Concept of Health

Dr. Rahul B. Pandit
Faculty of Nursing
Sassoon General Hospital, Pune
Dr. Rahul Bhausaheb Pandit

Introduction
 Health is a common theme in most cultures.
 "absence of disease“
 In some cultures, health and harmony are
considered equivalent. (Peace)
 Modern Medicine focused on study of Disease and
neglect study of health.
 "Health for All"

Changing concept of Health
Biomedical
Concept
Ecological
Concept
Psychosocial
concept
Holistic
concept

Biomedical Concept
 Traditionally, Health is absence of disease.
 Person free from disease called Biomedical concept
 Medical profession viewed body as machine and
disease is like breakdown of machine.
 Physician repairing the machine.
 It only focused on treating the disease.
 Minimized role of social, environmental,
psychological, cultural factor.

Ecological concept
 This concept focuses on equilibrium between
man, disease and environment.
 "Health implies the relative absence of pain
and discomfort and a continuous adaptation
and adjustment to the environment to ensure
optimal function".
 This concept focuses on two issues imperfect
man and imperfect environment.

Psychosocial Concept
 Social Sciences revealed that health is not
only Biomedical phenomenon.
 Health influenced by the Social, psychological,
cultural, economic and political factor.
 Hence health is both biological and social.

Holistic Concept
 Holistic concept is the synthesis of all
biomedical, ecological and psychosocial
Concept.
 Health is influenced by the multidimensional
factor.
 This concept emphasis on promotion of health
and prevention of illness.

Definition
"Health is a state of complete physical, mental
and social well-being and not merely an
absence of disease or infirmity“
- WHO

New Philosophy of health
In recent years, we have acquired a new
philosophy of health, which may be stated as
below :
 health is a fundamental human right
 health is the essence of productive life, and
not the result of ever increasing
expenditure on medical care
 health is intersectoral

New Philosophy of health
 health is an integral part of development
 health is central to the concept of quality of
life
 health involves individuals, state and
international responsibility
 health and its maintenance is a major social
investment
 health is a worldwide social goal.

Dimensions of Health
Physical
Mental
Social
SpiritualEmotional
Vocational
Other

Physical Dimension
 Physical Dimension is focused on the perfect
functioning of body.
 Every cell and every organ functioning
optimum or normally.
 Normal Vitals
 Clean skin, Bright eyes, No fat, regular bowel
and bladder activity etc.
 Free from disease.

Mental Dimension
 Free from mental illness.
 Good Mental Health.
 State of Harmony between oneself and others.
 Psychological factor induce the kind of illness.
Medical as well as psychological.
 There is difference between physical health
and mental health

Characteristics of Mentally Healthy
Person
 He is Free from internal conflict.
 He is well adjusted
 He search for identity
 He has strong sense of self esteem
 He knows himself
 He has self control
 He face the problem and solve the problems.

Social Dimension
 Social health / wellbeing is a harmony within
the individual.
 It is the integration between individual and
other society member.
 Focused on interpersonal relations of people
with the community.
 Focusing on environmental, financial and
residential matters.

Spiritual Dimension
 The quality of being concerned with the human
spirit or soul.
 Some power greater than ourselves - enter our
lives and guide us along our way.
 It involves a search for meaning in life

Emotional Dimension
 Emotional and Mental words look like same.
 Mental health and Emotional health are
sometimes used interchangeably.
 Mental health refers to your ability to process
information. Emotional health, refers to your
ability to express feelings

Vocational Dimension
 It is a new dimension of health.
 It is related with the work of the individual.
 Work often plays a role in promoting both
physical and mental health.
 Work is the source of income.
 It is source of satisfaction and self esteem.

Other Dimension
 Philosophical dimension
 Cultural dimension
 Socio-economic dimension
 Environmental dimension
 Educational dimension
 Nutritional dimension
 Curative dimension
 Preventive dimension.

Concept of Well being
 Standard of Living: "Income and occupation,
standards of housing, sanitation and nutrition, the
level of provision of health, educational,
recreational and other services may all be used
individually as measures of socio-economic status,
and collectively as an index of the "standard of
living“

 Level of Living: It consists of nine components:
health, food consumption, education, occupation
and working conditions, housing, social security,
clothing, recreation and leisure, and human rights.

 Quality of Life: determining health, happiness
(including comfort in the physical environment and
a satisfying occupation), education, social and
intellectual attainments, freedom of action, justice
and freedom of expression".

Determinants of Health

Determinan
ts of Health
Biologica
l
Income
Social
Support
Educatio
n
Employm
ent
Social
Environ
ment
Physical
Environ
ment
Personal
Health
Practices
Healthy
Child
Develop
ment
Health
Services

Biological and Genetics
 Health is determined by basic biology and
gene of body.
 Genetic inheritance plays an important role in
determining health status.
 Normal functioning of body.

Income and Status
 Income of family determine the health status
of family.
 Families with higher income lives in good
house with all basic amenities.
 Away from illness.
 Environmental sanitation and basic needs.
 Poor income families expose to poor
environmental leads to illness.

Social Support
 Family is interpreted as social institution.
 Family binds the member together and support
each other in any situation.
 Family gives sense of belonging, togetherness,
enhance physical, mental, social and spiritual
development of members.
 Individual develop the relation with society
member learned from family.
 Social support helps to individual for better health.

Education
 Education of individual reflects in society.
 Society respects the educated people.
 Education is essential for income and
employment.
 Education creates awareness in individual or
in public regarding health.

Employment
 Unemployment and under employment
negatively influence the health status of
individual.
 Stressful working condition leads to illness.

Social Environment
 Establishing good relation with society
members helps for better health.
 The norms and values of community influence
the health status of individual.
 Good relation, safe environment, social
stability, helps for better health of the people.

Physical Environment
 Most of the diseases caused by the inadequate
physical environment such as safe drinking
water, clean air, house condition,
environmental sanitation etc.
 Contaminated water, air, poor living condition
increases the risk of illness.

Personal Health Practices
 Personal health practices refers to the
individual ability to promote health and
prevent illness.
 Develop coping skill to manage stress.
 Hand washing practices.
 Personal hygiene

Healthy Child Development
 Child development is affected by the various
factors such as genetics, family income,
education of parents, occupation of parents,
housing condition and environment.

Health Services
 The health services are provided to the people
by various organization for achieve optimum
health.
 Primary care
 Secondary care
 Tertiary care
 Health services provides preventive, promotive,
curative and rehabilitative services.

Gender
 Gender of individual can affect the health
status.
 Health system uses the gendered norms for
referring man and women.
 Prime importance is given to male with many
facilities.

Culture
 Culture of individual plays important role in
raising the health.
 Some cultural beliefs and practices are good
for health but some of drastically affect the
health of the people.

Health Promotion
Health Promotion refers to activities that
increases well being and enhance wellness or
health.
Penders, Murdaugh and Parsons
The first international conference on health
promotion was held in Ottawa in November
1986.

Health Promotion
 Health is a basic human right and is essential
for social and economic development.
 Health promotion is the process of empowering
people to make healthy lifestyle choices.
 Health promotion strategies focuses on patient
education, counseling and support.

Health Promotion
The Ottawa charter incorporates five key action
areas in health promotion. They are :
 build healthy public policy,
 create supportive environment for health,
 Strengthen community action for health,
 develop personal skills, and
 re-orient health services

Health maintenance / Health Protection
Health protection/maintenance is
motivated by a desire to actively avoid the
illness. Detect it early and maintain the
normal functioning of human body.
Penders
Health is protected from illness by
preventing the illness.
Simply health maintenance is the
preventing people from disease.

Difference between
Health Promotion & Health Maintenance
 Health promotion identifies the needs and
goals of the individual, family and
communities and utilizes them to promote and
maintain the health.
 Health maintenance is the prevents the
potential health risk or identifies them early
and provide necessary treatment.

Level of Prevention
Leavel and Clark defined the three level of
prevention:
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention

Primary Prevention
 Primary prevention focuses on health
promotion and protection. E.g. Immunization
 The purpose of primary prevention is to
decrease the risk of the individual / community
to the disease.
 Primary prevention obviates the occurring of
the health problems.

Secondary Prevention
 Secondary prevention focuses on early
identification of health problems and prompt
intervention to alleviate health problems.
 The goal of secondary prevention is to identify
individual in early stage of disease process
and limit future disability.
 Secondary prevention involves the effort to
detect and treat existing health problems.
E.g. Cervical Cancer

Tertiary Prevention
 Tertiary prevention focuses on restoration and
rehabilitation.
 The goal of tertiary prevention is the to
achieve optimum level of functioning.
 Tertiary prevention reduces the severity of
health problems.
 To minimize the disability and restore or
preserve the health.

Concept of Health

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