Computer, generations, languages, soft wares
- 1. Evolution of Computer Systems • Abacus :I computing tool-represents numbers positioning beads. • In 1642, Blaise Pascal invented Mechanical Calculating machine • In 1842, Charles Babbage, professor at cambridge invented a fully automatic Analytical Engine for performing basic arithmetic functions for any mathematical problem. He was known as the father of modern digital computers. • In 1944, Howard H. Aiken of Harvard University collaborated with IBM , released Mark 1 Computer also known as Automatic sequence controlled calculator. • In 1946, the first Electronic computer –worked vacuum tubes. Developed at the Moore School of Engineering, Pennsylvania, Called ENIAC (Electronic numerical Integrator and Calculator) • EDVAC(1949): Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer –Ability to store program-multi purpose computer- used binary digits. • UNIVAC ( In 1951): The Universal Automatic Computer was the first digital Computer. Univac marked the arrival of commercially available digital computers for business and scientific applications
- 2. Generation of Computers First Generation Computers (1937-53) Second Generation Computers (1954-62) Third Generation Computers (1963-71) Fourth Generation Computers(1972- 84) Fifth Generation Computers(1984- 90) Sixth Generation computers(1990- till date)
- 3. First Generation Computers (1937-53) Used vacuum tubes Very huge Expensive to operate Required huge amount of electricity Generated a lot of heat Used machine language Solve only one problem at a time Input: punched cards and paper tape Output: print outs Example: UNIVAC, ENIAC
- 4. Second Generation Computers (1954-62) Used transistors Smaller, faster, cheaper than first generation computers More efficient and more reliable Used assembly language Input: punched cards Output: print outs Example: UNIVAC, IBM 1400 series, ATLAS
- 5. Third Generation Computers (1963-71) Used integrated circuits Smaller, faster, cheaper than second generation computers Time sharing and batch processing Used high level languages like FORTRAN,BASIC, COBOL etc Input: keyboard Output: monitor, printout Example: IBM 360 series, ICL1900 series, CDC 1700 series
- 6. Fourth Generation Computers (1972-84) Used very large scale integration (VLSI) circuits Smaller, more powerful Ability to form networks Graphical User Interface (GUI) support Used high level language Input: keyboard, mouse Output: monitor, printer
- 7. Fifth Generation Computers (1984-..) Based on Artificial Intelligence Voice recognition capabilities Parallel processing of semiconductors Ability to respond to natural languages
- 8. • Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans. The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Artificial intelligence includes: • Expert Systems: programming computers to make decisions in real-life situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose diseases based on symptoms) • Natural Language: programming computers to understand natural human languages • Neural Networks: Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting to reproduce the types of physical connections that occur in animal brains • Robotics: programming computers to see and hear and react to other sensory stimuli
- 10. Software v/s Hardware • Computer Instructions or data, anything that can be stored electronically is Software. • Hardware is one that is tangible. The storage devices (Hard disk, CD’s etc.,), mouse, keyboard CPU and display devices (Monitor) are Hardware. 3/17/2024 10
- 11. Computer Languages • Low Level Languages • Assembly Languages • High Level Languages
- 12. Low Level Languages • In this language instructions are written in binary language • Instructions written in binary language has two parts Op-code and Operand • OP-code: It specifies the operation or function to be performed • Operand: It tells the computer the data or the address of the data/instruction that is to be processed
- 13. Low Level Languages • It is directly understandable by the computer. Hence it is called Machine language • No conversion is to be done on the instruction as the computer can directly executes the code. So it is called Low level language • Time taken to run/ execute the program is less Advantages
- 14. Low Level Languages • User has to remember various op-code and address • Programs are lengthy and removing errors from the programm is very difficult • Programs are computer dependent and is not portable Disadvantages
- 15. Assembly Languages • Mnemonics are used in the language. They are abbreviated words which replace the LLL’s op_code eg.: ADD, SUB, MUL etc. Assembler: It is a software to convert assembly language to machine language. Source code: A program written by the user in a language other than LLL. Object code: A program in LLL.
- 16. Assembly Languages • There is no need to remember the binary codes for various functions • The program written in assembly language is understandable to the user to a great extent • Removing errors from program is easier • Programs looks simple to write Advantages
- 17. Assembly Languages • Programs are machine dependent and and are specific for the computer for which they are written Hence it is not portable • A source code is converted into object code and then executed. Hence execution time is more than those written in LLL Disadvantages
- 18. FORTRAN Formula Translation Used for scientific and mathematical calculations BASIC Beginner’s All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code Used by beginners Pascal Named after the Scientist Blaise Pascal A general purpose language Cobol Common Business Oriented Language Used for Business application Logo Used for graphics C Used for system programming C++ Used for object oriented programming High Level Languages (HLL)
- 19. High Level Languages (HLL) A program written in HLL has to be converted to LLL. This achieved by the softwares like interpreter, compiler etc. The process of conversion is called compilation
- 20. Interpreter Compiler It converts source code into object code one line at a time It converts whole source code into object code one in one go Errors for one line are displayed only when errors for previous line are fully removed or corrected Errors for the whole source code are displayed together Object code cannot be stored and executed in later stage Object code once generated, can be saved and reused The interpreter is required to be loaded in the main memory throughout the program execution Once the object code has been formed we no longer require the software for compiler to execute the program It is more time consuming It is less time consuming BASICA for BASIC language TURBOC for C++ High Level Languages (HLL)
- 21. High Level Languages • Programs are very well understood by a layman also • They are easy to learn, write and debug • Programs are portable i.e. machine independent Advantages • Programs written in HLL take more time in execution as they have to be first converted into LLL • HLL programs do not give us an actual idea of how the computer works Disadvantages
- 22. Types of Software » System Software » Application Software » Open source Software and » Proprietary Software
- 23. System Software: • System software is a term referring to any computer software which manages and controls the hardware so that application software can perform a task. • System Software includes the Operating System and all the utilities that enable the computer to function. Example: Operating Systems, Compiler, Loader, Linker, Interpreter. 3/17/2024 23
- 24. Application Software: Application Software includes programs that do real work for user. Example: Payroll systems, Inventory Control, Manage student database, Word Processor, Spreadsheet and Database Management System etc., 3/17/2024 24
- 25. Open Source Software: • Open source software (OSS) is computer software whose source code is available under a license that permits users to use, change, and improve the software, and to redistribute it in modified or unmodified form. • It is often developed in a public, collaborative manner. Well-known OSS products are Linux, Netscape, Apache, etc., 3/17/2024 25
- 26. Proprietary Software: • Proprietary software (also called non-free software) is software with restrictions on using it. • copying and modifying as enforced by the proprietor. • Restrictions on use, modification and copying is achieved by either legal or technical means and sometimes both. • Proponents of proprietary software are Microsoft. • Ex: CAD, Ms Office, Nortan Antivirus etc., 3/17/2024 26
- 27. System Software: Operating System: • Operating System is a software, which makes a computer to actually work. • It is the software that enables all the programs we use. • The OS organizes and controls the hardware. • OS acts as an interface between the application programs and the machine hardware. • Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS, etc., 3/17/2024 27
- 28. System Software (contd): Source Languages Target Languages ‘C’ language Machine language ‘Pascal’ language Machine language FORTRAN language C++ language ADA language Compiler: A compiler is a program that reads a program in one language – the source language and translates into an equivalent program in another language – the target language. 3/17/2024 28
- 29. System Software (contd): Loader: A loader is the part of an operating system that is responsible for loading programs into memory, preparing them for execution and then executing them. The loader is usually a part of the operating system's kernel and usually is loaded at system boot time and stays in memory until the system is rebooted, shut down, or powered off. 3/17/2024 29
- 30. System Software (contd): • Linker: A linker or link editor is a program that takes one or more objects generated by compilers and assembles them into a single executable program. • Linkers can take objects from a collection called a library. The objects are program modules containing machine code and information for the linker. 3/17/2024 30
- 31. System Software (contd): Interpreter: An interpreter is a computer program that translates and executes instructions written in a computer programming language line-by-line, unit by unit etc., An interpreter needs to be able to analyze, or parse, instructions written in the source language. 3/17/2024 31
- 32. Application Software: Word Processors: Word processing is a tool that helps user in creating, editing, and printing documents. Word processors will normally have the following capabilities built into them: » Spell checking » Standard layouts for normal documents » Have some characters appear in bold print, italics, or underlined » Center lines, make text line up on the left side of the paper, or the right side of the paper » Save the document so it can be used again » print the document. Examples: WordPerfect and Microsoft Word 3/17/2024 32
- 33. Application Software (contd…): Spreadsheets: The spreadsheet packages are designed to use numbers and formulas to do calculations with ease. Examples of spreadsheets include: » Budgets » Payrolls » Grade Calculations » Address Lists The most commonly used spreadsheet programs are Microsoft Excel and Lotus 123. 3/17/2024 33
- 34. Application Software(contd…): Graphic Presentations: The presentation programs can make giving presentations and using overheads easier. Other uses include: » Slide Shows » Repeating Computer Presentations on a computer monitor » Using Sound and animation in slide shows The most recognized graphic presentation programs are Microsoft PowerPoint and Harvard Graphics. 3/17/2024 34
- 35. Application Software(contd…): Database Management System (DBMS): • A DBMS is a software tool that allows multiple users to store, access, and process data into useful information. • Database programs are designed for these types of applications: » Membership lists » Student lists » Grade reports » Instructor schedules All of these have to be maintained so you can find what you need quickly and accurately. • Example:Microsoft Access, dBASE, Oracle. 3/17/2024 35
- 36. Major Application softwares Office Packages MS Word MS Excel MS Power Point Browsers IE Mozilla Firefox 3/17/2024 36
- 37. License, Guarantee, Warranty • A license allows a person or company to do something that they otherwise are not allowed to do. or giving official permission to do something . • when someone buys a computer software application, they also need a license from the creator of the software (a copyright owner) allowing the buyer to use the software. • A copyright is a law that gives the owner of a written document, musical composition, book, picture, or other creative work, the right to decide what other people can do with it. • Because of copyright, a work can only be copied if the owner of the copyright gives permission. 3/17/2024 37
- 38. • People who copy a work that is protected under copyright without permission can be punished by the law, usually with a fine. In other, more serious cases, a person who copies a work that is protected under copyright could be arrested and go to prison. License, Guarantee, Warranty 3/17/2024 38
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- 41. • The guarantee is a commitment to make good of the defects of a product or a service in a fixed period. • A warranty looks after the repairing of a new article within the validity period. • A guarantee is a legal contract without any payment. • A warranty received on payment is also a legal contract. a warranty is an assurance by one party to the other party that certain facts or conditions are true or will happen; the other party is permitted to rely on that assurance and seek some type of remedy if it is not true or followed License, Guarantee, Warranty 3/17/2024 41
- 42. • A guarantee is a document to protect consumer rights. It is a promise by a seller with a buyer for complete replacement of the item/ article or product; usually guarantee is valid for a fixed period of time. It has a legal status, even if we do not pay for or it was offered free of cost by a seller. • Warranty is also a document that protects consumer rights. It is more or less like insurance policy for that we have to pay certain amount to come into legal contract. So on the basis of this legal bond the company can be taken to court if it does not bound what has been agreed in the warranty document. Warranty covers only repair of the article. • Guarantee is more in manufacture, Warranty is more in distribution and reselling parts; for example, a company manufacture a scooter is liable for manufacture guarantee, on the other hand, some importer or distributor resell the products will use warranty • A guarantee is giving you their word . A warranty is in writing that they will correct any problem within the scope of the warranty. Take a warranty over a guarantee anytime 3/17/2024 42