Composing functions involves taking two functions, f(x) and g(x), and substituting the output of g(x) wherever x appears in f(x). For the functions f(x) = 3x^2 + 4 and g(x) = 6x - 8, the composition f(g(x)) is found by substituting g(x) = 6x - 8 for x in f(x), giving f(g(x)) = 3(6x - 8)^2 + 4, which simplifies to 108x^2 - 288x + 22.