Computer networks note 3
- 1. Computer Networks CLASS NOTE-3 Lecturer Pranab Bandhu Nath Senior Lecturer CSE Department City University, Dhaka STUDENT NAME :MD HASNAIN ID :1834902583 Department of CSE City University, Dhaka.
- 2. Topic:- Network Software, System Software, Hardware, Software, Firmware, App. Network Software: Network software encompasses a broad range of software used for design, implementation, and operation and monitoring of computer networks. Traditional networks were hardware based with software embedded. With the advent of Software – Defined Networking (SDN), software is separated from the hardware thus making it more adaptable to the ever-changing nature of the computer network. Functions of Network Software: Helps to set up and install computer networks. Enables users to have access to network resources in a seamless manner. Allows administrations to add or remove users from the network. Helps to define locations of data storage and allows users to access that data. Helps administrators and security system to protect the network from data breaches, unauthorized access and attacks on a network. Enables network virtualizations.
- 3. System Software: System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer's hardware and application programs. If we think of the computer system as a layered model, the system software is the interface between the hardware and user applications. The operating system is the best-known example of system software. The OS manages all the other programs in a computer. System software is used to manage the computer itself. It runs in the background, maintaining the computer's basic functions so users can run higher-level application software to perform certain tasks. Essentially, system software provides a platform for application software to be run on top of. Important features of system software: Computer manufacturers usually develop the system software as an integral part of the computer. The primary responsibility of this software is to create an interface between the computer hardware they manufacture and the end user. System software generally includes the following features: 1. High speed. System software must be as efficient as possible to provide an effective platform for higher-level software in the computer system. 2. Hard to manipulate. It often requires the use of a programming language, which is more difficult to use than a more intuitive user interface (UI).
- 4. 3. Written in a low-level computer language. System software must be written in a computer language the central processing unit (CPU) and other computer hardware can read. 4. Close to the system. It connects directly to the hardware that enables the computer to run. 5. Versatile. System software must communicate with both the specialized hardware it runs on and the higher-level application software that is usually hardware-agnostic and often has no direct connection to the hardware it runs on. System software also must support other programs that depend on it as they evolve and change. Hardware: Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system. Computer hardware is the physical parts or components of a computer, such as the monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard disk drive (HDD), graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard, and so on, all of which are physical objects that are tangible. In contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware. Software: Software is a collection of instructions and data that tell a computer how to work. This is in contrast to physical hardware, from which the system is built and actually performs the work. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, including programs and data. Computer software includes computer programs, libraries and related
- 5. non-executable data, such as online documentation or digital media. Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used on its own. Firmware: Firmware is a software program or set of instructions programmed on a hardware device. It provides the necessary instructions for how the device communicates with the other computer hardware. But how can software be programmed onto hardware? Good question. Firmware is typically stored in the flash ROM of a hardware device. While ROM is "read-only memory," flash ROM can be erased and rewritten because it is actually a type of flash memory. Firmware can be thought of as "semi-permanent" since it remains the same unless it is updated by a firmware updater. You may need to update the firmware of certain devices, such as hard drives and video cards in order for them to work with a new operating system. CD and DVD drive manufacturers often make firmware updates available that allow the drives to read faster media. Sometimes manufacturers release firmware updates that simply make their devices work more efficiently. You can usually find firmware updates by going to the "Support" or "Downloads" area of a manufacturer's website. Keeping your firmware up-to-date is often not necessary, but it is still a good idea. Just make sure that once you start a firmware updater, you let the update finish, because most devices will not function if their firmware is not recognized.
- 6. App: App is short for "application," which is the same thing as a software program. While an app may refer to a program for any hardware platform, it is most often used to describe programs for mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets.