CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTIONTO CONGESTION
 GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF CONGESTION
 OPEN LOOP CONGESTION CONTRO
 CLOSED LOOP CONGESTION CONTROL
 CONGESTION CONTROL ALGORITHMS
 LEAKY BUCKETALGORITHM
 TOKEN BUCKET ALGORITHM
 CHOKE PACKETS
 HOP BY HOP CHOKE PACKETS
 LOAD SHEDDING
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCE
2

INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS CONGESTION?
Congestion is a situation in communication network in which
too many packets are present in a part of the subnet or
contending for the same link so
 The queue overflows
 Packets get dropped
 Network is congested!
3
ROUTER
BUFFER
BUFFER
BUFFER
BUFFER
BUFFER
CONGESTION

Factors that Cause Congestion
 Packet arrival rate exceeds the outgoing link capacity.
 Insufficient memory to store arriving packets
 Bursty traffic
 Slow processor
Costs of congestion
 large queuing delays are experienced as the packet
arrival rate nears the link capacity.
 unneeded retransmissions by the sender
 when a packet is dropped along a path, the
transmission capacity of the upstream routers have
been wasted.
4

GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF CONGESTION CONTROL
Congestion control refers to techniques and mechanisms that can either
prevent congestion , before it happens or removes congestion,after it has
happened.
5
CONGESTION
CONTROL
OPEN LOOP
RETRANSMISSION
POLICY
WINDOW
POLICY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
POLICY
DISCARDING
POLICY
ADMISSION
POLICY
CLOSED
LOOP
BACK
PRESSURE
CHOKE
PACKET
IMPLICIT
SIGNALING
EXPLICIT
SIGNALING

•In this method, policies are used to prevent the congestion before
it happens.
Congestion control is handled either by the source or by the
destination.
1. Retransmission Policy
•The sender retransmits a packet, if it feels that the packet it
has sent is lost or corrupted.
•The retransmission policy and the retransmission timers need
to be designed to optimize efficiency and at the same time
prevent the congestion.
2. Window Policy
•To implement window policy, selective reject window method
is used for congestion control in which it sends only the specific
lost or damaged packets.
6
Open loop congestion control

3. Acknowledgement Policy
• If the receiver does not acknowledge every packet it receives it
may slow down the sender and help prevent congestion.
4. Discarding Policy
• A router may discard less sensitive packets when congestion is
likely to happen
5. Admission Policy
• A router can deny establishing a virtual circuit connection if
there is congestion in the "network or if there is a possibility of
future congestion.
6. Routing Algorithm
• spreading the traffic over all the lines
7

8
Congestion prevention policies in different layers
LAYER CONGESTION PREVENTION POLICIES
Transport -retransmission policy
-acknowledgement policy
-flow control policy
-timeout determination
Network -virtual circuits versus datagram inside the subnet
-packet queuing and service policy
-packet discard policy
-routing algorithm
-packet lifetime management
Datalink -retransmission policy
-out-of-order caching policy
-acknowledgement policy
-flow control policy

CLOSED LOOP CONGESTION CONTROL
• Closed loop congestion control mechanisms try to remove the
congestion after it happens.
1. Backpressure method
• Backpressure is a node-to-node congestion control that starts with a
node and propagates, in the opposite direction of data flow in which
the congested node stops receiving data from the immediate
upstream node(s).
9
Source 1 2 3 4 destination
congestion
Back pressure
DownstreamUpstream
Data flow

2. Choke Packet
• In choke packet method, congested node sends a
warning directly to the source station i.e. the
intermediate nodes through which the packet
has traveled are not warned.
10
Source 1 2 3 4 Destination
Choke packet
congestion
Data flow

3. Implicit Signaling
•The source guesses that there is congestion somewhere in
the network when it does not receive any acknowledgment.
Therefore the delay in receiving an acknowledgment is
interpreted as congestion in the network and the source
slows down.
- this policy is used inTCP(Transmission control protocol).
4. Explicit Signaling
• In this method, the congested nodes explicitly send a
signal to the source or destination to inform about the
congestion.
• Explicit signaling is different from the choke packet
method. In choke packed method, a separate packet is used
for this purpose whereas in explicit signaling method, the
signal is included in the packets that carry data .
11

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 13
TOKEN BUCKET ALGORITHM

 Choke Packet Technique
 Depicts the functioning of choke packets, (a) Heavy traffic
between nodes P and Q, (b) Node Q sends the Choke packet to P,
(c) Choke packet reaches P, (d) P reduces the flow and send a
reduced flow out, (e) Reduced flow reaches node Q .
14

Hop-by Hop Choke Packets
15
Depicts the functioning of Hop-by-Hop choke packets (a) Heavy traffic
between nodes P and Q, (b) Node Q sends the Choke packet to P, (c) Choke packet
reaches R, and the flow between R and Q is curtail down, Choke packer reaches P,
and P reduces the flow out .

Load Shedding
- In this method, whenever a router finds that there is congestion
in the network, it simply starts dropping out the packets.
- Which packet to discard depends on the applications running
-Wine policy: the older the better.
-Milk policy: fresher is better
-intelligent discard policy:packets in priority classes
16

conclusion
17
 With the increase in the number of internet
users, it has become quite essential to
develop an efficient congestion control
technique.
 In our presentation we have analyse Leaky
bucket algorithm,Token bucket algorithm,
Choked packet technique and Hop by hop
choke packet technique.
 A particular algorithm cannot be hundred
percent efficient, so there is always scope to
improve the congestion control technique.

Reference
 Computer control overview written by S. Chen
 “What is Congestion Control Describe the
Congestion Control Algorithm commonly used.”
written by DineshThakur.
 Computer Network:A system aproach,5E by Larry
L. Peterson & Bruce S. Davie
 [Ramakrishnan 1990] K. K. Ramakrishnan and Raj
Jain, "A Binary Feedback Scheme for Congestion
Avoidance in Computer Networks", ACM
Transactions on Computer Systems,Vol.8, No.2, pp.
158-181, May 1990.
18

Congestion on computer network

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