Data processing and report writing

Data processing
 The data after collection ,have to processed and
analysed in accordance with the outline laid down
for purpose at time of developing research plan.

Processing of data
Processing of data includes the following steps
 Editing the data
 Coding of data
 Classification of data
 Tabulation of data
Editing
Coding
Classification
Tabulation

Editing the Data
 It is careful scrutiny of data to insure that the data
are is accurate and eliminate errors as far as
possible.
 Following are the points taken into account for
editing the data
Completeness
Accuracy
Uniformity

 It refers to the process of assigning numerals or
other symbols to answers so response can be put into
a limited number of category.
 This is helpful when sample size is large and
question consists large no of sub-items
 Coding decisions are considered while developing
or designing the questionnaire or any other data
collection tool.
 Coding can be done manually or through
computer.
Coding of Data

 Example:
Category Code
Illiterate 1
Able to read 2
Able to read and write 3
Upto primary 4
Upto primary 5
College and above 6

 After editing and coding is over , the process of
classifying or grouping of data starts,
 Classification is done naturally according to
similarity or sameness of replies
Classification of Data
Classification
Quantitative Qualitative

Quantitative :
Example: Age Groups,
Qualitative :
Example: Very efficient leader
Efficient leader
Inefficient leader
AGE GROUPS
20-35
36-50
51-65

 According to L.R. Corner
“ Tabulation is the orderly and systematic
presentation of numerical data in a form
designed to elucidate the problem under
consideration”
 Simply saying It is concise , logical & orderly
arrangement of data in a columns & rows
Tabulation of Data

OBJECTIVE OF TABULATION:
1. Conserves space & minimizes explanation and
descriptive statements.
2. Facilitates process of comparison and
summarization.
3. Facilitates detection of errors and omissions.
4. Establish the basis of various statistical
computations.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF TABULATION:
1. Tables should be clear, concise & adequately titled.
2. Every table should be distinctly numbered for easy
reference.
3. Column headings & row headings of the table should
be clear & brief.
4. Units of measurement should be specified at
appropriate places.
5. Explanatory footnotes concerning the table should be
placed at appropriate places.
6. Source of information of data should be clearly
indicated.

 DEFINITION-: Analysis mean the categorising ,ordering ,
manipulating , & summarizing of data to obtain answers to
research question
Analysis of data can be done in following ways as below:
1.Percentage analysis:
The simplest analysis is to work out the percentage for
different items of a sample table
Example : Analyzing how much percentage of farmers
have adopted a particular new practice
Analysis of data

2.Statistical analysis:
The most useful , meaningful, scientific and acceptable
method of analysis of data is to use different statistical
methods
Example: Analysing the performance of farmers
based on statistical tools like standard deviation,
mean etc,
 The hypothesis testing techniques are divided into
two broad categories:
1. Parametric Tests.
2. Non- Parametric Tests.

3.Gross tabulation
An important part of this analysis is to find out the
relationship between the different variables which will give
meaningful beginning of the study.
Example: Independent variables Vs dependent variables
Independent/dependent
variables
knowledge Achievement
motivation
Age
education

 After the analysis of data, the next stage is the
interpretation of data. Explaining what are the
findings of the study or research indicate is known as
interpretation.
 While interpreting the date the researcher need not
simply explain what is found in the data which can be
understood by the reader just by looking the tables
Interpretation of data

Example :
S.no Ownership
Improved practices
Improved seed Plant protection measures
1. Owner 31.42 32.38
2. Non- owner 34.66 33.33
•Explaining about percentages is not good way of
interpretation
•Interpretation can be that there is no relationship
between ownership of Radio and awareness of
improved practices through farm broadcast

 In simple terms report is a statement of facts presented
in an objective manner
 A report is the principal medium for primary
communication
Scientific report Technical report
This a report which contains
relevant adequate and logically
arranged scientific information
presented in specific format
Eg: thesis
Technical report is a report
which contains about technical
subjects and the associated
areas

 Report writing is a oral or written presentation of evidence and
the findings in such detailed form so as to be readily understood
and assessed by the Reader-Anonymous
 A research report is the ultimate output of research process

 Basically the reports may be divided as follows
Report Example
Comprehensive report Thesis ,dissertation
Reports for lay
audience/summary report
Popular articles published in
magazine /newspaper
Reports for administrators
/policy seekers
Project report,annual reports
Reports for sponsers Project reports,case studies
Reports for academicians Thesis,research
papers,synopsis

 Beautiful and attractive
 Simple clear and acceptable
 Reasonable and scientific analysis of facts
 Sources narrated
 Difficulties problems and demerits are worth
mentioning
 Unbiased ,constructive and useful suggestions

1.Logical analysis of the subject matter:-
• Primarily concerned with the development of a subject.
• There are two ways in which to develop a subject:
 (a) logically:
 (b) chronologically:

2.Preparation of the final outline :
•Outlines are the framework upon which long written works are
constructed.
•They are an aid to the logical organization of the material and a
reminder of the points to be stressed in the report.”
3. Preparationofthe roughdraft
•This follows the logical analysis of the subject and the preparation
of the final outline.
•Such a step is of utmost importance for the researcher now sits to
write down what he has done in the context of his research study.

4. Rewriting and polishing ofthe roughdraft.
•This step happens to be most difficult part of all formal writing.
•“In addition the researcher should give due attention to fact that in
his rough draft he has been consistent or not. He should the
mechanics of writing- grammer, spelling and usage.
5. Preparation of the final bibliography:-
•Next in order come the task of the preparation of the final
bibliography.
•The bibliography should be arranged alphabetically.

6.Writing the final draft:-
• The final draft should be written in a concise and
objectives style and in simple language.
• Avoiding vague expression such as a “it seems”, “ there
may be “, and the like once.
• Must add to the knowledge of both the researcher and the
reader.

 A dissertation on a particular subject in which one has
done original research, as one presented by a candidate
for a diploma or degree.

Parts of
thesis
Preliminary
material
Body of
report
Supporting
material

Division of Thesis
Broad division Individual section
Preliminaries
Title page ,certificates ,acknowledgement,
table of contents, list of tables & figures ,
glossary, abbreviations and acronyms
Body of report
Introduction
Review of literature
Methodology
Results and discussion
Conclusion
Supplementary Material
References and bibliography
Appendices

Data processing and report writing

 Paper :
White bond paper of A4 size (215x273 mm) should be used.
 Typing :
Type characters shall be 12 point with Times New Roman
Font. One side of the paper shall be used for printing and
typing.
 Margins :
The left side margins shall be of 4 cm wide and the top,
bottom and right side shall be 2 cm wide
 Spacing :
A spacing of 1.5 lines shall be used in type script except for
quotations of footnotes where single line spacing can be used.
Spacing in Abstract should be in single line space.

18 point
18 point
18 point
14 point
14 point

The format of title page consists of following parts:
Title
Purpose of thesis
Name of researcher
Department
University
Enrolment number
Year of submission
Title page should be symmetrically and logically laid out

Title
Name of
researcher
Purpose of thesis
Department
Year of
submission
University

18 point
18 point
14 point
14 point
18 point
16 point
h-4.43, w-4.38
14 point
14 point
14 point
14 point

Guidelines about writing title of thesis:
 Title should indicate the concept, contents and scope of
the study
 Do not include in title of abbreviations & scientific
names in brackets etc
 Never start title title with A , An , The To.
 Standard scientific and correct terminology be used

 Three certificate namely
a) Students declaration
b) Certificate of guide about the bonafide nature of
research are given in preliminaries
c) Approval Sheet : This is to prove that the authors have
passed the requirements needed for the thesis. This is
signed by the researcher advisory committee

 This is a page focused on expressing gratitude to
organizations, agencies or individuals who, in one way
or another, have aided the researchers in finishing the
thesis.
 It should be in present tense

 The table of contents is essentially a topic outline of
the thesis.
 It is compiled by listing the headings in the thesis down
to whichever level you choose.

• Include a list of figures (illustrations) and a list of tables
if you have one or more items in these categories.
• Use a separate page for each list.
• List the number, caption, and page number of every
figure and table in the body of the thesis.

Body
of
report
Introduction
Review of
literature
Materials
and
methods
Results
and
discussio
ns
Summary
and
conclusions

INTRODUCTION
• The first chapter of your thesis is your Introduction.
• This is where you provide an introduction to the topic of your
thesis: you give the context in terms of content of the research
project
• Background information
• Importance and need of study
• Objectives of study
• Hypothesis or assumptions
• Scope and limitations of study
FORMAT OF INTRODUCTION

 The background information contains about meanings,
definitions, concepts, contexts to the subject under study,
evidences supported by statistical data, past research
findings ,and so on
 Answer to the question , why ? Of the study is expected
here. Why the study has been undertaken ? Needs to be
justified
Background information
Importance of study

Example for Importance of study

 Objectives gives specific directions to the investigations
hence must be well defined
 They are two types
a)general objectives
b)specific objectives
 As the objectives of the study are already set before the
study is conducted the same to be stated in report
 The statement of objective always begin with “T0”
Objectives of study

A STUDY ON THE FUNCTIONING OF REVISED RAWE PROGRAMME IN ANGRAU,
ANDHRA PRADESH
General objective:
 To study the functioning of revised rawe programme in Angrau,
Andhra pradesh
Specific objectives:
•To know the profile characteristics of the RAWEP students.
•To study the opinions of the students and functionaries of RAWEP.
•To find out the extent of participation of students in the activities of RAWEP.
•To study the relationship between the profile characteristics of RAWEP
students with their opinions and extent of participation.
•To elicit the constraints and suggestions of the RAWEP students and
functionaries associated with RAWEP.
•To arrive at the constructive strategies for effective implementation of
RAWEP.

 Scope indicates the length and breadth of the study
research design, the areas variables, respondents
covered, in brief and scope of methodology and
study.
 Limitations indicate the reasons and casual factors
responsible for limiting the scope ,objectives, and
methodology of the study
Scope and limitations

Scope of study:
 To know the extent to which both the students and functionaries of the
SAUs perceive the objectives of RAWEP as achieved. It identifies the profile
characteristics affecting the participation of students in RAWEP and the
opinions of students and functionaries of RAWEP. It also identifies the
constraints and suggestions of the RAWEP students and functionaries
associated with RAWEP and finally arrive at the constructive strategies for
effective implementation of RAWEP.
Limitations of study
Being a research study conducted by the student researcher, it has usual
limitations like-
 The study has the limitation of time, finance and resources available at the
disposal of the student researcher.
 The objectivity of the study is limited to the honesty exhibited by students and
functionaries of RAWEP.
A STUDY ON THE FUNCTIONING OF REVISED RAWE PROGRAMME IN ANGRAU,
ANDHRA PRADESH

 Review of literature means identification ,reading
,comprehension, and understanding and use of literature
,relevant to aspects to be dealt in research study
 Sources of information
Textbooks
Research journals
Thesis
Magazines
Internet ,newspaper etc.

 This chapter gives a brief description of the methods
and procedures followed in the study.
 It deals with the methodology of research adopted for
the present investigation, which includes research
design, sampling procedure, empirical measurement of
variables, collection of data and statistical tools used.

The research methodology followed is described
under the following heads:
 Research design
 Sampling procedure
 Operationalization of variables and their empirical
measurement
 Devices and methods used for collection of data
 Statistical tools used for analysis of data

 Result is a statement of facts based on systematically
analyzed and tabulated data.
 Results are preferably presented in three ways
1) tabulated data
2) interpretation of tabulated data
3) graphical representation

TYPES OF PRSENTATION OF RESULTS
Tabulation means systematic analysis and presentation of
data in logical sequence in rows and columns
Format of table:
1.Table number- written as table 1 , table 2 etc on the top of table at left hand
corner
2.Title of table: appropriate and self explanatory title should be given afetr table
number
3.Body of table: divided in rows and columns
4.Foot notes : given at bottom of table

Interpretation is drawing appropriate and logical
meaning and providing systematic explanation to the
tabulated data
Interpretation of data

Diagrams and graphs are useful for easy form of the
results of investigation’
Format:

Discussion chapter deals with the discussions of
findings .In other words means finding out the
justification

 Summary is an abridged form of main report, which
includes all aspects of study in shortened form.
 Major findings are also stated and at end of each
statement of findings principle conclusions are given
 Note :
a)Tables and figures not included in summary
b)Should not exceed 300-350 words
c)Written in past tense

 Appendix is the supplementary part of thesis which
includes all such information which do not form the part
of main text, but necessary
 The appendix may include:
-tools of data collection
-details about statistical methods and experimental
procedures
 Appendix may be numbered as A, B,C OR I,II,III and son
an listed at end in table of contents

Data processing and report writing

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