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Data survey design for Urban Planning
The document outlines essential data collection methodologies and techniques necessary for urban and regional planning in 2022, including primary and secondary data sources, types of surveys, and the design of questionnaires. It emphasizes the importance of thorough data categorization, sampling strategies, and indicators to better understand land utilization, socio-economic features, and infrastructure requirements. Ultimately, the information collected is intended to support informed decision-making for city and regional development.
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Data survey design for Urban Planning
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- 2. Data required forurban and regional planning To plan a city/region, we require base data on which information extrapolation & decisions may happen. Hence, Identify ‘data needed’, and Identify ‘needs of data’ collection Data needed Data Checklist 1. List of major topics with priorities 2. List of major information needed and perceived outcome 3. Break down each topic into sub-topics 4. Identify likely information sources Needs of data collection methodology 1. Primary data collection 2. Secondary data collection
- 3. Data sources Secondary Primary 1.Published documents i. Govt documents ii. Journals and magazines iii. Newspapers iv. Blogs and other internet sources v. GIS data 2. Unpublished documents i. Govt records ii. Toposheets iii. Unpublished research works like college thesis/ reports 1. Reconnaissance survey/ visual survey: this is quick overview of area 2. Inspection: direct visual inspection by surveyor 3. Personal interview: face-to-face, telephonic, google-sheet. It needs a questionnaire. 4. Self-survey: It needs a questionnaire to be sent via mail or email or internet. Response collection is not immediate.
- 4. Primary survey techniques 1.Reconnaissance / visual survey: • Familiarize with area • Initial impression of social and physical impression of area • Identify selected areas for further investigation • Generate points for crisping out checklist
- 5. Primary survey techniques 2.Inspection survey: A) Direct : • Observe traffic count/ situation • Observe housing quality • Observe economic activity • Observe social parameters, etc. B) Indirect: Clubbing of directly observed ‘indicators’ to generate area’s possible ‘proxy’. For e.g. housing condition + plot sizes + no. & types of vehicles + consumer goods = income range
- 6. Primary survey techniques 3.Personal interview/ Dialogue: A questionnaire is designed beforehand at appropriate scale: Nominal Scale : Yes or No Ordinal Scale : Possible options or multiple choice questions Interval Scale : Range/ intervals like age group or income group A. Structured questions are precise and one-way B. Semi-structure survey is a two-way information flow. It’s an informal dialogue in which the surveyor might receive new information from respondent/s. however, it depends on; i. Behavioural factors of surveyor and respondents ii. Questions not to be ambiguous or long iii. Managing conversation and seeking pin-point answers iv. Judging responses without bias v. Recording interview vi. Avoiding errors vii. Cross-checking with other respondents
- 7. Primary survey techniques 3.Focused Group Discussion (FGD): • It’s a qualitative data collection and research technique • Can happen before designing the questionnaire or after having physically surveyed data. • Homogenous groups of people are drawn into discussion with key questions related to main objectives. It helps build non-statical data. • FGD in rural villages can make use of interactive diagrammatic data collection techniques such as mapping, Venn diagrams, etc. 4. Self Survey: • Questionnaires are mailed/ emailed/ published to/ for respondents to revert • Its time consuming, as its at the discretion of respondents • Responses received can low and/ or unsatisfactory to generate data
- 8. Land Utilisation LandUse survey Major land uses to be identified for analysing physical distribution and existing conditions: 1. Developed 2. Under-developed 3. Un-developed Major uses marked on map are as per the defined regional/city level plans, like; 1. Urbanizable zone 2. Industrial zone 3. Transportation & Communication zone roads, railways, MRTS, Seaports, Dockyards, Airports, Bus depots/ terminals, freight complexes, transmission and communication 4. Primary activity zone Agriculture, poultry, rural settlements, brick kilns, extraction areas 5. Open area zone Recreation zone, green buffer zone 6. Protected/ Eco-sensitive zone Water bodies, forests, sanctuaries, coastal zone, wetlands, marshy zone 7. Special area zone Heritage & conservation zone, scenic value, tourism zone, defence area/ zone, border conflict zone
- 9. Land Use Classification Majorland uses to be identified for analysing physical distribution and existing conditions: Source: URDPFI, Vol I, 2015
- 10. Data checklist Source: URDPFI,Vol I, 2015
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- 18. Data reliability Validity andreliability 1. On-site random checking of physical data 2. Design a questionnaire having less chances of error in data required 3. Spot/ geo-referenced photographs
- 19. Socio- Economic surveys Dataregarding demographic characteristics; 1. Population growth (natural, induced) 2. Population size (age-wise) 3. Population density 4. Population distribution 5. Gender ratio 6. Socio-Economic status 7. Religion 8. Marital status 9. Education ratio 1. School dropouts 2. Gender-wise enrolment in schools, colleges 10. Mortality rate (age-wise) 11. Birth rate 12. Health rate (in some surveys) Usually sourced from Census data, and validated through HOUSEHOLD (HH) / DOOR-TO-DOOR surveys. HH surveys require lot of time and manpower, hence their sampling is thought out before going on site.
- 20. Questionnaire design There arenine steps involved in the development of a questionnaire: 1. Decide the information required. 2. Define the target respondents. 3. Choose the method(s) of reaching your target respondents. 4. Decide on question content. 5. Develop simple & clear wording of questions 6. Put the questions into a meaningful order and format. 7. Check the length of the questionnaire. 8. Pre-test the questionnaire 9. Develop the final survey form.
- 21. Questionnaire design Different questionnairefor different data collection methods 1. Exploratory questions If the data to be collected is qualitative or is not to be statistically evaluated 2. Formal Standardised questions If data is to be analysed statistically “Keep the interview brief and to the point”
- 22. Questionnaire design forHH survey HH survey cues: 1. Housing i. Existing number of houses, ii. Condition of house, type of structure, age, iii. Number of people living in each household iv. Number of habitable rooms, v. Occupancy (tenant or owner), vi. Services (drainage, drinking, water, electricity), vii. Rent in relation to the income of the family, etc, 2. Transport i. Place of employment ii. Type of employment, iii. Mode of transport the , iv. Time taken to travel to place of employment, etc. 3. Education i. Distance from primary or middle school to home, ii. Mode and cost of travel from home to school, etc, 4. Recreational i. Place of recreation, ii. Type of recreation for adults and children, etc, 5. Shopping i. Distance of nearest shopping center, etc.
- 23. Sampling techniques forHH surveys Sampling success is based on the homogeneity of the population within groups. These sample groups can be identified but not limited to are proposed as; 1. Density of Housing, 2. Character of Housing, 3. Economic Level of the Resident Population, 4. Economic activity of community (inter-dependencies) such as agro- industry, home-based industries, tribes, etc. 5. Socially cohesive Groups, 6. Influence Zone of congregating Centres such as Religious Site/ building, Markets etc. Further division in these homogenous areas (as identified above) be made into survey zones. These zones can be of any number depending on the capacity of surveyor to cover the required HH/ respondents.
- 24. Sampling methods Methods fordoing household/ demographic surveys; 1. Simple Random sampling 2. Systematic sampling 3. Stratified sampling 4. Cluster sampling 5. Multistage sampling: It has multiple stages Comprising of systematic, stratifies and cluster sampling. Multistage sampling
- 25. Sampling techniques Selecting aSample of Respondents; • Identify the accessible population. • Avoid using samples of convenience. • Simple random sampling is a desirable method of sampling. • Systematic sampling is an acceptable method of sampling. • Stratification may reduce sampling errors. • Consider using random cluster sampling when every member of a population belongs to a group. • Consider using multistage sampling to select respondents from large populations. • Consider the importance of getting precise results when determining sample size. • Remember that using a large sample does not compensate for a bias in sampling. • Consider sampling non-respondents to get information on the nature of a bias.
- 26. Residential density (gives infoabout crowding or under utilised land, infrastructure gap, and future absorption & provisions possible) Non-Residential density (gives info about types & quantity of non-residential uses, FAR or FSI utilisation, and future absorption & provisions possible) Density survey Density survey is carried out to understand the space available per person for ‘habitation’. Gross Density is population distribution over areas including roads, water, greens, PSP, amenities, etc., whereas the Net Density is population dwelling in a particular land parcel. Source: URDPFI,2015
- 27. Data quality Quantity vsQuality 1. Quantitative Data Methods: Involves the measurement of numerical data and is analysed using statistical and computation techniques. Common methods include standardized questionnaires, surveys, or experiments. 2. Qualitative Data Methods: Involves the measurement of non-numerical data and is analysed by reporting broad themes in the language used. Common methods include exploratory questions (interviews) or focus groups (text, video, audio).
- 28. Housing and CityEconomics Indicators Study indicators : Housing Study indicators : City Economics 1. Building height 2. Building age 3. Building condition (sturdy/ non- sturdy, permanent/ non-permanent) 4. Building use (floor-wise) 5. Accommodation type (permanent, rental, paying-guest) 6. No. of habitable rooms 7. Plot size and set-back (if any) 8. Legal status of housing neighborhood 9. Land circle rate (decadal) 10. Land market rate (decadal) 1. Hierarchy of commercial centers/ markets i. CBDs ii. Wholesale markets, mandis iii. Community centres iv. Local shopping centres v. Convenience shops 2. Informal markets 3. Urban street vendors 4. Tourist sites 5. Tourist accommodations (hotels, B&B, motels, etc.) 6. Industries (primary/ secondary sector, hierarchy, and operational status)
- 29. Infrastructure Survey Indicators Physicalinfrastructure Social infrastructure 1. Water i. Supply ii. Sewerage & sanitation iii. Drainage iv. Stormwater management 2. Solid Waste Management 3. Air 4. Power 5. Logistics & Transportation 6. Telecom services 1. Healthcare facilities for all living beings, ages, genders, ailments etc. 2. Education facilities for all ages and genders 3. Socio-Cultural spaces 4. Community Open spaces 5. Safety & Security 6. Distribution Facilities
- 30. Infrastructure Survey :Physical Study indicators : Water Study indicators :SWM 1. Water supply: i. Sources of water supply ii. Water supply status (lpcd) iii. Water quality iv. Water supply network v. Metered water connections vi. Water consumption under various uses (residential, industries, commercial, recreation, fire safety) 2. Sewerage & Sanitation i. Public sanitation facilities ii. Water outflow (un-treated) iii. Sewerage network iv. Location of water treatment facilities and STPs 3. Drainage network and treatment, including Stormwater collection 1. Operation study of garbage collection 2. Location of dustbins 3. Location of garbage collection points/ centres 4. Location of garbage segregation points 5. Location of landfill sites 6. Recycling plants 7. Any pollution from mismanagement 8. Number of workers/ agencies involved Study indicators : Telecom services 1. Utility corridor 2. Large facility installation 3. Telephone Exchange buildings 4. Post offices and posts
- 31. Infrastructure Survey :Physical Study indicators : Air Study indicators : Logistics & Transportation 1. Sources of air pollution 2. Air quality 1. PM 2. SO2 3. NO2 4. O3 3. Air monitoring stations 1. Location of airports (international and domestic) and the footfall 2. Location of seaports & yards 3. Location of railway stations and terminals (regional, intercity and intra-city) 4. Metro lines, stations and yards 5. BRTS network and stations 6. Bus stations & terminals 7. Para-transit facilities 8. Freight complex/es 9. Parking facilities (bus, truck, cars, taxis, cycles, autos, etc.) 10. Location of toll-gates 11. Traffic volume on roads 12. Congestion points and stretches 13. Road encroachments 14. Road/ street design (existing) Study indicators : Power 1. Power Grid location & power generation status 2. Electric sub-stations 3. Power supply status 4. HT location/ network 5. Location of transformers 6. Metered power supply 7. Any alternative source of power
- 32. Infrastructure Survey :Social Study indicators : Healthcare Study indicators :Education 1. Location Regional/ District hospitals (including no. of beds) 2. Location of General hospitals (including no. of beds) 3. Location and number of nursing homes, child welfare and maternity centres (including no. of beds) 4. Location and quantity of dispensaries 5. Quantum of Speciality and Multi- speciality hospitals 6. Identification of healthcare facilities under Govt, Trusts, and Private ownership 7. Veterinary hospitals 8. Diagnostic centres 9. Rehabilitation centres 1. Location of Universities (including types of courses and total no. of seats) 2. Location of Colleges and their affiliations (including types of courses and total no. of seats) 3. Location of Vocational institutes (including types of courses and total no. of seats) 4. Location & quantum of Senior Secondary Schools 5. Location & quantum of Secondary Schools 6. Location & quantum of Primary Education institutes 7. Location & quantum of Pre-Primary Education institutes 8. Schools for challenged-children
- 33. Infrastructure Survey :Social Study indicators : Socio-Cultural Study indicators :Community Open Spaces 1. Anganwadi/ daycare facilities 2. Old-age homes 3. Orphanage 4. Marriage halls 5. Public library 6. Recreational clubs/ centres 7. Meditation/ spiritual club 8. Theatres/ centres for performing arts and moving arts 9. Religious facilities/ buildings (temple, mosque, Eidgah, ghats/ kunds, cremation/ burial grounds, etc.) 10. Working women and men hostels 11. Adult education centres 12. Night shelters 13. Exhibition grounds, Convention centres 14. Science centres and museums 1. District parks 2. City parks 3. Community parks 4. Neighborhood parks 5. Tot-lots 6. Sports centre 7. Amusement park and water-park 8. Botanical / zoological parks 9. Cultural grounds 10. Location of camping areas or other privately run recreational sites (like Kingdom of Dreams, Lohagarh Farms, etc.)
- 34. Infrastructure Survey :Social Study indicators : Safety & Security Study indicators :Distribution facilities 1. Police : i. Training institutes ii. District office and batallion iii. District jails iv. Location of police stations and posts v. Permanent check-points 2. Fire : i. Training centres ii. Location of fire stations iii. Fire sub-stations or posts iv. Any other fire fighting network/ system in study area 3. Disaster management institute 1. Petrol and diesel pumps (location and service status) 2. CNG stations (location and service status) 3. EV charging stations ((location and service status, if any) 4. PNG stations (location and service status) 5. LPG Stations (location and service status) 6. Milk booths (location and service status)