Note: These questions are your own reading comprehension exercise. You are not required to submit your answers. 1. Explain how Holmes deduced that, a) Watson was active in medical practice, b) Watson had been out in vile weather, and c) Watson had a clumsy and careless servant girl. 2. What is the distinction Holmes makes between seeing and observing? How does he illustrate his distinction? 3. Holmes says “It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data.” (p. 189) Explain and identify his reason for this statement. 4. How did Holmes deduce that the paper on which the note was written was made in Bohemia?
- 4. 5. How did Holmes deduce that the writer of the note is a German? 6. “There’s money in this case, Watson, if nothing else.” (p. 190) How did Holmes deduce that? 7. Why does Holmes say that if Irene Adler was Godfrey Norton’s client, then it is likely that she would have left the photograph in his keeping, but not likely to have done so if she was his friend or mistress? 8. Why does Holmes say that as a result of her marriage to Godfrey Norton, Irene Adler would be averse to the possibility of the photograph being seen by her new husband? 9. Why does Holmes say that it is unlikely that Irene Adler carries the photograph with her? 10. Why does Holmes rule out the possibility that the photograph would be with her lawyer or banker? 11. Why does Holmes think that the photograph must be in her own house? 12. What does “marm” mean? ( p. 200)
- 5. 13. What was Holmes’s plan to get Irene Adler to inadvertently show him the location of the photograph? Why does he think that his plan will succeed? 14. “Good night, Mister Sherlock Holmes.” “I’ve heard that voice before,” said Holmes, staring down the dimly lit street. “Now, I wonder who the deuce that could have been.” (pp. 202) Supposing Holmes had recognized that voice, what would he have deduced? 15. “If the lady loves her husband, she does not love your Majesty. If she does not love your Majesty, there is no reason why she should interfere with your Majesty’s (marital) plans.” (p. 203) Complete this argument. What type of argument is it? 16. How did Irene Adler figure out that she had succumbed to Holmes’ trick? 17. Why did Holmes ask for Irene Adler’s photograph when the King offered him a reward? 18. What did Holmes mean when he said to the King “From what I have seen of the lady she seems indeed to be on a very different level to your Majesty.” ( p. 204) The Vampire's Third Story The Parrot and the Thrush. Which are worse, men or women?
- 6. Then the king went back to the sissoo tree to fetch the vampire. When he got there, he took the body with the goblin in it on his shoulder, and started off in silence. And as he walked along, the vampire said to him again: "O King, you must be very tired, coming and going in the night. So to amuse you I will tell another story. Listen." There is a city called Patna, the gem of the earth. And long ago a king lived there whose name was Lion-of-Victory. Fate had made him the owner of all virtues and all wealth. And he had a parrot called Jewel-of-Wisdom, that had divine intelligence and knew all the sciences, but lived as a parrot because of a curse. This king had a son called Moon, and by the advice of the parrot this prince married the daughter of the king of the Magadha country; and her name was Moonlight. Now this princess had a thrush named Moony, who was like the parrot, because she had learning and intelligence. And the parrot and the thrush lived in one cage in the palace. One day the parrot eagerly said to the thrush: "My darling, love me, and share my bed and my chair and my food and my amusements." But the thrush said: "I will have nothing to do with men. Men are bad and ungrateful."
- 7. Then the parrot said: "Men are not bad. It is only women who are bad and cruel-hearted." And they quarrelled. Then the two birds wagered their freedom with each other and went to the prince to have their quarrel decided. And the prince mounted his father's judgment throne, and when he had heard the cause of the quarrel, he asked the thrush: "How are men ungrateful? Tell the truth." Then she said, "Listen, O Prince," and to prove her point she started to tell this story illustrating the faults of men. There is a famous city called Kamandaki, where a wealthy merchant lived named Fortune. And in time a son was born to him and named Treasure. Then when the father went to heaven, the young man became very unruly because of gambling and other vices. And the rascals came together, and ruined him. Association with scoundrels is the root from which springs the tree of calamity. So in no long time he lost all he had through his vices, and being ashamed of his poverty, he left his own country and went to wander in other places. And during his travels he came to a city called Sandal City, and entered the house of a merchant, seeking something to eat. When the merchant saw the youth, he asked him about his family, and finding that he was a gentleman, he entertained him. And thinking that Gate had sent the young man, he gave him his own daughter Pearl, together with some money. And when Treasure was married, he lived in his father-in-law's house.
- 8. As time passed, he forgot his former miseries in the comforts of his life, and longed for the old vices, and wanted to go home. So the rascal managed to persuade his father-in-law, who had no other children, took his wife Pearl with her beautiful ornaments, and an old woman, and started for his own country. Presently he came to a wood where he said he was afraid of thieves, so he took all his wife's ornaments. Perceive, O Prince, how cruel and hard are the ungrateful hearts of those who indulge in gambling and other vices. And the scoundrel was ready, just for money, to kill his good wife. He threw her and the old woman into a pit. Then the rascal went away and the old woman perished there. But Pearl, with the little life she had left, managed to get out by clinging to the grass and bushes, and weeping bitterly, and bleeding, she asked the way step by step, and painfully reached her father's house by the way she had come. And her mother and father were surprised and asked her: "Why did you come back so soon, and in this condition?" And that good wife said: "On the road we were robbed, and my husband was forcibly carried off. And the old woman fell into a pit and died, but I escaped. And a kind-hearted traveller pulled me from the pit." Then her father and mother were saddened, but they comforted her, and Pearl stayed there, true to her husband. Then in time Treasure lost all his money in gambling, and he
- 9. reflected: "I will get more money from the house of my father- in-law. I will go there and tell my father-in-law that his daughter is well and is at my house." So he went again to his father-in-law. And as he went, his ever- faithful wife saw him afar off. She ran and fell at the rascal's feet and told him all the story that she had invented for her parents. For the heart of a faithful wife does not change even when she learns that her husband is a rogue. Then that rascal went without fear into the house of his father- in-law and bowed low before his feet. And his father-in-law rejoiced when he saw him and made a great feast with his relatives, for he said: "My son is delivered alive from the robbers. Heaven be praised!" Then Treasure enjoyed the wealth of his father-in-law and lived with his wife Pearl. Now one night this worst of scoundrels did what I ought not to repeat, but I will tell it, or my story would be spoiled. Listen, O Prince. While Pearl lay asleep trusting him, that wretch killed her in the night, stole all her jewels, and escaped to his own country. This shows how bad and ungrateful men are. When the thrush had told her story, the prince smiled and said to the parrot: "It is your turn now."
- 10. Then the parrot said: "Your Majesty, women are cruel and reckless and bad. To prove it, I will tell you a story. Listen." There is a city called Joyful, where lived a prince of merchants named Virtue, who owned millions of money. He had a daughter named Fortune, peerless in beauty, dearer to him than life. And she was given in marriage to a merchant's son from Copper City, whose name was Ocean. He was her equal in wealth, beauty, and family; a delight to the eyes of men. One day when her husband was away from home, she saw from the window a handsome young man. And the moment she saw him, the fickle girl went mad with love, and secretly sent a messenger to invite him in, and made love to him in secret. Thus her heart was fixed on him alone, and she was happy with him. But at last her husband came home and delighted the hearts of his parents-in-law. And when the day had been spent in feasting, Fortune was adorned by her mother, and sent to her husband's room. But she was cold toward him and pretended to sleep. And her husband went to sleep, too, for he was weary with his journey, and had been drinking wine. When everyone in the house had gone to sleep after their dinner, a thief made a hole in the wall and came into that very room. And just then the merchant's daughter got up without seeing him, and went out secretly to a meeting with her lover.
- 11. And the thief was disappointed, and thought: "She has gone out into the night wearing the very jewels that I came to steal. I must see where she goes." So the thief went out and followed her. But she met a woman friend who had flowers in her hand, and went to a park not very far away. And there she saw the man whom she came to meet hanging on a tree. For the policeman had thought he was a thief, had put a rope around his neck and hanged him. And at the sight she went distracted, and lamented pitifully: "Oh, oh! I am undone," and fell on the ground and wept. Then she took her lover down from the tree and made him sit up, though he was dead, and adorned him with perfumes and jewels and flowers. But when in her love-madness she lifted his face and kissed him, a goblin who had come to live in her dead lover, bit off her nose. And she was startled and ran in pain from the spot. But then she came back to see if perhaps he was alive after all. But the goblin had gone, and she saw that he was motionless and dead. So she slowly went back home, frightened and disgraced and weeping. And the concealed thief saw it all and thought: "What has the wicked woman done? Alas! Can women be so dreadful as this? What might she not do next?" So out of curiosity the thief still
- 12. followed her from afar. And the wretched woman entered the house and cried aloud, and said: "Save me from my cruel enemy, my own husband. He cut off my nose and I had done nothing." And her servants heard her cries and all arose in excitement. Her husband too awoke. Then her father came and saw that her nose was cut off, and in his anger he had his son-in-law arrested. And the poor man did not know what to do. Even when he was being bound, he remained silent and said nothing. Then they all woke up and heard the story, but the thief who knew the whole truth, ran away. And when day came, the merchant's son was haled before the king by his father-in-law. And Fortune went there without her nose, and the king heard the whole story and condemned the merchant's son to death for mistreating his wife. So the innocent, bewildered man was led to the place of execution and the drums were beaten. Just then the thief came up and said to the king's men: "Why do you kill this man without any good reason? I know how the whole thing happened. Take me to the king, and I will tell all." So all the king's men took him to the king. And the thief told the king all the adventures of the night, and said: "Your Majesty, if you cannot trust my word, you may find the nose at this moment between the teeth of the dead body."
- 13. Then the king sent men to investigate, and when he found it was true, he released the merchant's son from the punishment of death. As for wretched Fortune, he cut off her ears, too, and banished her from the country. And he took from her father, the merchant, all his money, and made the thief the chief of police. He was pleased with him. O Prince, this shows how cruel and false women are by nature. As he spoke these words, the parrot changed into a god, for the curse was fulfilled, and went to heaven like a god. And the thrush suddenly became a goddess, for her curse was at an end, and flew up likewise to heaven. So their dispute was never settled at that court. When the vampire had told this story, he asked the king: "O King, tell me. Are men bad, or women? If you know and do not tell, your head will fly to pieces." King Vikram's Answer: Here and there, now and then, there is an occasional bad man like that. But women are usually bad. We hear about many of them. 1. King Vikram & the Vampire: Story # 3: "The Parrot and the Thrush: Which are worse, men or women?" "As he spoke these words, the parrot changed into a god, for
- 14. the curse was fulfilled, and went to heaven like a god. And the thrush suddenly became a goddess, for her curse was at an end, and flew up likewise to heaven. So their dispute was never settled at that court." When the vampire had told this story, he asked the king: "O King, tell me. Are men bad, or women? If you know and do not tell, your head will fly to pieces." King Vikram's Answer: Here and there, now and then, there is an occasional bad man like that. But women are usually bad. We hear about many of them. Task: Probe Vikram's answer with essential questions. Don't forget to ask essential questions on his assumptions! Note that "assumption" is used in a specific sense in critical thinking module # 3. It is an unstated reason. So, neither Vikram's stated reasons nor his conclusion or answer is an "assumption" in this technical sense in critical thinking. You must identify Vikram's answer and reasons before you can identify his unstated reasons or assumptions. Quote relevant details from the story in your answers. 2. In the story "A Scandal in Bohemia", identify an important clue and a deduction based on it by Sherlock Holmes. State the clue and the deduction each in one concise and clear sentence. Formulate Holmes' reasoning in terms of Modus ponens or Modus tollens or Disjunctive orHypothetical forms of deduction. Clarification: Make sure not to switch your clue and deduction when you analyze Holmes' reasoning.Remember, the clue is the premise or reason or the observation and the deduction is the conclusion Holmes draws from the premise, reason, or observation. Modus Ponens (proving mode): If you do modus ponens for Holmes' deductions, then the clue must go into the "if..." part and the deduction or conclusion
- 15. must go into the "then..." part. You then affirm the clue in the second premise and then affirm the deduction in the conclusion. For example, "If Helen Stoner had a railway return ticket in her hand (clue), then she arrived by train (deduction or conlusion)." Helen Stoner had a railway return ticket in her hand. So, she arrived by train. Modus Tollens (disproving mode): If you do modus tollens for Holmes' deductions, then the deduction or conclusion which is disproved goes into the "if..." part and the clue which would support that deduction or conclusion goes into the "then...." part. You then deny the clue in the second premise and then deny the deduction in the conclusion. For example, "If the gypsies had killed Julia Stoner (deduction or conlcusion to be disproved), then they would have been able to enter her room through the window or the door (clue which would support the deduction or conclusion)." They could not have entered her room through the window or the door. So, the gypsies had not killed Julia Stoner. Disjunctive syllogism format: 1) Either Drebber died voluntarily or he was murdered. 2) Drebber did not die voluntarily. ----------------------------------------------------------------- C: Drebber was murdered. Hypothetical syllogism format: 1. If the US launches attacks in Libya and Somalia (X), it will increase the risk of terrorist retaliation against US citizens (Y). 2. If the risk of terrorist retaliation against US citizens increases (Y), their security is undermined (Z). Therefore, if the US launches attacks in Libya and Somalia (X), it will undermine the security of US citizens (Z). 3. Complex Form of Deduction: 1. If P, then not Q, 2. R or P, 3.
- 16. Q, 4. If R, then S, 5. If S, then M; What is the final conclusion or deduction from these statements? Use the reading on "Complex Forms of Deduction" in module # 5 on forms of deduction. Follow the format of the steps of deduction and explanations in parentheses given in this reading. 4. Watch the two video clips "Zinn（https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6klXXLQmmwU&x- yt-ts=1421914688&x-yt-cl=84503534 ）（https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AuLLUFXQKEY ）: The Misguided Notion of Patriotism" featuring Howard Zinn in "Howard Zinn: The Misguided Notion of Patriotism" in module # 12 "Critical Thinking and Mass Media Propaganda". Identify one main claim made by Howard Zinn in each of these twovideo clips and his supporting reason for the claim. Compare his views to those of Noam Chomsky in the clip "Anti- Americanism" in the same module page. Probe their claims and reasons with essential questions and justify your agreement or disagreement with them. 5. Module 12: Critical Thinking And Mass Media Propaganda: Watch the full video on "Propaganda and Manipulation" by Prof. Jerry Kroth. （https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JOgIjSI0FrM ） Identify three techniques of propaganda explained by Prof. Kroth. How does he illustrate each of these three techniques? Clarify his examples and show how they illustrate the propaganda techniques. Did his examples help you to understand the propaganda function of the mass media? Ask some essential questions on these propaganda techniques. 6. Revisiting the topic of immigration in the US, watch the video clips on Chinese immigration and the Chinese Exclusion Act in the module 13 page on "Immigration in a Global World"（https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akC_XNlYeec） How does the information presented in these video clips support Aviva Chomsky's claims on US immigration policy and anti-
- 17. immigrant culture in the history of the US? (You have seen her video clip and read her articles in the context of DA 2). Watch also the video clips on Iris Chang's presentation on the contributions of Chinese immigrants to the US. What are her main claims and supporting reasons? What essential questions do you have on these issues?