Cost accounting

1
A PROJECT
ON
“Costing and Financing of co-operative housing society”
In the subject Advance cost Accounting
SUBMITTED TO
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
FOR SEMESTER-II OF
MASTER OF COMMERCE
BY
SUNITA KUMARI YADAV
MCOM PART-I AND ROLL NO- 1890
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Mr. GAJANAN WADER
YEAR- 2012-2013

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DECLARATION BY THE STUDENT
I, SUNITA KUMARI YADAV student of M COM PART-I Roll Number 1890
hereby declare that the project for the Paper Advance Cost Accounting titled,
Submitted by me for semester-II during the academic year 2012-2013, is based on
actual work carried out by me under the guidance and supervision of Mr. GAJANAN
WADER
I further state that this work is original and not submitted anywhere else for any
examination.
Signature of Student
EVALUATION CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the undersigned have assessed and evaluated the project on
Submitted by SUNITA KUMARI YADAV Student of M COM Part-I.
This project is original to the best of our knowledge and has been accepted for
internal assessment.
Internal Examiner External Examiner vice Principle

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PILLAI’S COLLEGE OF ARTS, COMMERCE & SCIENCE
Internal Assessment: Project 40 Marks
Name of Student Class Division Roll
Number.
First Name: SUNITA KUMARI
M COM
Father’s Name: BBS PART I 1890
Surname: YADAV
Subject: Advance Cost Accounting
Topic for the Project:
Mark Awarded Signature
DOCUMENTATION
Internal Examiner
(Out of 10 Marks)
External Examiner
(Out of 10 Marks)
Presentation
(Out of 10 Marks)
Viva and Interaction
(Out of 10 Marks)
TOTAL MARKS (Out of 40)

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CHAPTER
NO.
TOPIC PAGE
NO.
1. Hari leela co-op. housing society Ltd., New
Panvel (E)
 Income and expenditure as on 31-3-2008 1
 Balance sheet as on 31-3-2008 2
2. Audit report
 Part I-introduction 3
 Part II- remark and suggestion 5
3. Introduction of the society 6
4. Book of account and document maintain by the
society
7
5. Evaluation of balance sheet
 Evaluation of asset side 10
 Evaluation of liabilities side 11
6. Financing and source of co-operative society 13
7. Accounting ration analysis 17
8.  Bar diagram of income in income and
expenditure statement
20
 Pie chart of expenditure in income and
expenditure statement
21
9. Conclusion 22

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INCOME & EXPENDITURE
For the year ended 01-04-2007 to 31-03-2008
INCOME Rs. EXPENDITURE Rs.
Member contribution 139800 Maintenance & repair 27431
Water, shed & color 76500 insurance 4838
Bank interest 2403 Pest control 2500
Sintex tank refund 4024 Water bill 30844
Electric bill 24590
Bonus 1250
Meeting 849
Bank charge 40
Shed work 73900
Salary 32200
Festival & pooja exp 16241
Depreciation(dead stock) 2318
Surplus balance 5726
TOTAL 222727 TOTAL 222727

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BALANCE SHEET
For the year ended 31-03-2008
LIABILITIES Rs. ASSETS Rs.
Paid up share capital 4500 Closing cash balance 9683
Closing bank balance
Reserve and other fund R.D.C.C. bank 4420
Reserve fund 60770 Abhyudaya co-op bank 23570
RDCC bank (chief promoter) 30212
Member contribution -- Investment & deposit
Fixed deposit 130000
Sinking fund F.D. 4000
Current liabilities &
provisions
-- Current assets, loans &
advances
--
Income & expenditure A/C Fixed assets
Surplus balance 140062.50 Dead stock
12864
(+)purchase in Yr.
1300
(+) surplus in Yr. 5726.00 145788
(-) depreciation
2318
9273
TOTAL 211158 TOTAL 211158

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INTRODUCTION
The statutory audit of Hari leela co-op. housing society Ltd., New Panvel (E) Taluka-
Panvel, dist- Raigad has been completed in the basis of records produced to me by
the disignitories of the society, oral explanation given by them and on my total
knowledge.
The financial statement at the end of the audit period prepared the disignitories of
the society are attached herewith which will give the idea of financial position of the
society.
1. MEETING:- (1-04-2007 TO 31-03-2008)
A. First general body meeting: N.A.
B. General meeting date:- --
C. Managing committee meetings :- --
D. Special general body meeting :- --
2. MEMBERSHIP:- as per the list there are 18 members in the society
3. RECTIFICATION REPORT:-
the society should submit the audit rectification report within in three month of
receipt of audit report.
4. ANALYSIS OF BALANCE SHEET: - (31-03-2008)
A) LIABILITIES SIDE:-
(01) SHARE CAPITAL:-
(a) share paid up share capital:- 4500/-
(02)RESERVE AND OTHER FUND:-
(a) reserve fund:- Rs. 60770 amount received as entrance fee, transfer
premium, transfer fee transferred to reserve fund as per BYE-LAWS.
(03) INCOME & EXPENDITURE A/C:- surplus balance as per
balance sheet for year ended 31-03-2008 Rs. 1,45,788/-

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(B) ASSETS SIDE:-
(01) CASH & BANK BALANCE:-
(a) cash in hand Rs. 9,683.00
(b) The R.D.C.C. Bank, New Panvel Br.(C.P) Rs.4,420.00
(c) abhyudaya Co-op. bank Rs. 23,570.00
(d) The R.D.C.C. Bank, New Panvel Br. Rs 30,212.00
the above balance are correct as per cash book and bank pass book as on
31-03-2008.
(02) INVESTMENT & DEPOSITS:-
(a) fixed deposits Rs. 1,30,000/-
(b) sinking fund F.D. Rs 4,000/-
(03) FIX ASSETS:-
(01) dead stock :- Rs. 9,273/-
kept dead stock register and record dead stock in dead stock register.
5. AUDIT CLASSIFICATION:-
taking into consideration the financial position and over all working of the
society has been awarded “B” audit class for financial year 01st
april 2007 to
31st
march 2008.
6. ACKNOWLEGEMENT:-
we are thankful to the members of managing committee for their co-operative
during the audit.

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PART-II
REMARK AND SUGGESTION
1) To be making provision of major repair fund as per Bye-Laws 13(b) of
each member on squire fir basis or value of cost which is decided in
general body meeting and invested as fixed deposit in RDCC bank.
2) Monthly meeting of committee and annual general body should be
conducted as per the laws, with prior agenda to each member. Minutes of
general body meeting and committee meeting should be recorded in
register (two separate register).
3) Collect registered agreement from all members of society and take
building cost those units in balance-sheet.
4) Every voucher should be signed by chairman, secretary or treasurer.
5) Member information register form “T” and member registration register
form “J” should be update time to time.
6) Close the saving account of chief promoter Raigad district central co-op.
bank Ltd, New Panvel
7) Cash in hand to be maintained as stated in bye laws and shall make
necessary transaction of payment by cheque only.
8) Audit should be done after ending of every financial year.

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Introduction of the society
Name: - Hari leela co-op. housing society Ltd., New Panvel (E)
Address: -
PLOT NO-13, sector-01,
Panvel- Matheran road, new Panvel (E),
Taluka- Panvel, dist-Raigad
Area of operation-
PLOT NO-13, sector-01,
Panvel- Matheran road, new Panvel (E),
Taluka- Panvel, dist-Raigad
Date of registration-12TH
APRIL 2001
Registration no.-NBOM/CIDCO/HSG (OH)/1066/JTR/2001-2002
No. of member in the society- (individual):-18
Year under consideration.-2001-2002

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Cash book-
Cash book is a book of original entry in which transactions relating only
to cash receipts and payments are recorded in detail. When cash is
received it is entered on the debit or left hand side. Similarly, when cash
is paid out the same is recorded on the credit or right hand side of the
cash book.
The cash book, though it serves the purpose of a cash book of original
entry viz., cash journal really it represents the cash account of the ledger
separately bound for the sake of convenience. It is more a ledger than a
journal. It is journal as cash transactions are chronologically recorded in
it. It is a ledger as it contains a classified record of all cash transactions.
The balances of the cash book are recorded in the trial balance and the
balance sheet
Personal ledger (member of ledger) - accounting a book or a
computer document in which details of money owed to or by particular
people are recorded:
The personal ledger will contain a separate account for each supplier
and customer.
General ledger- A general ledger is an accounting ledger that provides
a list of corporate activities in a summarized report. A bookkeeper
records transactions in a ledger through journal entries. A general ledger
may have multiple subsidiary ledgers, or sub ledgers, depending on the
account as well as the company's industry and accounting procedures.

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Register of share- A list of active owners of a company's shares,
updated on an ongoing basis. The shareholder register requires that
every current shareholder be recorded. The register includes each
person's name, address and number of shares held, but can further
detail the holder's occupation and price paid. The shareholder register is
fundamental to the examination of the ownership of a company.
Stock of register- record of the particulars related to the issuance of
stock certificates to stockholders. Included are the shares issued, par
value, name and address of owner, date of issuance, shares returned,
cancelled shares, and other pertinent information.
Property or dead stock register- dead stock is record of a cooperative
stock ownership. It is kept current by recording all purchases and sales
of stock.
Nomination register- it refers to a Nominee when he is not the sole
legal heir is a Trustee, for the legal heirs of the deceased. The practice
of providing for Nomination is to ensure that the institutions (Bank,
Insurance or a Co-operative Society) know from the Nomination as to
whom to hand over the Property of the deceased on the death of the
Member etc. It is, therefore, a useful legal device to have a Nomination
to secure continuity of Membership on the Records of a Society.

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Receipt and Payment A/C- Receipt and payment account is a
summary of cash receipts and payments during the accounting period. It
records all cash receipts and cash payments including capital receipts
and revenue receipts irrespective of accounting period. All cash receipts
are recorded on debit side or receipts side and all cash payments are
recorded on credit or payments side of receipts and payments account.
Member outstanding account- it refers to Remaining or in existence.
For debt that are not yet paid for securities in the hands of investors.
Minutes book from AGM and MCM- An account where official
proceedings are recorded.
A minute book refers to a book kept by the clerk of a court for recording
a summary of all the judicial orders in a proceeding. The records are
identified by case numbers.
It also refers to a record of official actions taken at a meeting of a board
of directors or of the stockholders of a corporation.
Sinking fund- A fund into which a company sets aside money over time,
in order to retire its preferred stock, bonds or debentures In the case of
bonds, incremental payments into the sinking fund can soften the
financial impact at maturity. Investors prefer bonds and debentures
backed by sinking funds because there is less risk of a default.

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ASSET SIDE
Evaluation of Cash and Bank Balance –
Cash balance-a balance that represents cash alone, as distinct from a
balance that includes money owed but as yet unpaid
Cash at bank- The sum of all coins, currency and other unrestricted
liquid funds that have been placed on deposit with a financial institution.
Cash at bank is considered a highly liquid form of current asset, and
when reported on a business' balance sheet, it is combined with cash in
hand for accounting purposes.
Closing Cash
balance
Rs.9683 Closing bank balance
RDCC bank (chief
promoter)
Rs.4420
Abhyudaya co-op. bank Rs.23570
RDCC bank Rs.30212 58202
Evaluation of Investment
1. In finance, the purchase of a financial product or other item of value
with an expectation of favorable future returns. In general terms,
investment means the use money in the hope of making more money.
Particular Rs. Rs.
Fixed deposit 130000
Sinking fund 4000 134000

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Evaluation of Fixed Asset
An asset that is not consumed or sold during the normal course of
business, such as land, buildings, equipment, machinery, vehicles,
leasehold improvements, and other such items.
Fixed assets enable their owner to carry on its operations. In accounting,
fixed does not necessarily mean immovable; any asset expected to last,
or be in use for, more than one year is considered a fixed asset. On a
balance sheet, these assets are shown at their book value (purchase
price less depreciation).
1. It includes dead stock the amount is Rs.9273
 Depreciation is Rs.2318 @20% and written down value method is
used for depreciation.
 purchases of dead stock in a year is also included Rs.1300)
LIABILITIES SIDE
This represents financial obligations of a Housing Society other than
Members Funds. It is the amount owing to the creditors for goods or
services received or for moneys borrowed. Liabilities = Assets - Capital.
Liabilities can be divided into two categories:
(a) Current Liabilities:
These are usually paid within a period of one year and are paid out of
current assets e.g. Creditors, Bills payable, bank overdraft etc.
(b) Long term Liabilities or Fixed Liabilities: These do not become
due for payment in one year and do not require current assets for their
payment e.g. long-term loans, issue of debentures etc.

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Evaluation of Share Capital
It includes paid up share capital which is of Rs. 4500.
Evaluation of Reserve Fund and Other Fund
It includes general reserve fund which has opening balance and amount
of during the year
This fund includes sinking fund also which includes opening balance.
This fund also includes building repair and maintenance and transfer
fees also Members contribution towards land and building are also the
part of it.
 In reserve and fund it include reserve fund amount to
Rs.60770.
Current Liability and Provision
A company's debts or obligations that is due within one year. Current
liabilities appear on the company's balance sheet and include short term
debt, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other debts.

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Cooperative housing society availed them financing and collect the
recourses from following sources for example building maintenance
charges, parking charges, non occupancy charges, interest on defaulted
dues, bank interest, misc income, donation ac, interest tower rent,
accrued interest on fixed deposit.
Member maintenance charge -Amount paid by tenants for general
cleaning and maintenance of the building occupied by them.
Service charge- it is an extra charge for tenants in addition to their rent
made by landlords for communal facilities and services. Service charges
are particularly common in the supported housing sector.
Member non occupancy charge-
Non-occupancy charges should not be more than one time of service
charges. Further, if members have given their tenements to their nearest
relatives mentioned below, non-occupancy charges should not be
charged.

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The greater the amount of capital held by the cooperative, the greater its
ability to purchase more efficient technology, invest in staff training and
education and make other improvements to the running of the business.
Capital for the operation and
improvement of the cooperative
business can come from three main
sources:
a directly from members themselves
b from retained surpluses generated
by the cooperative business
c from outsiders.
A. Directly from members
Members help finance the operations and growth of the cooperative
through:
· One-time or annual membership fees
· member contributions with no individual ownership attached, such as
service fees.
· Member share capital
· individual member deposits with the cooperative which may be used for
business
· deferred payment to members for part or all of their produce delivered
to the cooperative

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B. From cooperative business surpluses
Funds created through the retention of cooperative business surpluses
that are not directly allocated to members are another important source
of cooperative capital. This is a long term source of funds since most
cooperatives’ rules allow these funds to be distributed only when a
cooperative is liquidated. Unlike loans, or individual member deposits,
the cooperative does not have to pay interest to use these funds. Of
course, retaining such funds by the cooperative also represents a cost to
the individual members who otherwise would have had that portion of
the surplus allocated to them. Members willingly accept this cost when
the benefits it creates for them are clear and worthwhile.
C. From outsiders
In addition to institutional capital and member capital, cooperatives often
make use of external sources of funds to run their operations or to
finance investments. These non-member sources of funds may include
cooperative or commercial banks, suppliers, government or donor
agencies. External funding may be provided in different ways:
· as a grant
· as a short-term loan
· as a long-term loan
· as trade credit offered by a supplier.

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Costing of co-operative housing society
Analyzing society expenses, expenses include-
Security & sweeper charge, electricity charge paid or outstanding, water
charge paid or outstanding, audit fees, repairs and maintenance charge,
repair related to sewage, civil contribution ,plumbing, property tax
payable printing and stationary expense, conveyance and travelling
expense, festival expense, building coloring expense, banking charge
telephone charge.
Bank charges:-
A fee levied on an account by a financial institution. A bank charge can
result from the account holder not maintaining a minimum balance, for
overdrafts, or from any of a wide variety of other banking activities and
actions also called bank fees.
Printing and stationary expense- it is an indirect expense which is
related to printing and other expense.
Telephone charge- it is an indirect expense which is charged for
telephone service.

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These financial ratios turn the raw financial data from the balance sheet
into information that will help you manage your business and make
knowledgeable decisions. A ratio shows the relationship between two
numbers. It is defined as the relative size of two quantities expressed as
the quotient of one divided by the other. Financial ratio analysis is
important because it is one method loan officers use to evaluate the
credit worthiness of potential borrowers. Ratio analysis is a tool to
uncover trends in a business as well as allow the comparison between
one business and another.
In the following section, four financial ratios that can be computed from a
balance sheet are examined:
Liquidity Analysis Ratios
• Current Ratio
• Quick Ratio
• Working Capital
• Debt/Worth Ratio
Current Ratio
The current ratio (or liquidity ratio) is a measure of financial strength. The
number of times
current assets exceed current liabilities is a valuable expression of a
business’ solvency. Here
is the formula to compute the current ratio:

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A current ratio can be improved by either increasing current assets or
decreasing current liabilities.
This can take the form of the following:
• Paying down debt.
• Acquiring a loan (payable in more than one year’s time).
• Selling a fixed asset.
• Putting profits back into the business
Quick Ratio
The quick ratio is also called the “acid test” ratio. It is a measure of a
company’s liquidity. The
quick ratio looks only at a company’s most liquid assets and divides
them by current liabilities.
Here is the formula for the quick ratio:
The assets considered to be “quick” assets are cash, stocks and bonds,
and accounts receivable (all of the current assets on the balance sheet,
except inventory). The quick ratio is an acid test of whether or not a
business can meet its obligations if adverse conditions occur. Generally,
quick ratios between .50 and 1 are considered satisfactory as long as
the collection of receivables is not expected to slow.

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Working Capital
Working capital should always be a positive number. It is used by
lenders to evaluate a company’s ability to weather hard times. Often,
loan agreements specify a level of working capital that the borrower
must maintain.
The current ratio, quick ratio and working capital are all measures of a
company’s liquidity. In general, the higher these ratios are, the better for
the business and the higher degree of liquidity.
Debt/Worth Ratio
The debt/worth ratio (or leverage ratio) is an indicator of a business’
solvency. It is a measure of how dependent a company is on debt
financing (or borrowings) as compared to owner’s equity. It shows how
much of a business is owned and how much is owed.
Capital Structure Analysis Ratios
Debt equity ratio- Debt-to-Equity ratio is the ratio of total liabilities of a
business to its shareholders' equity. It is a leverage ratio and it measures
the degree to which the assets of the business are financed by the debts
and the shareholders' equity of a business.

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Bar diagram of income
in income and expenditure statement

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Pie chart of expenditure
in income and expenditure statement

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I conclude based upon the data in my project I have learned what is
cooperative housing society and there are many advantages and
disadvantages in cooperative housing society. Though the main aim of
these cooperative housing society is not to earn profit but still they are
interested in knowing whether their current income is more than the
current expenses or not. They are also keen in knowing the financial
position of their concern. Co-operative Societies are not charitable
societies. They carry on Economic Activities. The profit is not the motive
but the proper accounts need to be maintained and presented before the
members for their approval in the Annual General Body meeting.
While doing this project I learn how to register the cooperative housing
society, step involve while registering a society. While studying the
auditing report of two year 2010 and 2011 and making project on a Hari
leela cooperative housing society was also a knowledgeable experience
for me.

Cost accounting

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