Data Definition Language (DDL)
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Data definition language (DDL) statements are used to create, alter, and drop schema objects like tables, indexes, views etc. DDL statements also grant and revoke privileges, analyze objects, add comments, and establish auditing options. Common DDL statements include CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE, and RENAME. DDL statements require exclusive access to objects and implicitly commit transactions before and after execution.
Data Definition Language (DDL)
- 1. Data Definition Language (DDL) Statements Mohd Tousif Data definition language (DDL) statements enable you to perform these tasks: Create, alter, and drop schema objects Grant and revoke privileges and roles Analyze information on a table, index, or cluster Establish auditing options Add comments to the data dictionary The CREATE; ALTER and DROP commands require exclusive access to the specified object. For example, an ALTER TABLE statement fails if another user has an open transaction on the specified table. The GRANT, REVOKE, ANALYZE, AUDIT, and COMMENT commands do not require exclusive access to the specified object. For example, you can analyze a table while other users are updating the table. Oracle implicitly commits the current transaction before and after every DDL statement. Many DDL statements may cause Oracle to recompile or reauthorize schema objects. DDL Statements are CREATE : Use to create objects like CREATE TABLE, CREATE FUNCTION, CREATE SYNONYM, CREATE VIEW. Etc. ALTER : Use to Alter Objects like ALTER TABLE, ALTER USER, ALTER TABLESPACE, ALTER DATABASE. Etc. DROP : Use to Drop Objects like DROP TABLE, DROP USER, DROP TABLESPACE, DROP FUNCTION. Etc.
- 2. REPLACE : Use to rename table names. TRUNCATE : Use to truncate (delete all rows) a table. Create To create tables, views, synonyms, sequences, functions, procedures, packages etc. Example To create a table, you can give the following statement create table emp (empno number(5) primary key, name varchar2(20), sal number(10,2), job varchar2(20), mgr number(5), Hiredate date, comm number(10,2)); Now suppose you have emp table. now you want to create a TAX table with the following structure and also insert rows of those employees whose salary is above 5000. Tax Empno Tax Number(5) Number(10,2) To do this we can first create TAX table by defining column names and datatypes and then use INSERT into EMP SELECT …. statement to insert rows from emp table like given below. create table tax (empno number(5), tax number(10,2)); insert into tax select empno,(sal-5000)*0.40 from emp where sal > 5000;
- 3. Instead of executing the above two statements the same result can be achieved by giving a single CREATE TABLE AS statement. create table tax as select empno,(sal-5000)*0.4 as tax from emp where sal>5000 You can also use CREATE TABLE AS statement to create copies of tables. Like to create a copy EMP table as EMP2 you can give the following statement. create table emp2 as select * from emp; To copy tables without rows i.e. to just copy the structure give the following statement create table emp2 as select * from emp where 1=2; Temporary Tables (From Oracle Ver. 8i) It is also possible to create a temporary table. The definition of a temporary table is visible to all sessions, but the data in a temporary table is visible only to the session that inserts the data into the table. You use the CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE statement to create a temporary table. The ON COMMIT keywords indicate if the data in the table is transaction-specific(the default) or session-specific: ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS specifies that the temporary table is transaction specific and Oracle truncates the table (delete all rows) after each commit. ON COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS specifies that the temporary table is session specific and Oracle truncates the table when you terminate the session. This example creates a temporary table that is transaction specific: CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE taxable_emp (empno number(5), ename varchar2(20), sal number(10,2), tax number(10,2)) ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS; Indexes can be created on temporary tables. They are also temporary and the data in the index has the same session or transaction scope as the data in the underlying table. Alter Use the ALTER TABLE statement to alter the structure of a table. Examples:
- 4. To add new columns addr, city, pin, ph, fax to employee table you can give the following statement alter table emp add (addr varchar2(20), city varchar2(20), pin varchar2(10),ph varchar2(20)); To modify the datatype and width of a column. For example we you want to increase the length of the column ename from varchar2(20) to varchar2(30) then give the following command. ALTER table emp modify (ename varchar2(30)) To decrease the width of a column the column can be decreased up to largest value it holds. ALTER table emp modify (ename varchar2(15)); The above is possible only if you are using Oracle ver 8i and above. In Oracle 8.0 and 7.3 you cannot decrease the column width directly unless the column is empty. To change the datatype, column must be empty in All Oracle Versions. To drop columns From Oracle Ver. 8i you can drop columns directly it was not possible in previous versions. For example to drop PIN, CITY columns from emp table. ALTER table emp drop column (pin, city); Remember you cannot drop the column if the table is having only one column. If the column you want to drop is having primary key constraint on it then you have to give cascade constraint clause. ALTER table emp2 drop column (empno) cascade constraints; To drop columns in previous versions of Oracle8.0 and 7.3 and to change the column name in all Oracle versions do the following.
- 5. For example we want to drop pin and city columns and to change SAL column name to SALARY. Step 1: Create a temporary table with desired columns using subquery. CREATE TABLE temp as select empno, ename, sal AS salary, addr, ph from emp; Step 2: Drop the original table. DROP table emp; Step 3: Rename the temporary table to the original table. RENAME temp to emp; Rename Use the RENAME statement to rename a table, view, sequence, or private synonym for a table, view, or sequence. Oracle automatically transfers integrity constraints, indexes, and grants on the old object to the new object. Oracle invalidates all objects that depend on the renamed object, such as views, synonyms, and stored procedures and functions that refer to a renamed table. Example To rename table emp2 to employee2 you can give the following command. RENAME emp2 to employee2 Drop Use the drop statement to drop tables, functions, procedures, packages, views, synonym, sequences, tablespaces etc. Example The following command drops table emp2
- 6. DROP table emp2; If emp2 table is having primary key constraint, to which other tables refer to, then you have to first drop referential integrity constraint and then drop the table. Or if you want to drop table by dropping the referential constraints then give the following command DROP table emp2 cascade constraints; Truncate Use the Truncate statement to delete all the rows from table permanently. It is same as “DELETE FROM <table_name>” except Truncate does not generate any rollback data hence, it cannot be roll backed. If any delete triggers are defined on the table. Then the triggers are not fired It de-allocates free extents from the table. So that the free space can be use by other tables. Example TRUNCATE table emp; If you do not want free space and keep it with the table. Then specify the REUSE storage clause like this TRUNCATE table emp reuse storage;