Download as PDF, PPTX
Uploaded byHamdi Turkey
COPD
This document discusses COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). It begins by stating that COPD is a common yet underdiagnosed condition. It then lists the objectives and topics that will be covered, including the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment guidelines for COPD. It emphasizes that spirometry is required to diagnose COPD and confirm persistent airflow limitation. It also notes that COPD is a systemic inflammatory condition associated with several comorbidities that influence patient outcomes.
More Related Content
COPD
- 1. COPD Common yet underdiagnosed HamdiTurkey - Pulmonologist
- 2. Objectives The new GOLDdefinition of COPD The pathophysiology of COPD The risk factors for developing COPD clinical manifestation and how to mange a case with COPD The new GOLD classification of severity of COPD (2014) The new GOLD treatment guidelines for the treatment of COPD At the end of this lecture the student should known the following:
- 3. • COPD isthe 4 th leading cause of death in the United States (behind heart disease, cancer, and cerebrovascular disease). • In 2000, the WHO estimated 2.74 million deaths worldwide from COPD. • In 1990, COPD was ranked 12 th as a burden of disease; by 2020 it is projected to rank 5 th . •The WHO estimates 1.1 billion smoker worldwide, increasing to 1.6 billion by 2025 in low&middle-income countries. Burden of COPD
- 4. Your patient isa 67 year old male who complains of progressively worsening shortness of breath with exertion over the last year. He currently smokes half a pack of cigarettes daily and has accumulated 45 pack years. He uses a short acting beta agonist 3-4 times a day with limited relief. He is no longer able to ride a bike with his grandchildren. His last hospitalization was 4 months ago secondary to right lower lobe pneumonia. He does not complain of weight loss or loss of appetite. He has a past medical history of dietary controlled diabetes and mild osteoarthtitis. Medications include Albuterol and Celecoxib. On exam respiratory rate is 22 per minute; chest exam reveals mild end expiratory wheezing without use of accessory muscles of respiration and no retractions. No clubbing, cyanosis or lower extremity edema is noted. Spirometry reveals an FVC of 78% predicted, FEV1 of 62% predicted and FEV1/FVC of 68%, post bronchodilator. 67 Year old Male with shortness Of Breath with exertion
- 5. Leading causes ofdeath in the USA, 1998 Number Heart disease 724,269 Cancer 538,947 Cerebrovascular disease (stroke) 158,060 Respiratory diseases (COPD) 114,381 Accidents 94,828 Pneumonia and influenza 93,207 Diabetes 64,574 Suicide 29,264 Nephritis 26,265 Chronic liver disease 24,936 All other causes of death 469,314
- 7. Definition This definition doesnot use the terms chronic bronchitis and emphysema and excludes asthma (reversible airflow limitation). Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable disease with some significant extrapulmonary effects that may contribute to the severity in individual patients. Its pulmonary component is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The airflow limitation is usually progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lung to noxious particles or gases.
- 8. • Airflow obstructionis defined as reduced FEV1/FVC ratio (< 0.7) • It is no longer necessary to have an FEV1 < 80% predicted for definition of airflow obstruction • If FEV1 is ≥ 80% predicted, a diagnosis of COPD should only be made in the presence of respiratory symptoms, for example breathlessness or cough • COPD produces symptoms, disability and impaired quality of life which may respond to pharmacological and other therapies that have limited or no impact on the airflow obstruction.
- 9. Small Airways Disease •Airway inflammation • Airway fibrosis, luminal plugs • Increased airway resistance Parenchymal Destruction • Loss of alveolar attachments • Decrease of elastic recoil AIRFLOW LIMITATION Mechanisms Underlying Airflow Limitation in COPD
- 10. Chronic bronchitis Defined asthe presence of cough and sputum production for at least 3 months in each of 2 consecutive years, is not necessarily associated with airflow limitation. Emphysema Defined as destruction of the alveoli, is a pathological term that is sometimes (incorrectly) used clinically.
- 11. Emphysema ■Abnormal permanent enlargementof the air space distal to the terminal bronchioles ■Accompanied by destruction of bronchioles
- 12. Indicators for consideringthe diagnosis of COPD Chronic cough Present intermittently or every day, often present throughout the day Chronic sputum production Any pattern of sputum production may indicate COPD Acute bronchitis Repeated episodes Dyspnea that is Progressive, persistent, worse on exercise, worse during respiratory infections History of exposure to risk factors Smoke, biomass fuel, occupational dusts Diagnosis Of COPD The diagnosis should be confirmed by Spirometry
- 13. • COPD ispredominantly caused by smoking and is characterised by airflow obstruction that: - is not fully reversible - does not change markedly over several months - is usually progressive in the long term • Exacerbations often occur, where there is a rapid and sustained worsening of symptoms beyond normal day-to-day variations requiring a change in treatment
- 14. Genes Exposure to particles Tobaccosmoke Occupational dusts, organic and inorganic Indoor air pollution from heating and cooking with biomass in poorly ventilated dwellings Outdoor air pollution Lung growth and development Gender Age Respiratory infections Socioeconomic status Asthma/Bronchial hyperreactivity Chronic Bronchitis Risk Factors for COPD
- 15.
- 16. Risk factors ■Cigarette smoking ➢Primary cause of COPD*** ➢ Clinically significant airway obstruction develops in 15% of smokers ➢ 80% to 90% of COPD deaths are related to tobacco smoking ➢ > 1 in 5 deaths is result of cigarette smoking ■Cigarette smoking ➢ Nicotine stimulates sympathetic nervous system resulting in: ■ ↑ HR ■ Peripheral vasoconstriction ■ ↑ BP and cardiac workload
- 17. ■Cigarette smoking ➢ Compoundsproblems in a person with CAD ➢ ↓ Ciliary activity ➢ Possible loss of ciliated cells ➢ Abnormal dilation of the distal air space ➢ Alveolar wall destruction ➢ Carbon monoxide ■ ↓ O2 carrying capacity ■ Impairs psychomotor performance and judgment ➢ Cellular hyperplasia ■ Production of mucus ■ Reduction in airway diameter ■ Increased difficulty in clearing secretions
- 18. Risk factor ■Secondhand smokeexposure associated with: ➢ ↓ Pulmonary function ➢ ↑ Risk of lung cancer ➢ ↑ Mortality rates from ischemic heart disease ■Infection ➢ Major contributing factor to the aggravation and progression of COPD ■Heredity ➢ α-Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency (produced by liver and found in lungs); accounts for < 1% of COPD cases ■ Emphysema results from lysis of lung tissues by proteolytic enzymes from neutrophils and macrophages
- 19. Pathophysiology of ChronicBronchitis and Emphysema
- 20. ➢ Hyperinflation ofalveoli ➢ Destruction of alveolar walls ➢ Destruction of alveolar capillary walls ➢ Narrowed airways ➢ Loss of lung elasticity ➢ Two types: ■ Centrilobular (central part of lobule) ▪Most common ■ Panlobular (destruction of whole lobule) ▪Usually associated with AAT deficiency Emphysema Pathophysiology
- 21. ➢ Small bronchiolesbecome obstructed as a result of ■ Mucus ■ Smooth muscle spasm ■ Inflammatory process ■ Collapse of bronchiolar walls ➢ Recurrent infections production/ stimulation of neutrophils and macrophages release proteolytic enzymes alveolar destruction inflammation, exudate, and edema Emphysema Pathophysiology
- 23. ➢ Elastin andcollagen are destroyed ➢ Air goes into the lungs but is unable to come out on its own and remains in the lung ■ Causes bronchioles to collapse ➢ Trapped air → hyperinflation and overdistention ➢ As more alveoli coalesce, blebs and bullae may develop ➢ Destruction of alveolar walls and capillaries → reduced surface area for O2 diffusion ➢ Compensation is done by increasing respiratory rate to increase alveolar ventilation ➢ Hypoxemia usually develops late in disease Emphysema Pathophysiology
- 24. Chronic bronchitis Pathophysiology Pathologic lungchanges are: ➢ Hyperplasia of mucus-secreting glands in trachea and bronchi ➢ Increase in goblet cells ➢ Disappearance of cilia ➢ Chronic inflammatory changes and narrrowing of small airways ➢ Altered function of alveolar macrophages infections ➢ Greater resistance to airflow increases work of breathing ➢ Hypoxemia and hypercapnia develop more frequently in chronic bronchitis than emphysema
- 25. Chronic bronchitis Pathophysiology Chronic inflammation ■Primary pathologic mechanism causing changes ■ Narrow airway lumen and reduced airflow d/t ▪hyperplasia of mucus glands ▪Inflammatory swelling ▪Excess, thick mucus ➢ Bronchioles are clogged with mucus and pose a physical barrier to ventilation ➢ Hypoxemia and hypercapnia d/t lack of ventilation and O2 diffusion ➢ Tendency to hypoventilate and retain CO2 ➢ Frequently patients require O2 both at rest and during exercise
- 26.
- 28. Causes of deathin COPD patients
- 29. Emphysema Clinical Manifestations ➢ Dyspnea ■Progresses in severity ■ Patient will first complain of dyspnea on exertion and progress to interfering with ADLs and rest ➢ Minimal coughing with no to small amounts of sputum ➢ Overdistention of alveoli causes diaphragm to flatten and AP diameter to increase ➢ Patient becomes chest breather, relying on accessory muscles ■ Ribs become fixed in inspiratory position ➢ Patient is underweight (despite adequate calorie intake)
- 30. Chronic Bronchitis Clinical Manifestations ➢Earliest symptoms: ■ Frequent, productive cough during winter ■ Frequent respiratory infections ➢ Bronchospasm at end of paroxysms of coughing ➢ Cough ➢ Dyspnea on exertion ➢ History of smoking ➢ Normal weight or overweight ➢ Ruddy (bluish-red) appearance d/t ■ polycythemia (increased Hgb d/t chronic hypoxemia) ■ cyanosis ➢ Hypoxemia and hypercapnia ■ Results from hypoventilation and ↑ airway resistance + problems with alveolar gas exchange
- 32. This case forA 70-year-old man with a 70 pack-year history of smoking was referred to the emergency department for an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). On examination, he breathed through pursed lips and had paradoxical indrawing of the lower rib cage margin with inspiration (Hoover sign),A chest radiograph showed distension of the lungs and flattening of the diaphragm.
- 33. Pink puffer vsBlue blotter
- 34. Cigarette advertising makessmoking look cool and cowboys look stupid!
- 36. NOXIOUS AGENT (tobacco smoke,pollutants, occupational agent) COPD Genetic factors Respiratory infection Other Pathogenesis
- 37. ASTHMAASTHMA Sensitizing agent COPDCOPD Noxious agent Asthmaticairway inflammation CD4+ T-lymphocytes Eosinophils COPD airway inflammation CD8+ T-lymphocytes Macrophages Neutrophils Airflow limitationCompletely reversible Completely irreversible
- 38. Noxious particles and gases Lunginflammation Host factors COPD pathology ProteinasesOxidative stress Anti-proteinasesAnti-oxidants Repair mechanisms
- 39. ▪A clinical diagnosisof COPD should be considered in any patient who has dyspnea, chronic cough or sputum production, and a history of exposure to risk factors for the disease. ▪Spirometry is required to make the diagnosis; the presence of a post- bronchodilator FEV1/FVC < 0.70 confirms the presence of persistent airflow limitation and thus of COPD. Diagnosis and Assessment: Key Points
- 40. Diagnosis ▪The goals ofCOPD assessment are to determine the severity of the disease, including the severity of airflow limitation, the impact on the patient’s health status, and the risk of future events. ▪Comorbidities occur frequently in COPD patients, and should be actively looked for and treated appropriately if present.
- 41. EXPOSURE TO RISK FACTORS tobacco occupation indoor/outdoorpollution SYMPTOMS shortness of breath chronic cough sputum SPIROMETRY Required to establish diagnosis
- 42. Assessment of AirflowLimitation: Spirometry ▪ Spirometry should be performed after the administration of an adequate dose of a short- acting inhaled bronchodilator to minimize variability. ▪ A post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC < 0.70 confirms the presence of airflow limitation. ▪ Where possible, values should be compared to age-related normal values to avoid overdiagnosis of COPD in the elderly.
- 43.
- 45. ANCILLARY INVESTIGATIONS INCOPD CBC may show polycythemia, anemia of chronic disease Oximetry & ABG hypoxemia, hypercapnia ( advanced COPD ) CXR Hyper-inflation, low lying diaphragms, dirty chest Chest HRCT Centrilobular, para septal and pan lobular emphysema, bullae Alpha-1 anti- trypsin level In cases with early onset emphysema Echo In cases with suspected pulmonary hypertension Lung volumes and diffusing capacities Help to characterize severity, but not essential to patient management Exercise testing Objectively measured exercise impairment
- 46.
- 47.
- 48. ECG in corpulmonale ( p pulmonale)
- 49. Echo in corpulmonale
- 50. Complications of COPD acuteexacerbation of COPD cor pulmonale Pneumothorax Pulmonary hypertension Respiratory failure Polycythemia
- 51. Systemic Inflammation in COPD ●COPD is an inflammatory condition ● Pro-inflammatory mediators may be the driving force behind the disease process ● Inflammation and actions of pro-inflammatory mediators may extend beyond the lungs and play a part in COPD comorbidities ● As effective anti-inflammatory therapy becomes available for COPD, it will be important to monitor the effects on lungs and associated comorbidities
- 52. Systemic Inflammation inCOPD: Potential Clinical Consequences ● Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction ● Cardiovascular – CHF – Arrhythmias – Hypertension (systemic pulmonary) ● Osteoporosis ● Anaemia of Chronic Disease ● Metabolic Disease – Diabetes – Metabolic Syndrome ● Depression ● Gastrointestinal – Ulcer Disease COPD is a Systemic Disease
- 53. Systemic Inflammation and Comorbidities COPD OSTEOPOROSIS DIABETES BODY COMPOSITION INFLAMMATION CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDER
- 54. Look Look COP Comorbiditie If Assessing Comorbiditiesin COPD These comorbid conditions may influence mortality and hospitalizations and should be looked for routinely, and treated appropriately.
- 55. Objectives of COPD Management •Prevent disease progression • Relieve symptoms • Improve exercise tolerance • Improve health status • Prevent and treat exacerbations • Prevent and treat complications • Reduce mortality • Minimize side effects from treatment
- 56. Global Strategy forDiagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD Assessment of COPD: Goals Determine the severity of the disease, its impact on the patient’s health status and the risk of future events (for example exacerbations) to guide therapy. Consider the following aspects of the disease separately: ▪ current level of patient’s symptoms ▪ severity of the spirometric abnormality ▪ frequency of exacerbations ▪ presence of comorbidities.
- 57. Assessment of COPD ▪Assesssymptoms ▪Assess degree of airflow limitation using spirometry ▪Assess risk of exacerbations ▪Assess comorbidities
- 58. Assessment of symptoms COPDAssessment Test (CAT) or Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ) or mMRC Breathlessness scale
- 59. Assess degree ofairflow limitation using spirometry
- 60. Assess risk ofexacerbations To assess risk of exacerbations use history of exacerbations and spirometry: ▪Two or more exacerbations within the last year or an FEV1 < 50 % of predicted value are indicators of high risk. ▪One or more hospitalizations for COPD exacerbation should be considered high risk.
- 61.
- 62. Therapeutic Options ▪Smoking cessationhas the greatest capacity to influence the natural history of COPD. Health care providers should encourage all patients who smoke to quit. ▪Pharmacotherapy and nicotine replacement reliably increase long-term smoking abstinence rates. ▪All COPD patients benefit from regular physical activity and should repeatedly be encouraged to remain active. ▪Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination should be offered depending on local guidelines.
- 63. • ASK Systematically identify all tobacco users at every visit • ADVISE Strongly urge all tobacco users to quit • ASSESS Determine willingness to make a quit attempt • ASSIST Aid the patient in quitting • ARRANGE Schedule follow-up contact. Brief Strategies to Help the Patient Willing to Quit Smoking
- 65. e-cigarettes The latest studyon e-cigarettes, published in the journal Lancet, supports that claim. In the first clinical trial comparing e-cigarettes and nicotine patches in helping people to quit smoking, both methods proved equally successful. After a 13-week smoking cessation program, similar numbers of smokers who used e-cigarettes remained smoke-free after six months as used nicotine patches.
- 66. Therapeutic Options: COPD Medications Beta Short-actingbeta Long-acting beta Anticholinergics Short-acting anticholinergics Long-acting anticholinergics Combination short-acting beta Combination long-acting beta Methylxanthines Inhaled corticosteroids Combination long-acting beta Systemic corticosteroids Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors
- 67. Medications used inthe treatment of COPD
- 68. ▪ Bronchodilator medicationsare central to the symptomatic management of COPD. ▪ Bronchodilators are prescribed on an as-needed or on a regular basis to prevent or reduce symptoms. ▪The principal bronchodilator treatments are beta2 agonists, anticholinergics, theophylline or combination therapy. ▪The choice of treatment depends on the availability of medications and each patient’s individual response in terms of symptom relief and side effects. Therapeutic Options: Bronchodilators
- 69. Therapeutic Options: Bronchodilators ▪Long-acting inhaled bronchodilators are convenient and more effective for symptom relief than short-acting bronchodilators. ▪ Long-acting inhaled bronchodilators reduce exacerbations and related hospitalizations and improve symptoms and health status. ▪ Combining bronchodilators of different pharmacological classes may improve efficacy and decrease the risk of side effects compared to increasing the dose of a single bronchodilator.
- 70. ▪ Regular treatmentwith inhaled corticosteroids improves symptoms, lung function and quality of life and reduces frequency of exacerbations for COPD patients with an FEV1 < 60% predicted. ▪ Inhaled corticosteroid therapy is associated with an increased risk of pneumonia. ▪ Withdrawal from treatment with inhaled corticosteroids may lead to exacerbations in some patients. Therapeutic Options: Inhaled Corticosteroids
- 71. Therapeutic Options: CombinationTherapy ▪ An inhaled corticosteroid combined with a long-acting beta2-agonist is more effective than the individual components in improving lung function and health status and reducing exacerbations in moderate to very severe COPD. ▪ Combination therapy is associated with an increased risk of pneumonia. ▪ Addition of a long-acting beta2- agonist/inhaled glucorticosteroid combination to an anticholinergic (tiotropium) appears to provide additional benefits.
- 72. Therapeutic Options: Systemic Corticosteroids ▪ Chronictreatment with systemic corticosteroids should be avoided because of an unfavorable benefit-to-risk ratio. Therapeutic Options: Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors ▪ In patients with severe and very severe COPD (GOLD 3 and 4) and a history of exacerbations and chronic bronchitis, the phospodiesterase-4 inhibitor, roflumilast, reduces exacerbations treated with oral glucocorticosteroids.
- 73. ▪ Theophylline isless effective and less well tolerated than inhaled long-acting bronchodilators and is not recommended if those drugs are available and affordable. ▪ There is evidence for a modest bronchodilator effect and some symptomatic benefit compared with placebo in stable COPD. Addition of theophylline to salmeterol produces a greater increase in FEV1 and breathlessness than salmeterol alone. ▪ Low dose theophylline reduces exacerbations but does not improve post-bronchodilator lung function. Therapeutic Options: Theophylline
- 74. Influenza vaccines canreduce serious illness. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is recommended for COPD patients 65 years and older and for COPD patients younger than age 65 with an FEV1 < 40% predicted. The use of antibiotics, other than for treating infectious exacerbations of COPD and other bacterial infections, is currently not indicated. Therapeutic Options: Other Pharmacologic Treatments
- 75.
- 76. ▪ All COPDpatients benefit from exercise training programs with improvements in exercise tolerance and symptoms of dyspnea and fatigue. ▪ Although an effective pulmonary rehabilitation program is 6 weeks, the longer the program continues, the more effective the results. ▪ If exercise training is maintained at home, the patient's health status remains above pre- rehabilitation levels. Therapeutic Options: Rehabilitation
- 77.
- 78. Manage Stable COPD:Goals of Therapy ▪Relieve symptoms ▪Improve exercise tolerance ▪Improve health status ▪Prevent disease progression ▪Prevent and treat exacerbations ▪Reduce mortality Reduce symptom Reduce risk
- 79. Manage Stable COPD:Non-pharmacologic Patient Group Essential Recommended Depending on local guidelines A Smoking cessation (can include pharmacologic treatment) Physical activity Flu vaccination Pneumococcal vaccination B, C, D Smoking cessation (can include pharmacologic treatment) Pulmonary rehabilitation Physical activity Flu vaccination Pneumococcal vaccination
- 80. Manage Stable COPD:Pharmacologic Therapy (Medications in each box are mentioned in alphabetical order, and therefore not necessarily in order of preference.) Patient Recommended First choice Alternative choice Other Possible Treatments A SAMA prn or SABA prn LAMA or LABA or SABA and SAMA Theophylline B LAMA or LABA LAMA and LABA SABA and/or SAMA Theophylline C ICS + LABA or LAMA LAMA and LABA or LAMA and PDE4-inh. or LABA and PDE4-inh. SABA and/or SAMA Theophylline D ICS + LABA and/or LAMA ICS + LABA and LAMA or ICS+LABA and PDE4-inh. or LAMA and LABA or LAMA and PDE4-inh. Carbocysteine SABA and/or SAMA Theophylline
- 81. Manage Stable COPD:Pharmacologic Therapy RECOMMENDED FIRST CHOICE
- 82. Manage Stable COPD:Pharmacologic Therapy ALTERNATIVE CHOICE
- 83. Manage Exacerbations An exacerbationof COPD is: “an acute event characterized by a worsening of the patient’s respiratory symptoms that is beyond normal day-to-day variations and leads to a change in medication.”
- 84. Manage Exacerbations: KeyPoints ▪The most common causes of COPD exacerbations are viral upper respiratory tract infections and infection of the tracheobronchial tree. ▪Diagnosis relies exclusively on the clinical presentation of the patient complaining of an acute change of symptoms that is beyond normal day-to-day variation. ▪The goal of treatment is to minimize the impact of the current exacerbation and to prevent the development of subsequent exacerbations.
- 85. Assessment of acuteexacerbation of COPD ABG PaO breathing room air indicates respiratory failure. CXR useful to exclude alternative diagnoses. CBC identify polycythemia, anemia or bleeding. Biochemical tests detect electrolyte disturbances, diabetes, and poor nutrition. Sputum Purulent sputum indicates the need for antibiotics Biochemical tests detect electrolyte disturbances, diabetes, and poor nutrition. ECG may aid in the diagnosis of coexisting cardiac problems. Spirometry not recommended during an exacerbation. Serum troponin, serial CK-MB Assess for myocardial injury or infarction Serum troponin, serial CK-MB measurement
- 86. Manage Exacerbations: TreatmentOptions Oxygen titrate to improve the patient’s hypoxemia with a target saturation of 88-92% Bronchodilators Short-acting inhaled beta short-acting anticholinergics are preferred. Systemic Corticosteroids Shorten recovery time, improve lung function (FEV hypoxemia (PaO failure, and length of hospital stay. A dose of 40 mg prednisone per day for 5 days is recommended . Magnesium sulphate Nebulized magnesium as an adjuvent to salbutamol treatment in the setting of acute exacerbations of COPD has no effect on FEV Antibiotics Should be given when indicated NIV for patients hospitalized with severe exacerbation of COPD
- 92. Your patient isa 67 year old male who complains of progressively worsening shortness of breath with exertion over the last year. He currently smokes half a pack of cigarettes daily and has accumulated 45 pack years. He uses a short acting beta agonist 3-4 times a day with limited relief. He is no longer able to ride a bike with his grandchildren. His last hospitalization was 4 months ago secondary to right lower lobe pneumonia. He does not complain of weight loss or loss of appetite. He has a past medical history of dietary controlled diabetes and mild osteoarthtitis. Medications include Albuterol and Celecoxib. On exam respiratory rate is 22 per minute; chest exam reveals mild end expiratory wheezing without use of accessory muscles of respiration and no retractions. No clubbing, cyanosis or lower extremity edema is noted. Spirometry reveals an FVC of 78% predicted, FEV1 of 62% predicted and FEV1/FVC of 68%, post bronchodilator. 67 Year old Male with shortness Of Breath with exertion