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Data Collection and Sampling Techniques Demo ppt.pptx
- 1. Data Collection and SamplingTechnique
- 2. INTRODUCTION Different methods forgathering information regarding specific variables of the study aiming to employ them in the data analysis phase to achieve the results of the study, gain the answer of the research questions or test the hypotheses are referred to as data collection. Data collection and sampling techniques as a main stage in research can overshadow the quality of achieving results by decreasing the possible errors which may occur during a research project.
- 3. ∞ Identify thetype of data collection method to be used in different studies/researches. ∞ Apply the appropriate sampling technique during data collection
- 4. Qualitative Data This typeof data answers to "how and why" questions in a research study and mostly covers data regarding feelings, perceptions, and emotions using unstructured approaches such as interviews for data collection. Quantitative Data Numerical data which is mathematically generated and computed. Types of Data
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- 6. PRIMARY DATA Data thatis not published yet and is the first-hand information which is not changed by any individual is known as primary data. Using primary sources, helps to gain high-quality data which can improve results, and you also have the opportunity to add further data when required during the research procedures. To achieve primary data, different sources can be used such as experiments, surveys, interviews, and questionnaires.
- 7. SECONDARY DATA Secondary datais the data gathered from published sources meaning that the data is already gathered by someone else for another reason and can be used for other purposes in a research as well. There are different sources of secondary data such as records, books, research articles, and internet articles.
- 8. PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION Primarydata collection is based on the processes by which you gather data yourself for your purpose of study and no one has access to use this data until it is published and both qualitative and quantitative approaches are used for this purpose.
- 9. QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD The questionnaireis one of the common devices for collecting information and a form or instrument including a set of questions and secure answers that respondents (from a specific population) fill to give the researcher information needed for the study.
- 10. In interviews, asa fundamental way of social interaction, questions are asked and data is collected using provided answers and it is in contrast to the questionnaire with indirectly collected data methodology. There are different ways to record interviews including paper-based, self-reports, and tape-record interviews, etc. Researchers rely on interviews, generally, when they face complex or sensitive concepts and need detailed and high-status information.
- 11. FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION(FGD) Mixture of interviewing and observation. This method is used to discover human behavior, attitudes, and respondents facing a particular concept. This in-depth field method gathers a group of individuals, normally between 6-12 people in each group, commonly with a shared characteristic such as sex, age, and educational status to discuss a specific study field.
- 12. OBSERVATIONAL METHOD In thesetechniques, first-hand data is gathered through the observation of events, behaviors, interactions, processes, etc. directly to obtain an understanding of the concepts. Generally, observation helps the researcher to find out what is going on in the surrounding environment; however, as a data collection method, it is further than just listening and looking. This method includes an engagement with the setting, a clear expression of the events, technical improvisations, high attention, and good recording.
- 13. A survey simplyis an appropriate method to determine feelings, opinions, and thoughts. They can provide a large volume of data using telephone calls, emails, or face-to-face interviews. Overall, in both formative and summative phases of a study, surveys are useful when it is required to collect information from a large target population, and detailed and in-depth data are not necessary in the project.
- 14. CASE STUDIES Case studiesgive you the opportunity to investigate issues deeply and descriptively. It covers different concepts ranging from individual(s) to organizations and sectors when the number of sites is small. As they develop a real-world context by observing what happens there and also interviewing the participants, they can help the researcher to study the site precisely and obtain deep explorations.
- 15. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD In thismethod, the researcher can create a research situation, choose the participants and manipulate the independent variables (often limited and small numbers) which can affect a dependent one and explore how they overshadow the dependent variable.
- 16. DIARIES These self-administered questionnaires askparticipants to fill out the forms in two different situations. First, event-based ones ask to fill in when something happens. The second type is known as time-based diaries which should be filled at a particular time frame or interval.
- 17. MEMO MOTION STUDY Thismethod is also known as spaced-shot photography, and uses a camera to analyze a long process. As a tool of time, it uses film material for study purposes. Nowadays, this technique is used commonly, as many of the current settings can address the required conditions.
- 18. TIME AND MOTIONSTUDY This method uses different techniques and standards to simplify the industrial processes, improve employees' motivation, and gain better efficiency. For this purpose, you need to look at your activities well and find the areas which can improve to gain higher efficiency.
- 19. SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION Thesecondary data is defined as the data gathered from published sources. Secondary data are gathered using secondary data methods. This gathered data can be from both qualitative sources such as interview reports and quantitative sources data such as the census.
- 20. • Books • PublishedPrinted Sources • Journals/Periodicals • Magazines/Newspapers • Published Electronic Sources • E-Journals • General Websites • Weblogs • Government Records
- 21. Is there anyquestion?
- 22. SAMPLING Taking a subsetfrom chosen sampling frame or entire population is called sampling. Sampling can be used to make inference about a population or to make generalization in relation to existing theory. In essence, this depends on choice of sampling technique.
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- 24. PROBABILITY SAMPLING Probability samplingmeans that every item in the population has an equal chance of being included in sample. One way to undertake random sampling would be if researcher was to construct a sampling frame first and then used a random number generation computer program to pick a sample from the sampling frame.
- 25. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING The simplerandom sample means that every case of the population has an equal probability of inclusion in sample.
- 26. Systematic sampling iswhere every nth case after a random start is selected. For example, if surveying a sample of consumers, every fifth consumer may be selected from your sample. The advantage of this sampling technique is its simplicity.
- 27. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING Stratifiedsampling is where the population is divided into strata (or subgroups) and a random sample is taken from each subgroup. Stratified sampling is often used where there is a great deal of variation within a population. Its purpose is to ensure that every stratum is adequately represented.
- 28. CLUSTER SAMPLING Cluster samplingis where the whole population is divided into clusters or groups. Subsequently, a random sample is taken from these clusters, all of which are used in the final sample. Cluster sampling is advantageous for those researchers whose subjects are fragmented over large geographical areas as it saves time and money.
- 29. MULTI-STAGE SAMPLING Multi-stage samplingis a process of moving from a broad to a narrow sample, using a step by step process. The main purpose of multi- stage sampling is to select samples which are concentrated in a few geographical regions.
- 30. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING Non probabilitysampling is often associated with case study research design and qualitative research. With regards to the latter, case studies tend to focus on small samples and are intended to examine a real life phenomenon, not to make statistical inferences in relation to the wider population.
- 31. QUOTA SAMPLING Quota samplingis a non-random sampling technique in which participants are chosen on the basis of predetermined characteristics so that the total sample will have the same distribution of characteristics as the wider population.
- 32. SNOWBALL SAMPLING Snowball samplingis a non-random sampling method that uses a few cases to help encourage other cases to take part in the study, thereby increasing sample size. This approach is most applicable in small populations that are difficult to access due to their closed nature, e.g. secret societies and inaccessible professions.
- 33. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING Convenience samplingis selecting participants because they are often readily and easily available. Typically, convenience sampling tends to be a favored sampling technique among students as it is inexpensive and an easy option compared to other sampling techniques. Convenience sampling often helps to overcome many of the limitations associated with research.
- 34. PURPOSIVE or JUDGEMENTAL SAMPLING Purposiveor judgmental sampling is a strategy in which particular settings persons or events are selected deliberately in order to provide important information that cannot be obtained from other choices. It is where the researcher includes cases or participants in the sample because they believe that they warrant inclusion.
- 35. Is there anyquestion?
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- 37. Determine the followingif it is Primary Data (PD) or Secondary Data (SD). 1. Magazines 2. Experiment 3. Survey 4. Books
- 38. Determine the followingif it is Probability Sampling (PS) or Non Probability Sampling (NPS). 5. Quota Sampling 6. Systematic Sampling 7. Convenience Sampling
- 39. 8-10. Give at leastthree primary data collection method.
- 40. ASSIGNMENT 1. What haveyou learned about the lesson “Data Collection and Sampling Technique.” 2. Which do you think is the easiest method in data collection? Why? Which is the hardest? Why?
- 41.