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Computer crimes
This document discusses network and internet security and types of cyber crimes. It notes that while computers can be used for good or bad, some people use them to carry out illegal activities known as computer crimes. It then describes different types of perpetrators of cyber crimes like hackers, crackers, script kiddies, corporate spies, unethical employees, cyberextortionists, and cyberterrorists. The document also provides details on different types of computer viruses like worms, Trojan horses, macros, and boot sector viruses. It explains concepts like logic bombs, time bombs, data diddling, data stealing, and software piracy.
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Computer crimes
- 1. •Living in aDigital World •Discovering Computers 2010
- 2. Why Be Concernedabout Network and Internet Security? A computer system consists not only of software, hardware, data/information, and procedures, but also of people- the users of the computer system. People can use computer system for both good and bad purposes. Some people use computers for evil activities. A computer crime is generally defined as one that uses computers and software for illegal purposes. Any illegal act involving a computer generally is referred to as a computer crime. Computer crime encompasses a broad range of potentially illegal activities.
- 4. Perpetrators of CyberCrime Perpetrators of cybercrime and other intrusions fall into seven basic categories: hacker cracker script kiddies corporate spy unethical employee cyberextortionist cyberterrorist
- 5. Hackers and Crackers Hackers A hacker is a person who breaks into computers and computer networks, either for profit or motivated by the challenge Hackers do not use the system to steal money or property but they did create fictitious accounts changed some data files. Some people engage in hacking purely for the challenge codes. Others do it to steal computer time, to peek at confidential information, or to cause damage. White hat is a term often used to describe ethical hackers that stay entirely within the law. They never access a system or network illegally, and they work tirelessly to expose holes in systems with the ultimate goal of fixing flaws and improving security. White hats may be security professionals, hired by companies to audit network security or test software.
- 6. Hackers and Crackers Crackers Cracking is the act of breaking into other computer systems. This can be done with malicious intent, for financial profit, or for fun. The opposite of the white hat, a black hat or cracker breaks into systems illegality for personal gain, vandalism (damage), or bragging rights. A cracker is a one who uses their proficiency for personal gains outside of the law. EX: stealing data, changing bank accounts, distributing viruses, acts of sabotage and mischief on the internet, and have cost companies millions of dollars. etc.
- 7. 7Chapter 9 UnderstandingComputers, 11th Edition Hacking Hacking: using a computer to break into another computer system; the person doing the hacking is a hacker To steal information To sabotage a system To hijack PCs to generate spam or host Web sites Social hacking Authorized hacking
- 8. Script kiddie A scriptkiddie has the same intent as a cracker but does not have the technical skills and knowledge. Script kiddies often use prewritten hacking and cracking programs to break into computers.
- 9. Cyberextortionist A cyberextortionist issomeone who uses e-mail as a vehicle for extortion. These perpetrators send an organization a threatening e-mail message indicating they will expose confidential information, exploit a security flaw, or launch an attack that will compromise the organization’s network — if they are not paid a sum of money.
- 10. Cyberterrorist A cyberterroristis someone who uses the Internet or network to destroy or damage computers for political reasons. The cyberterrorist might target the nation’s air traffic control system, electricity-generating companies, or a telecommunications infrastructure. The term, cyberwarfare, describes an attack whose goal ranges from disabling a government’s computer network to crippl a country. Cyberterrorism and cyberwarfare usually require a team of highly skilled people.
- 14. Introduction Computer viruses andcrimes have become today’s headline news With the increasing use of the Internet, it has become easier for virus to spread Virus show us loopholes in software Most virus are targeted at the MS Windows OS
- 15. First Computer Virus Thefirst virus was made in Lahore, Pakistan, 1986 Two programmers named Basit and Amjad Farooq Alvi Called Brain Virus
- 16. Computer Virus Avirus is a program that "infects" an executable file. After infection, the executable file functions in a different way than before: maybe only displaying a benign message on the monitor, maybe deleting some or all files on the user's hard drive, maybe altering data files. There are two key features of a computer virus: The ability to propagate by attaching itself to executable files (e.g., application programs, OS, scripts, boot sector of a hard disk or floppy disk, etc.) Running the executable file may make new copies of the virus. The virus causes harm only after it has infected an executable file and the executable file is run. Viruses spread from one computer to another through removable disks like USB, network computers & internet. If a Virus is found on one computer of the network, then it can easily infect whole network.
- 17. Background There are estimated30,000 computer viruses in existence Over 300 new ones are created each month First virus was created to show loopholes in software
- 18. Virus Languages ANSI COBOL C/C++ Pascal VBA UnixShell Scripts JavaScript Basically any language that works on the system that is the target
- 19. Symptoms of VirusAttack Computer runs slower then usual Computer no longer boots up Screen sometimes flicker PC speaker beeps periodically System crashes for no reason Files/directories sometimes disappear Denial of Service (DoS)
- 20. Virus through theInternet Today almost 87% of all viruses are spread through the internet (source: ZDNet) Transmission time to a new host is relatively low, on the order of hours to days “Latent virus”
- 21. Classifying Virus -General Virus Information Discovery Date: Origin: Length: Type: SubType: Risk Assessment: Category:
- 22. TYPES OF COMPUTER Virus Basictypes of computer viruses are Worm Trojan Horse Macro
- 23. •Worms •A worm isa program that copies itself. •The distinction between a virus and worm, is that a virus never copies itself – a virus is copied only when the infected executable file is run. •In the pure, original form, a worm neither deleted nor changed files on the victim's computer — the worm simply made multiple copies of itself and sent those copies from the victim's computer, thus clogging(jam) disk drives and the Internet with multiple copies of the worm. Releasing such a worm into the Internet will slow the legitimate traffic on the Internet, as continuously increasing amounts of traffic are mere copies of the worm. •A classic example of a worm is the ILOVEYOU virus.
- 24. Worms Spread over networkconnection Worms replicate First worm released on the Internet was called Morris worm, it was released on Nov 2, 1988.
- 25. Trojan Horse Covert Leaks information Usuallydoes not reproduce
- 26. The TROJAN HORSEVirus •The Trojan virus once on your computer, doesn't reproduce, but instead makes your computer susceptible to malicious intruders by allowing them to access and read your files. Making this type of virus extremely dangerous to your computer's security and your personal privacy. Therefore, you should avoid downloading programs or files from sites if you're not 100 percent positive of what the file or program does.
- 27. Macro A macro virusis programmed as a macro embedded in a document. Many applications, such as Microsoft Word and Excel, support macro languages. Once a macro virus gets on to your computer, every document you produce will become infected. This type of virus is relatively new and may slip by your antivirus software if you don't have the most recent version installed on your computer.
- 28. Boot Sector viruses: A boot sector virus infects diskettes and hard drives. All disks and hard drives contain smaller sections called sectors. The first sector is called the boot. The boot carries the Master Boot Record (MBR). MBR functions to read and load the operating system. So, if a virus infects the boot or MBR of a disk, such as a floppy disk, your hard drive can become infected, if you re-boot your computer while the infected disk is in the drive. Once your hard drive is infected all diskettes that you use in your computer will be infected. Boot sector viruses often spread to other computers by the use of shared infected disks and pirated software applications. The best way to disinfect your computer of the boot sector virus is by using antivirus software.
- 29. Logic & TimeBombs Logic bombs are programs which start executing malicious program when user performs any specific action in the computer. For Example: In one case, a programmer inserted a logic bomb into a company’s system; that would destroy company’s whole system, if his name was removed from it. Their objective is to destroy data on the computer once certain conditions have been met. Logic bombs go undetected until launched, and the results can be destructive. A time bomb refers to a computer program that has been written so that it will stop functioning after a predetermined date or it will trigger criminal activity at a specified date. For Example: Time bombs are commonly used in shareware (trial) software when the manufacturer of the software does not want the trial version being used after the fix time.
- 30. Data Diddling or DataManipulation Data diddling or manipulation is the way in which important data can be manipulated and changed. A person can edit the business information of a company or personal information of some other person to harm them. Data diddlers are often found changing grades in the university records, falsifying input records on bank transactions etc.
- 31. Data Stealing This isthe type of crime in which the private information is stolen using illegal ways. For Example: Mostly credit cards information is theft by black hats. Passwords can also be stolen through different hacking techniques.
- 32. Software Piracy The unauthorizedcopying & use of any proprietary software is called Piracy. Most retail programs are licensed for use at just one computer site or for use by only one user at any time. By buying the software, you become a licensed user rather than an owner. You are allowed to make copies of the program for backup purposes, but it is against the law to give copies to friends and colleagues.
- 33. Software Theft Software theftoccurs when someone: Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 11 33Page 571 Steals software media Intentionally erases programs Illegally copies a program Illegally registers and/or activates a program
- 34. Software Theft A single-userlicense agreement typically contains the following conditions: Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 11 34Page 571 Permitted toPermitted to • Install the software on one computer • Make one copy of the software • Remove the software from your computer before giving it away or selling it Not permitted toNot permitted to • Install the software on a network • Give copies to friends or colleagues while continuing to use the software • Export the software • Rent or lease the software
- 35. Software Theft Copying, loaning, borrowing,renting, or distributing software can be a violation of copyright law Some software requires product activation to function fully Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 11 35Pages 571 – 572 Figure 11-16 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Business Software Alliance below Chapter 11
- 36. Hardware Theft and Vandalism Hardwaretheft is the act of stealing computer equipment Hardware vandalism is the act of defacing or destroying computer equipment Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 11 36Page 570
- 37. Hardware Theft and Vandalism Tohelp reduce the of chances of theft, companies and schools use a variety of security measures Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 11 37Page 570 Figure 11-15 Physical access controls Alarm systems Cables to lock equipment Real time location system Passwords, possessed objects, and biometrics
- 38. Information Theft Information theftoccurs when someone steals personal or confidential information Encryption is a process of converting readable data into unreadable characters to prevent unauthorized access Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 11 38Pages 572 - 573 Figure 11-17
- 39. Information Theft Discovering Computers2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 11 39Page 573 Figure 11-18
- 40. Information Theft A digitalsignature is an encrypted code that a person, Web site, or organization attaches to an electronic message to verify the identity of the sender Often used to ensure that an impostor is not participating in an Internet transaction Web browsers and Web sites use encryption techniques Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 11 40Page 574
- 41. System Failure A systemfailure is the prolonged malfunction(breakdown, fault) of a computer A variety of factors can lead to system failure, including: Aging hardware Natural disasters Electrical power problems Noise, undervoltages, and overvoltages Errors in computer programs Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 11 41Page 575
- 42. Backing Up –The Ultimate Safeguard A backup is a duplicate of a file, program, or disk that can be used if the original is lost, damaged, or destroyed To back up a file means to make a copy of it Offsite backups are stored in a location separate from the computer site Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 11 42Page 577 •Cloud Storage
- 43. Backing Up –The Ultimate Safeguard Two categories of backups: Full backup Selective backup Three-generation backup policy Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 11 43Page 577 Grandparent Parent Child
- 44. •44 Protecting Against UnauthorizedAccess, Use, and Computer Sabotage Antivirus software: Used to detect and eliminate computer viruses and other types of malware Should be set up to run continuously to check incoming e-mail messages, instant messages, and downloaded files Should be set up to scan the entire PC regularly Needs to be updated regularly since new malware is introduced at all times Best to have the program automatically download new virus definitions on a regular basis Some programs also scan for other threats, such as spyware, bots, possible phishing schemes, etc.
- 45. 45 Protecting Against UnauthorizedAccess, Use, and Computer Sabotage Firewall: Security system that provides a protective boundary between a computer or network and the outside world Works by closing down all external communications port addresses Blocks access to the PC from outside crackers Blocks access to the Internet from programs on the user’s PC unless authorized by the user Important for home PCs that have a direct Internet connection as well as for businesses Intrusion protection system (IPS) software is related Monitors and analyzes traffic allowed by the firewall to try and detect possible attacks
- 46. 46 Chapter 9 Understanding Computers, 11thEdition Encryption and Other Security Tools Encryption: method of scrambling e-mail or files to make them unreadable Secure Web servers: use encryption to protect information transmitted via their Web pages Most common is SSL Look for a locked padlock on the status bar and https:// in the URL Only transmit credit card numbers and other sensitive data via a secure Web server
- 47.
- 48. Protect Password Use informationthat only an individual should know Usernames PINs Passwords Should be strong passwords and changed frequently
- 49.
- 50. Techniques Used for ComputerSecurity By taking the following precautionary steps, we can protect our computers from viruses and their affects. Avoid downloading unnecessary files from unknown Internet websites. Always scan downloaded contents & files before using (opening) them. Don't open emails or attachments from unknown senders. Use strong hard-to-guess passwords or pass- phrases. Do not use words that are commonly used. Remember that password cracking tools exist.
- 51. Techniques Used for ComputerSecurity If your computer is on a network, make sure that you have a good, fully functional and updated antivirus & firewall software installed on your computer. Always scan all removable disks or drives (like USBs, CDs etc) through antivirus software before using (open) it. Use anti-virus software and firewalls - keep them up to date. Back-up your computer data on disks or CDs often. Don't share access to your computers with strangers. Disconnect from the Internet when not in use Encrypt document method of scrambling e-mail or files to make them unreadable
- 52. Ethics and Society Computerethics are the moral guidelines that govern the use of computers and information systems Information accuracy is a concern Not all information on the Web is correct Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 11 52Pages 581 – 582 Figure 11-28
- 53. Ethics and Society Intellectualproperty rights are the rights to which creators are entitled for their work • A copyright protects any tangible form of expression An IT code of conduct is a written guideline that helps determine whether a specific computer action is ethical or unethical Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 11 53Page 582 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Digital Rights Management below Chapter 11
- 54. Ethics and Society DiscoveringComputers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 11 54Page 583 Figure 11-29
- 55. Video: Attack ofthe Mobile Viruses Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 11 55 •CLICK TO START