CULTIVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS.pdf

CULTIVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS.pdf

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  CULTIVATION Cultivation is theprocess of growing plants by providing all the necessary requirements. It involves convergence of various pharmaceutical and environmental factors like : - Rainfall - Irrigation - Fertilisation - Pests - Humidity - Light - Temperature
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  METHODS OF CULTIVATION/ PROPAGATION (SEED PROPAGATION) SEXUAL METHOD ( VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION) ASEXUAL METHOD
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  SEXUAL METHOD Also called “SeedPropagation”. In this method seedlings are obtained, i.e. plants developed from seeds.
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  METHODS OF SEEDPROPAGATION BROADCASTING In this method small seeds are scattered in well prepared soil for cultivation. Example - Linseed DIBBLING In this method average size seeds are shown in holes made in the soil. Example – Castor seeds MISCELLANEOUS In this method plant are shown in nursery beds. Example - Clove
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  ADVANTAGES OF SEED PROPAGATION Seedlings are cheaperand can be easily developed Long lived plants and bear large number of fruits DISADVANTAGE S OF SEED PROPAGATION Take longer time to grow and bear fruits Harvesting is costlier and require more spraying of pesticides
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  ASEXUAL METHOD Also called “Vegetative propagation”. It can be defined as regeneration or formation of a new individual from any vegetative part of the plant.
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  METHODS OF VEGETATIVEPROPAGATION CUTTING Cut the root or stem from parent plant ^ Put it into moist soil ^ Which grow into new plant Example – Sugarcane LAYERING Select the branch attached to the parent plant ^ Pegged it down into the ground cove with soil ^ When it will rooted , remove it and plant it anywhere. Example - Rose GRAFTING Choose two plants closely related to each other ^ Take rooted part of one plant called “stock” and upper part of another plant called “scion or graft” by cutting it ^ Grab both of them on one another , as they grow together Example - Mango BUDDING Same as the grafting ^ Single bud from scion is taken ^ As bud and stock grow together and bud become part of new plant Example - Apple
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  ADVANTAGES OF VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION Easy, cheapand rapid methods The plant grow is similar to its source plant DISADVANTAGES OF VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION Not long lived Degeneration of species due to lack of sexual stimulus
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  COLLECTION OF DRUGS Aftersufficient growth , the plant should be collected at specific time period to get best quality of products. COLLECTION OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF PLANTS - Leaf and flowering tops - Flowers - Barks - Fruits - Roots - Resins , Gums , Lattices
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  COLLECTION OF DIFFERENTPARTS OF PLANTS Leaf and flowering tops – are collected before their maturity ( i.e. flowering stage). EXAMPLE - digitalis , senna etc. Flowering – are collected in the morning hours of dry weather during pollination or before their full expansion. Example – Saffron , clove buds etc. Bark – are collected in spring or early summer. Example – Cinnamon etc. Fruits – are collected either ripe or half ripe, fully grown. Example – coriander , cardamon etc. Roots – are collected in spring before the vegetative process stops. Example – Rhizomes etc. RESINS , GUMS AND LATTICES – These unorganized drugs are collected when it gets drip out of the plants. Example – Acacia, gum etc.
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  PROCESSING AND STORAGEOF DRUGS ➢Harvesting ➢Washing ➢Drying ➢Garbling (dressing) ➢Packing ➢Storage
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  Processing and storageof drug ▪ HARVESTING – It is a process of cutting and gathering of drugs . - Care should be taken to ensure that no foreign matter , weeds or toxic plants are mixed with the harvested drug plants . Techniques of Harvesting i. Binders ii. Seed Stripper iii. Beating with bamboo iv. Brushing v. Handled forks vi. Mowers vii. Reaping Machines
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  Processing and storageof drugs ▪ DRYING – It involve removal of sufficient moisture from the crude drug for obtaining a good quality finished products. Types of drying i. Natural drying – sun drying or shed drying. ii. Artificial drying – dried by using dryers. • Tray dryers • Vacuum dryers • Spray dryers ▪ GARBLING – In this all extra undesirable materials i.e. sand , dirt and foreign organic parts removed from drugs. ▪ PACKING – During packaging of drugs , their morphological and chemical nature , uses and effects of climatic conditions during transportation and storage should be considered. ▪ STORAGE – The physical and chemical properties are well known in order to store/preserve them. - Well closed containers should be used.
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  FACTORS AFFECTING CULTIVATION OFMEDICINAL PLANTS ALTITUDE TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY SOIL LIGHT RAINFALL OR IRRIGATION FERTILIZERS AND MANNURES PESTS AND PEST CONTROLS
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  Factors affecting cultivationof medicinal plants ❑ ALTITUDE – It is height of plant from see level. - Examples – Plants Altitude (meters) Tea 1000-1500 Cinchona 1000-2000 Camphor 1500-2000 ❑ TEMPERATURE – Extremely high as well as low temperature disturbs the quality of medicinal plants. Examples – Camphor and coffee cannot grow favourably at extreme low temperature. Plant Temperature ( degree F ) Coffee 55-70 Tea 70-90 ❑ HUMIDITY – If the humidity is extremely high or low, the plant growth is not favourable. - Example – Saffron needs only cold climate. ❑ LIGHT – It influences photosynthesis, opening and closing of stomata, flowering, plant movements. - Example – If plant do not get enough light; leaves turn yellow, shrink and stem become weak.
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  Factors affecting cultivationof medicinal plants ❑ RAINFALL AND IRRIGATION – Sufficient amount of water is required for the growth of plant according to their need. - some plants require very less amount of water, examples – aloe, acacia. ❑ FERTILIZERS – Fertilizers are added to the soil to supply nutrients for the growth of plants. - Examples – Chemical fertilizer – Urea Biofertilizer – blue green algae ❑ MANURES – Manures are plant and animal wastes used as plant nutrient source. - Example – Cow dung ❑ SOIL – It provide mechanical support, water, and essential nutrients for the development of plants. - The soil condition i.e. soil type, moisture retention, fertility, pH should be maintained as per selected medicinal plants.
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  Factors affecting cultivationof medicinal plants ❑ PESTS AND PEST CONTROL – Pests are undesirable plant and animal species. - Due to presence of pests, plants loss nutrients, water etc. ➢ Types of pests :- ▪ Fungi ▪ Virus ▪ Insects ▪ Weeds ❑ Pest control methods :- ➢ Mechanical method – These method involve collection and destruction of pests. - Hand-picking, burning and trapping of pests are some of the simple methods. ➢ Agriculture method – These method involve advanced techniques of plant breeding. ➢ Biological method – These methods involve combating the pests, mostly the insects with other ➢ living organisms. ➢ Chemical method – These methods involve controlling pests by using chemical pesticides. - Examples – Insecticides, fungicides, herbicides.