DATABASE ADMINSTRATION

TO P I C
D ATA B A S E M A N A G E M E N T T O O L S , T H E K E R N E L , T H E D ATA
D I C T I O N A R Y, D B A , T H E U T I L I T I E S
U N D E R T H E G U I D A N C E O F
M S . T E J E S H W I N I
P R E S E N T E D B Y
N U S R AT M G
B I 1 9 1 0 0 2
KARNATAKA STATE-AKKAMAHADEVI WOMEN’S
UNIVERSITY VIJAYPUR,
DEPARTMENT OF BIOINFORMATICS.
MSC III SEM 2020
D ATA B A S E M A N A G E M E N T S Y S T E M
PAPER CODE : BI. HCT- 3.1

INDEX
• JUST A GLANCE
• ORACLE ~ DATABASE MANAGEMENT TOOLS
• THE KERNEL
• DATA DICTIONARY
• DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR
• THE UTILITIES

Data:
Data are nothing but facts, text that have meaning in the user’s environment.
Database:
An organized collection of logically related data.
Database Dictionary:
A Data Dictionary is a collection of names, definitions, and attributes
about data elements that are being used or captured in a database, information system,
or part of a research project.
Metadata:
Data that describes the properties or characteristics of other data.
Database Administrator:
The person who is responsible for physical database design and for dealing with
technical issues such as security enforcement, Database performance, Backup and
recovery associated with managing a Database.
JUST A MINUTE PLEASE

Oracel ~ DATABASE MANAGEMENT TOOLS
1. MySQL
 One of the most useful database management tools is MySQL.
 MySQL is used by top companies like Google, LinkedIn, YouTube,
PayPal and Twitter, just to name a few.
2. SQL Server Management Studio :
 It combines a powerful set of user-friendly graphical tools and variety of
script editors to provide access and management for SQL Server.
 It includes an all-in-one solution to profile and tune database performance.
 SSMS can be used by developers and database administrators of all skill levels.
3. Oracle RDBMS
 The Oracle database is the most widely used object-relational database management software.
 The latest version of the tool incorporates cloud computing and it supports multiple Windows,
Linux and UNIX versions.
 It is secure, supports large databases, occupies less space and reduces
CPU time to process data.

4. DevOps:
 The most useful database management framework is DevOps.
 The database is known today for heavyweight processes that hinder
performance, such as manual reviews and ticketing.
5. MICROSOFT ACCESS :
 Microsoft Access is a Database Management System (DBMS) from
Microsoft that combines the relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine
with a graphical user interface and software development tools.
6. PostgreSQL:
 PostgreSQL is a powerful, open source object-relational database
system.
 It has more than 15 years of active development phase and a proven
architecture that has earned it a strong reputation for reliability, data
integrity, and correctness.

The kernel data structures are very important as they
store data about the current state of the system.
For example, if a new process is created in the system, a
kernel data structure is created that contains the details
about the process.
Most of the kernel data structures are only accessible by
the kernel and its subsystems. They may contain data as
well as pointers to other data structures.
THE KERNEL

Kernel Components
 The kernel stores and organizes a lot of information.
 So it has data about which processes are running in the system, their
memory requirements, files in use etc.
 To handle all this, three important structures are used.
 These are process table, file table and v node/ i node information.

PROCESS TABLE
 The process table stores information about all the processes running in the
system.
 These include the storage information, execution status, file information
etc.
 When a process forks a child, its entry in the process table is duplicated
including the file information and file pointers. So the parent and the child
process share a file.

FILE TABLE
 The file table contains entries about all the files in the system. If two or more
processes use the same file, then they contain the same file information and
the file descriptor number.
 Each file table entry contains information about the file such as file status
(file read or file write), file offset etc. The file offset specifies the position
for next read or write into the file.
 The file table also contains v-node and i-node pointers which point to the
virtual node and index node respectively.
 These nodes contain information on how to read a file.

V-Node and I-Node Tables
 Both the v-node and i-node are references to the storage system of the
file and the storage mechanisms.
 They connect the hardware to the software.
 The v-node is an abstract concept that defines the method to access file
data without worrying about the actual structure of the system.
 The i-node specifies file access information like file storage device,
read/write procedures etc.

What is a data dictionary?
◇ It is an integral part of a database.
◇ It holds information about the database and the
data that it stores.
◇A data dictionary is a “virtual database” containing
metadata (data about data).
META DATA
Metadata is defined as data providing information about one or
more aspects of the data.

WHY DATADICTIONARY?
Authorization
Report
Easy
Searchable
Catalogue
Easy to search data in huge
database.
Provides quick report on the data and
hence making the data management
easy.
Record what data belongs
to whom.
A central catalogue for metadata.
DBA can easily able to track any
chaos in the database.

Disadvantages of Data
Dictionary?
Creating a new data dictionary is a very big task. It will take years to create
one.
The cost of data dictionary will be bit high as it includes its initial build and
hardware charges as well as cost of maintenance.
Requires management commitment, which is not easy to achieve, particularly where the
benefits are intangible and long term.
It needs careful planning, defining the exact requirements designing its
contents testing, implementation and evaluation.
.

Viewing Information inthe
Data Dictionary
◇ Although you are not allowed to modify the
dictionary yourself, you can DESCRIBE and
SELECT from Dictionary tables.
◇ For example, to see information about all the tables
that you have privileges to use:
DESCRIBE ALL_TABLES
◇ The output from this shows that many columns of
data are held about each table. You decide you only
want to see the name and owner, so you enter:
SELECT table_name, owner FROM ALL_TABLES;

DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR
• DBA is a resource that supervises both the database and the use of the DBMS.
• DBA is usually a group, but sometimes it refers to the database administrator.
Who is DBA ??
A database administrator is a person responsible for the
• installation
 configuration
 upgradation
 administration
 monitoring and maintenance of databases.

PRIMARY ROLES OF DBA
 Performance issues  Capacity issues
 Database
accessibility
 Data replication
 Database design  Table Maintenance

DBA Tasks
• Database design
• Performance monitoring and tuning
• Database availability
• Security
• Backup and recovery
• Data integrity
• Release migration

WHY DBA IS POPULAR?
 Data is essential for the operation of any organization.
 Database are created to organize these data.
 Better the design and utility of database, the better isthe
organization.
 For a better database, we need a skilled database administrator
to manage data properly.
DBA FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION

TYPES OF DBA
• System DBA
• Database architect
• Database analyst
• Data modeler
• Application DBA
• Task-orientated DBA
• Performance analyst
• Data warehouse administrator

LIFE AS A DBA
 DBA is expected to be available for 24*7.
 Must be an expert in Database technology.
 DBA is expected to know everything about everything.
(i.e.) SQL queries, OS, Network protocols, handling advanced tools,
computer hardware, etc,.
 DBA is often blamed if any fault occurs.
 They are forced to prove that database designed by him is not fault.

 DBAs are assisted with database administration tools.
 DBA is challenging and interesting job.
 One of the highest paid jobs in IT industry.
SALARY
 Average salary in India Rs 1,70,0010.
 Maximum salary in India is above Rs 9,86,000.

DBAQUERIES
Some of the frequent queries executed by DBA:
 CREATE USER statement to create and configure an database user.
 ALTER DATABASE statement to open/mount a database.
 BACKUP statement to take backup of controlfiles.
 RECOVER statement to recover the saved control files.
Sample query:
 create directory my_dir as '/home/oracle/andyb‘;

DATABASE ADMINISTRATION TOOLS
 SQL Server Management Studio is a software application first launched
with the Microsoft SQL Server 2005 that is used for configuring,
managing, and administering all components within Microsoft SQLServer.
 Adminer is a tool for managing content in MySQLdatabases.
"Light-weight" - released in a form of a single file, approx160KB in size.
User-friendly interface .

DBA CERTIFICATION INFORMATION
DBMS WEBSITES
Oracle http://www.oracle.com/education/certification
Microsoft SQL Server http://www.microsoft.com/trainingandservices
IBM DB2 http://www.ibm.com/certify
Sybase Adaptive Server Http://www.sybase.com/education/profcert
• Microsoft Certified DatabaseAdministrator
• Oracle DBA Certified Professional.
• PostgreSQL CertifiedAdministrator

Loading : -
• A loading utility is used to load existing data files-such as text files or
sequential files-into the database.
• Usually, the current (source) format of the data file and the desired (target)
database file structure are specified to the utility, which then automatically
reformats the data and stores it in the database.
• With the proliferation of DBMSs, transferring data from one DBMS to another
is becoming common in many organizations.
• Some vendors are offering products that generate the appropriate loading
programs, given the existing source and target database storage descriptions
(internal schemas). Such tools are also called conversion tools.
THE UTILITIES

Backup:-
A backup utility creates a backup copy of the database, usually by dumping the
entire database onto tape.
The backup copy can be used to restore the database in case of catastrophic
failure.
Incremental backups are also often used, where only changes since the previous
backup are recorded.
Incremental backup is more complex but saves space.

File Reorganization:-
This utility can be used to reorganize a database file into a different file
organization to improve performance.
Performance Monitoring:-
Such a utility monitors database usage and provides statistics to the DBA.
The DBA uses the statistics in making decisions such as whether or not to
reorganize files to improve performance.

Conclusion
A database management system (DBMS) is a software package designed to
define, manipulate, retrieve and manage data in a database.
The kernel data structures are very important as they store data about the
current state of the system.
The ideal data dictionary is automated, interactive, online and
evolutionary.
The data dictionary should be tied into a number of systems programs
so that when an item is updated or deleted from the data dictionary, it
is automatically updated or deleted from the data base.
The data dictionary may also be used to create screens, reports and
forms.
A database utility is generally a single purpose program for moving and/or
verifying database pages; examples include load, unload, import, export, reorg,
check, dbcc, copy and recover

REFERENCES
Ramakrishnan, R. 2003. Database management System,
McGraw Hills, Boston.
Palinski, J. A. 2003. Oracle SQL and PL/SQL Handbook.
Pearson education Asia.

DATABASE ADMINSTRATION

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