2. LO1: Confirm requirements of client
• This learning guide is developed to provide you
the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics –
• Introduction to computer and connecting peripherals
• Identify client requirements based on organizational
standards
• Documenting and reporting client requirements and
peripheral
• Taking action to ensure client support expectations
3. Introduction to computer
What is computer?
• An electronic device that can store, retrieve and process
data, and can be programmed with instructions that it
remembers.
• The physical parts that make up a computer (the central
processing unit, input, output and memory) are called
“hardware”. Programs that tell a computer what to do are
called “software”.
• A computer (also referred to as a PC) can be used for
various functions, e.g word processing, spreadsheets,
databases, business accounting, desktop publishing,
accessing the Internet, sending email, playing games,
movies, music, etc.
4. Conn…
• Data is a collection of unorganized facts & figures and does not
provide any further information regarding patterns, context, etc.
Hence data means "unstructured facts and figures".
• Information is a structured data i.e. organized meaningful and
processed data. To process the data and convert into information,
a computer is used. Computers consist of two basic parts:
• Hardware is any part of your computer that has a physical
structure, such as the computer monitor or keyboard.
• Software is any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to
do. It is what guides the hardware and tells it how to accomplish
each task. Some examples of software are web browsers, games,
and word processors such as Microsoft Word.
6. Con--
Monitor (or Screen or VDU - Visual Display Unit)
The monitor (or screen) enables the operator to view data (and to alter it before printing it
out).
System Unit containing CPU (Central Processing Unit)
The System Unit can contain storage devices such as a hard disk, floppy disk drive and CD
ROM drive.
A chip (called a Central Processing Unit) within the system unit processes data and relays
messages to and from the keyboard, monitor, disk drives and printer.
Keyboard: The computer keyboard has the standard QWERTY layout with extra keys for
specific functions.
Speakers: The speakers play sound when on-capable features are accessed on the computer.
Mouse: A mouse is used to select menu options, text and graphics displayed on the monitor.
Printer: A printer is used to print text and graphics onto paper.
Hardware: The physical components of a computer system - everything that you can touch -
are called hardware.
Software: The programs used on a computer are called software. This includes system
software and application software such as Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, etc. System
software
7. • The Processor
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of your computer. It is a
“chip” where your computer interprets and processes
• Hard Disk, Floppy Disk and CD ROM Drives
Drives are used to store and access data. A hard disk drive is a permanent
storage device within your computer.
Floppy disk and CD ROM drives allow you to read data from portable
media (CDs and floppy disks).
• Video Card
A video card fits inside your computer and determines the resolution
(fineness of information) and number of colors your monitor can display.
Memory
Your computer has a brain that processes information and a memory that
stores the information.
The memory is not a permanent storage place for information.
It is only active while your computer is turned on.
E.g RAM
8. Characteristics of computer
A computer has a lot of features or characteristics but in all those characteristics 5 are the most popular.
Speed: computer can work very fast. It takes only few seconds for
calculations that we take hours to complete. You will be surprised to know
that computer can perform millions (1,000,000) of instructions and even more
per second.
Therefore, we determine the speed of computer in terms of microsecond (106
part of a second) or nanosecond (109
part of a second).
Accuracy: Accuracy of a computer is consistent. Computer gives us accurate
result or calculation. Error occurs in result for any calculation in a computer is
only due to wrong program or instruction, inaccuracy in input data etc. You
can directly say that errors in computers can happen only due to human
beings.
Consistency: Computer is a consistent machine; it means that computer never
gets tired of working more. You can use computer to perform your task
without any error for any number of hours, any number of hours means you
can use your computer system continuously for 24 hours a day and 365 days a
year.
9. Conn--
• Storage: The Computer has an in-built memory where it can
store a large amount of data. You can also store data in
secondary storage devices such as floppies, which can be kept
outside your computer and can be carried to other computers.
Flexibility: means that a computer can work in many areas
like you can use your computer system to:
Watch movies or videos
Listen sounds or music’s
Play games
See pictures
Write textual documents and save
Open and read anything
10. Generation of computer
• Generation of computer is characterized by a major
technological development that fundamentally
changed the way computers operate, resulting in
increasingly smaller, cheaper more powerful and
more efficient and reliable devices.
• The various generations of computers
1^st generation(1946 to 1954)
2^nd generation(1955 to 1964)
3^rd generation(1964 to 1975)
4^th generation(1975 to present)
5^th generation(Present to beyond)
11. Conn--
First Generation (1946 to 1954): In 1946 there was no ‘best’ way of
storing instructions and data in a computer memory.
• The digital computes using electronic valves (Vacuum tubes) are
known as first generation computers.
• The high cost of vacuum tubes prevented their use for main memory.
• They stored information in the form of propagating sound waves.
Limitations of First-Generation Computer
• Followings are the major drawbacks of First generation computers.
– They used valves or vacuum tubes as their main electronic component.
– They were large in size, slow in processing and had less storage capacity.
– They consumed lots of electricity and produced lots of heat.
– Their computing capabilities were limited.
– They were not so accurate and reliable.
– They used machine level language for programming.
– They were very expensive
12. Conn--
Second-generation computer (1955 to 1964): - used transistors for CPU components.
• They used high-level languages such as FORTRAN; ALGOL & COBOL.I/O
processor was included to control I/O operations
• Transistors are smaller than Vacuum tubes and have higher operating speed. They
have no filament and require no heating. Manufacturing cost was also very low.
Advantages of second-generation computers
Here are some of the main advantages of using second generation computer at that time:
Smaller in size as compared to the first-generation computers
The second-generation computers were more reliable
Used less energy and were not heated
Better portability as compared to the first-generation computers
Beta speed and could calculate data in microseconds
Used faster peripherals like tape drives, magnetic disks, printer etc.
Disadvantages of second-generation computers
Cooling system was required
Constant maintenance was required
Commercial production was difficult
Only used for specific purposes
13. Conn--
Third Generation computer (1964 to 1975)
The third-generation computers used the integrated circuits (ICs).
compared third generation to second generation
– Less costly
– Small in size
– Consume less power
– Highly reliable
Advantages of third generation computers
– Smaller in size as compared to previous generation
– More reliable
– Used less energy
– Better speed and could calculate data in nanoseconds
– Used fan for heat discharge to prevent damage
Disadvantages of third generation computers
– Air conditioning was required
– Highly sophisticated Technology was required for the manufacturing of IC chips
14. Conn--
Fourth Generation Computer (1975 to present)
• The fourth-generation computers started with the invention of microprocessor. The
microprocessor contains thousands of ICs. The size of modern microprocessors is
usually 1 square inch. It can contain millions of electronic circuits.
Advantages of fourth generation of computers
Following are the advantages of using those computer machines that are based on fourth
generation over previous generation:
• Much faster
• Less expensive
• More powerful and reliable than previous generations
• Small in size
• Uses advanced techniques
• Have greater data processing capacity than equivalent size previous generation
computer that is third generation computers
• Fast processing power with less power consumption
• Fan for heat discharging and thus to keep cold
• No air conditioning required
15. Conn--
Fifth Generation Computer (Present to beyond)
• Scientists are working hard on the fifth-generation
computers with quick of few breakthroughs. It is based on
the technique of artificial intelligence (AI).
• All computer machines that will made on the basis of 5th
generation computer will use parallel processing
techniques and artificial intelligence. Parallel processing
techniques and artificial intelligence are basically similar
to the one used by our brain that is human brain.
16. Types of computer
Computers can be categorized on the basis of:
Data handling capabilities.
Size
• Based on data handling capabilities, computers can be divided
into three types:
Analog
Digital
Hybrid
Analogue computer: They are designed so that they can process the
analogue data. The data that can change continuously and do not have
discrete values such as temperature, current, speed and pressure is known as
Analogue data.
Mercury meter and speedometer are the examples of analogue computer.
17. Conn--
Digital Computers: They are designed to perform logical operations
and calculations at a high speed.
• A digital computer accepts raw data as numbers or digits and then, to
produce output, it processes it with the programs stored in its
memory.
• The modern computers like desktops and laptops fall under the
category of digital computers.
Hybrid Computer: It contains the features of both Digital and
Analogue computers.
It has accuracy and memory like digital computers and is fast
like Analogue computers. It can process both discrete and
continuous data
Example being a petrol pump where a processor is used to
convert the measurement of fuel flow into price and quantity.
18. Conn--
• On the basis of size, computers can be classified into four
types
Micro computer
Mini computer
Mainframe computer
Super(macro) computer
19. Conn--
• Microcomputer: It is also known as Personal Computer. This
general-purpose computer is mainly designed for individual
use. It consists of a microprocessor, which works as the
Central Processing Unit, storage area, memory, and input and
output unit.
• The most famous examples of Microcomputers are Desktop
computers, Laptop computers and palmtop.
• Mini computer: It is a multiprocessing computer of midsize.
It has the capacity of entertaining 4 to 200 users at one given
time and consists of 2 or more processors. Mini computers are
mostly used in departments and institutes for the tasks like
inventory management, billing and accounting.
20. Conn--
Mainframe computer: They have the capacity of supporting hundreds or thousands of
users simultaneously and they can also support multiple programs at the same time.
Telecom and banking sectors are examples of such organizations. Mainframe
computers are useful for tasks related to:
Industry and consumer statistics
Enterprise resource planning
Transaction processing
e-business and e-commerce
Super/Macro computers: They are the fastest in speed and the biggest in size and
specialize in processing a huge amount of data.
A supercomputer contains thousands of interconnected processors that help it process
trillions of instructions in just a second. Supercomputers are used for complex tasks,
such as:
Weather forecasting
Climate research
Scientific simulation
Oil and gas exploration
Quantum mechanics
21. Definitions of computer peripherals
• External devices which are attached to the external part of
the computer
• Any device connected internally or externally to a
computer and used in the transfer of data.
• Any input, output or storage device connected externally
or internally to the computer's CPU, such as a monitor,
keyboard, printer, disk, tape, graphics tablet, scanner, joy
stick, paddle or mouse.
Device driver
It is a small program that tells the computer how to
communicate with input/output (peripheral) devices.
Every peripheral device needs device driver to
communicate with the computer system.
22. Categories of Peripherals and Device Drivers
• Peripheral devices can be categorized in to three
Input device
Output devices
Internal and external storage devices.
Input device - is a device that has been used as a means
of input. It is any peripheral (piece of computer
hardware equipment) used to provide data and control
signals to an information processing system such as
a computer or other information appliance.
The common input devices are keyboard, mouse, and
scanner,Gamepad,image and video (digital camera,
webcam ,image scanner),audio input device(Microphone, MIDI
keyboard or other digital musical instrument)
23. • Keyboard - The computer key board is used to input, or enter,
letters, numbers, symbols, punctuations and commands into the
computer.
• Mouse or a pointing device is any human interface device that
allows a user to input spatial data to a computer. In the case of
mice and touch screens, this is usually achieved by detecting
movement across a physical surface.
Scanner
Scanner is a device that can scan or digitize images on
paper and convert them to data that the computer can
use.
They can then be stored in a file, displayed on the
screen, added to documents, or manipulated.
24. Output device
• Any device that outputs information from a computer is
called, an output device.
monitor
The monitor, which connects to the video card, is the
computer’s primary output device.
It is sometimes referred to as a display, Screen, Visual
display Terminal or video.
Printers
• A printer is an output device that prints paper documents.
This includes text documents, images, or a combination of
both.
25. Con---
The Processor
• Stands for "Central Processing Unit." This is the pretty much the
brain of your computer.
• It processes everything from basic instructions to complex
functions.
• Any time something needs to be computed, it gets sent to the
CPU.
E.g. Pentium 4, Core Duo, Dual Core, Core i3, Core i5, Corei7
26. Components of CPU
• Central Processing Unit can be divided into Three parts.
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU):
Is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations.
Arithmetic instructions include addition, subtraction and shifting
operations.
while logic instructions include Boolean comparisons, such as AND,
OR, XOR, and NOT operations.
Control unit (CU)
• control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memory and
decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary.
Registray
Registray is a small amount of storage available as part of a CPU or
other digital processor.
load data from a larger memory into registers where it is used for
arithmetic, manipulated, or tested, by CPU.
27. The Storage devices
Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, refers
to computer components and recording media that retain
digital data.
Data storage is one of the core functions and fundamental
components of computers.
There are 3 types of storage devices:
Primary Storage – is also known as the main memory or a
temporary storage device. Data that has been stored in memory
flushes off when you restart your computer, thus called
temporary storage device.
• It is the only one directly accessible to the CPU.
• EXAMPLE of primary storage RAM,Rom
28. Con--
Secondary Storage – Secondary storage (also known as
external memory or auxiliary storage), differs from
primary storage in that it is not directly accessible by the
CPU.
• The computer usually uses its input/output channels to
access secondary storage and transfers the desired data
using intermediate area in primary storage.
• Examples of a secondary storage device are Internal
Hard drive, external Hard Drive, Flash Disk,
CD/DVD, Floppy disk, Memory card.
29. CONN…
• Tertiary Storage - Tertiary storage or tertiary
memory provides a third level of storage.
• Typically it involves a robotic mechanism which
will mount (insert) and dismount removable mass
storage media into a storage device according to
the system's demands; this data is often copied to
secondary storage before use.
30. Connectivity devices
The majority of external peripheral devices connect to the back
of the computer’s system unit with cables and connectors.
A port is a socket that is used to connect the cables from
peripheral devices to the computer or the position to plug
peripheral devices.
Ports
A port is an interface on a computer to which you can a
device. Personal computers have various types of ports.
Internally, there are several ports for connecting disk drives,
display screens, and keyboards
31. CONN…
The types of ports are:-
Serial ports: is the oldest technology that is used to connect some types
of mouse, keyboard, and other peripherals
A serial port is also called male port since it consists of protruding pins.
There are two types of serial ports -- DB9 and DB25. DB9 is a 9-pin
connection, and DB25 is, you guessed it, a 25-pin connection.
Its transfer rate is close to 10KBS data.
Parallel Ports: This interface is found on the back of older PCs and is
used for connecting external devices such as printers or a scanners.
• Parallel ports can send or receive a byte (8-bit) at a time.
It is also called female port since it consists of holes.
Parallel ports generate speeds of 100KBS and reflect transfers 10 times
faster than serial speeds.
32. Con--
USB port:
• Stands for "Universal Serial Bus." USB is the most common type of
computer port used in today's computers.
• It can be used to connect keyboards, muse, game controllers, printers,
scanners, digital cameras, and removable media drives, just to name a
few.
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) port:
• AGP is a type of expansion slot designed specifically for graphics
cards.
• Since the AGP interface provides a dedicated bus for graphics data,
AGP cards are able to render graphics faster than comparable PCI
graphics cards.
• Like PCI slots, AGP slots are built into a computer's motherboard.
• It can only be used for graphics cards.
33. Con--
LAN port (Ethernet port):
It allows a computer to connect to a network using a wired connection.
LAN port looks like for a network cable using an RJ-45 connector.
The two led lights will blink when that port is active and receiving
activity.
PS/2 connector:
PS/2(Personal System/2) is a type of port used by older computers for
connecting input devices such as keyboards and mouse.
The PS/2 port has six pins and is roughly circular in shape.
Since each PS/2 port is designed to accept a specific input, the keyboard
and mouse connections are typically color-coded.
For example, the keyboard port on the back of the computer is often
purple, while the mouse port is usually green.
34. Con--
VGA Port:
• Stands for "Video Graphics Array." It is the standard
monitor or display interface used in most PCs.
• The VGA standard was originally developed by IBM
in 1987 and allowed for a display resolution of
640x480 pixels.
• A standard VGA connection has 15 pins and is
shaped like a trapezoid.
35. Power supply
A power supply is a hardware component that supplies
power to an electrical device.
It receives power from an electrical outlet and converts the
current from AC (alternating current) to DC (direct
current), which is what the computer requires.
It also regulates the voltage to an adequate amount, which
allows the computer to run smoothly without overheating.
Therefore, power supplies are designed to handle
fluctuations in electrical current and still provide a
regulated or consistent power output.
36. connectors
• CAT5 NETWORK CABLE - This cable allows the computer
to communicate to other computers over a network. It
also provides networked computers access to the Internet
`
• MONITOR CABLE - This cable is usually permanently
connected to a monitor. Small screws hold the cable in place.
37. • USB CABLE - Most PC's now have these fast
and versatile ports on the front and back. They
can be used for portable storage devices, digital
cameras, scanners, video cameras, printers,
keyboards and mice
• POWER CORD - This is a standard "kettle cord"
that connects the computer to the AC outlet on the
wall and the power supply of the computer.
38. Con--
• PRINTER CABLE - This is a 25-pin “D” shaped connector
that connects printers to the parallel port on a computer. (Newer
printers may connect with a USB plug.)
• PS2 CABLE - On most computers these days, this connection
is used for both the Mouse and the keyboard. This plug has 6
pins-
• VGA CABLE – This is use to connect the monitor to the VGA
port.
• AUDIO CABLE – This is use to connect the speaker to the
Audio port.
39. Confirm Client Requirements
System development life cycle
• To determine appropriate hardware peripheral devices
needed within an organization, it is important to clearly
understand what your client needs.
• Often clients don’t have a clear idea of what they want.
• Working out clients’ needs requires careful planning and
organization.
• The first three stages of the system development life cycle
are:
Planning
Analysing
Designing
40. Con--
Planning:
This stage involves identifying the client’s current
technology.
During the planning phase it is necessary to find out
information including:
system specifications
connections available
budget constraints
available timeframe
Availability of physical space.
41. Con--
• A feasibility study can be performed to provide a
preliminary report to the client about benefits, costs
and impact to the organisation.
System specifications:
It is important to find out the specifications of the
computer system you are planning to connect the
peripheral device to.
Many newer types of peripheral devices require a
specific memory size, CPU speed, Hard disk space,
may also compatible with certain operating systems.
42. Computer peripherals requirement
considerations
1. The processor:
• Processors are usually differentiated by speed,
measured in gigahertz (GHz).
• The higher the GHz, the faster the computer
will run.
• But a 3 GHz processor will normally be enough
for most business functions.
43. Conn…
2. The Memory (RAM):
• Memory is used by the processor to run programs.
• The more RAM your computer has, the more data
can be loaded from the hard drive into the RAM,
which can effectively speed up your computer.
• In fact, adding RAM can be more beneficial to your
computer's performance than upgrading the CPU.
• For a 3 GHz processor, for example, you should
have around 2-3 gigabytes (GB) of RAM.
44. Con….
3. The hard disk:
• Is used to store the data you create in your
business, as well as the programs you use.
• Its capacity is much greater than the RAM.
• An office computer with a 3 GHz processor
should have at least 200 GB of hard disk space.
– External plug-ins, such as rewritable DVD, DVD-
Read Only Memory (ROM), or CD-RW
(rewritable) drives can be used to supplement your
computer's memory.
45. Conn…
4. The monitor:
• Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is lower power
consumption, relative to cathode ray tube (CRT)
monitor.
• Monitors are normally measured diagonally in
inches - typically 19, 22 or 24.
• Larger or wide-screen monitors allow you to
compare two documents on-screen.
46. Conn….
5. Display adapter
• Software requiring a better than average computer
graphics display, like:-
Graphics editors and high-end games .
47. Software requirements
• Software Requirements deal with defining software
resource requirements and pre-requisites that need
to be installed on a computer to provide optimal
functioning of an application.
48. Con….
• 1. Plat form
• In computing, a platform describes some sort
of framework, either in hardware or software,
which allows software to run.
• Typical platforms include a computer's
architecture, operating system, or programming
languages and their run time libraries.
• Operating system is one of the first requirements
mentioned when defining system requirements
(software).
49. Conn…..
2. APIs and drivers
• Software making extensive use of special
hardware devices, like high-end display adapters,
needs special API or newer device drivers.
• A good example is DirectX, which is a collection
of APIs for handling tasks related to multimedia,
especially game programming, on Microsoft
platforms.
50. Conn…
3. Web browser
• Most web applications and software depending
heavily on Internet technologies make use of
the default browser installed on system.
• Microsoft Internet Explorer is a frequent
choice of software running on Microsoft
Windows, which makes use of ActiveX
controls, despite their vulnerabilities.
51. Conn…
4. Other Requirement
• Some software also has other requirements for proper
performance.
• Internet connection (type and speed) and resolution of the
display screen are notable examples.
Examples
• Another factor is what operating system are you going to
use?
• Below are the hardware requirements for installing
Windows XP and Windows 7:
52. Hardware Requirements for Windows 7 system
• If you want to run Windows 7 on your PC, here's what
it takes:
• 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit
(x64) processor
• 1 gigabyte (GB) RAM (32-bit) or 2 GB RAM (64-bit)
• 16 GB available hard disk space (32-bit) or 20 GB
(64-bit)
• DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM 1.0 or higher
driver
53. • After you have determined your organization needs, you can
now start documenting your hardware needs.
• There were several sites in the net where you can browse and
compare the price of the different medium range to high end
computer peripherals.
• One by one you can list down the hardware specs for your
client.
• list of below will help you in documenting your chosen
hardware:
• Processor
• RAM or Memory
• Hard Disk size
• Video Card
54. Conn…
• LAN Card
• DVD drive
• Sound Card
• Mouse
• Keyboard
• Monitor
• One deciding factor to consider in buying computer
peripherals is the warranty and after sales support
service.
• After you have finalized your hardware specifications,
you can now forward it to the right person for budget
considerations and finally for procurement.
55. Budget constraints
• While planning the connection of hardware peripheral
devices, it is important to be aware of the client’s
available budget.
• A client needs to determine whether the benefits that
will be gained from the peripheral device justify the
financial outlay.
• Factors including the organization’s size, the
necessity of the peripheral device to the organization,
number of people requiring the device, will all
contribute to the organization’s allocation of a budget.
• Another cost to consider is ongoing maintenance.
56. CONN…
• Example:
• A laser printer, for example, may initially be more
expensive to purchase than an inkjet printer.
• However when you consider that some inkjet
cartridges can cost nearly as much as an inkjet
printer, it may be more practical to choose a laser
printer, where toner costs are more reasonable.
57. Available timeframe
• The time available to complete a task also needs to
be considered when identifying client
requirements.
• If, for example, a peripheral device is needed
urgently, it will be necessary to quickly find out
which suppliers can immediately provide the
peripheral equipment.
58. Physical space restrictions
• Before considering acquiring any peripheral
device, planning needs to be done to work out
where and how the peripheral will reside.
• The following questions need to be considered:
• What physical space is available to accommodate the
device?
• Are power points in a near proximity if the device needs
them?
• Will the installation of the device mean other equipment
needs to be relocated?
• Could the device cause disruption or impact on the safety of
users?
59. QUIZE(10)
1. List and explain some port of computer to connect external device
with example of device?
2. List and explain types of storage device with example?
3.Drow and explain the connectivity of computer?
4.List and explain the main part of computer?
5. What is the meaning and acronym word of computer?
6. What is definition and advantage of driver pack?
7. A device used to insert images in to computer system.
8. List and explain the stages of the system development life cycle?
A. Scanner B. camera C. copy machine D. printer E. All. Why you select this?
9. Which one is volatilely storage device.
A. HD B. DVD C. RAM D. ROM E. All. Why you select this?
10. Which part of CPU performs arithmetic and logical operations.
A.RAM B. ALU C. CU D. Registry E. All. Why you select this?
