Database design process

DBMS DESIGN
PROCESS
Tayyab Hameed, Univseristy of Lahore, Islamabad
MIS Campus

Database & Management
System
 Database
Carefully designed and constructed repository of
facts.
Part of an information system.
 Management System
A management system is the framework of processes
and procedures used to ensure that an
organization can fulfill all tasks required to achieve its
objectives.

Database Management System
 A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of
programs that enables an organization to store, modify, and extract
information from a database.

Types of DBMS
 There are different types of DBMSs:
Small systems that run on personal computers.
Huge systems that run on main frames.
 The following are examples of database management systems:
Computerized library
Flight reservation systems
Inventory management systems and many more……

Database Design
 The process of producing a detailed data model of a database
containing all the needed logical and physical design choices and
physical storage parameters needed to generate a design of a
database.
 Database design must reflect the IS, of which the database is a part.
 Information systems undergo evaluation and revision within a
framework known as the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC).
 Databases also undergo evaluation and revision within a framework
known as the Database Life Cycle (DBLC).
 There are two general design strategies exist:
Top-down vs. bottom-up design
Centralized vs. decentralized design (Con’t.)

DBMS Design Process
 Successful DBMS design requires an interlocking of the
User
(Someone doing
“real work” )
Infrastructure
(Computer and
Human)
Management
(Organization)
:

Systems Development Life
Cycle
(Con’t.)

Cycle
 Planning
Should the existing system be continued, modified or
replaced?
The technical of hardware and software
requirements.
The system cost.
 Analysis
What are the precise requirements of the current
system’s end users?
Do these requirements fit into the overall information
requirements? (Con’t.)

Cycle
 Detailed System Design – the designer completes
the design of the system’s processes including all the
necessary technical specifications for the screens,
menus, reports, and other devices that might be used
in help to make the system a more efficient
information generator.
 Implementation
Install the hardware, the DBMS software, and application
programs.
The system enters into a cycle of coding, testing, and
debugging, until it is read to delivered.
(Con’t.)

Cycle
The actual database is created, and the system is
customized, by using a variety of methods and devices:
 Customized user programs
 Database interface programs
 Conversion programs that import the data from a different file
structure, using batch programs, a database utility, or both.
 Maintenance
Corrective maintenance in response to system errors.
Adaptive maintenance due to changes in the business
environment.
Perfect maintenance to enhance the system.

Database Lifecycle (DBLC)
(Con’t.)

Phase 1: Database Initial Study
 Purposes
Analyze company situation
 Operating environment
 Organizational structure
Define problems and constraints
 Define objectives What is the proposed system’s initial
objective?
 Will the system interface with other existing or future
systems in the company?
 Will the system share the data with other systems or
users?
Define scope and boundaries
(Con’t.)

Initial Study Activities
(Con’t.)

Phase 2: Database Design
 Most Critical DBLC phase
 Makes sure final product meets requirements
 Focus on data requirements
 Sub-phases
I. Create conceptual design
II. DBMS software selection
III. Create logical design
IV. Create physical design
(Con’t.)

I. Conceptual Design
Data modeling creates abstract data structure to
represent real-world items
High level of abstraction
Four steps
 Data analysis and requirements
 Entity relationship modeling and normalization
 Data model verification
 Distributed database design
(Con’t.)

Data analysis and
Requirements
Data analysis and Requirements
 Focus on:
 Information needs
 Information users
 Information sources
 Information constitution
 Data sources
 Developing and gathering end-user data views
 Direct observation of current system
 Interfacing with systems design group
 Business rules
(Con’t.)

II. DBMS Software Selection
 DBMS software selection is critical
 Advantages and disadvantages need study
 Factors affecting purchasing decision
Cost
DBMS features and tools
Underlying model
Portability
DBMS hardware requirements
(Con’t.)

III. Logical Design
 Translates conceptual design into internal model
 Maps objects in model to specific DBMS constructs
 Design components
Tables
Indexes
Views
Transactions
Access authorities
Others
(Con’t.)

IV. Physical Design
 Selection of data storage and access
characteristics
Very technical
More important in older hierarchical and network
models
 Becomes more complex for distributed
systems
 Designers favor software that hides physical
(Con’t.)

Phase 3: Implementation and
Loading
 Creation of special storage-related constructs
to house end-user tables.
 Data loaded into tables.
 Other issues:
Performance
Security
Backup and recovery
Integrity
Company standards
Concurrency controls
(Con’t.)

Phase 4: Testing and
Evaluation
 Database is tested and fine-tuned for
performance, integrity, concurrent access, and
security constraints
 Done in parallel with application programming
 Actions taken if tests fail
Fine-tuning based on reference manuals
Modification of physical design
Modification of logical design
Upgrade or change DBMS software or hardware (Con’t.)

Phase 5: Operation
 Database considered operational
 Starts process of system evaluation
 Unforeseen problems may surface
 Demand for change is constant
(Con’t.)

Phase 6: Maintenance and
Evaluation
 Preventative maintenance
 Corrective maintenance
 Adaptive maintenance
 Assignment of access permissions
 Generation of database access statistics to monitor
performance
 Periodic security audits based on system-generated
statistics
 Periodic system usage-summaries
(Con’t.)

DB Design Strategy Notes
 Top-down
1) Identify data sets
2) Define data elements
 Bottom-up
1) Identify data elements
2) Group them into data sets

Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up
(Con’t.)

Centralized vs. Decentralized
Design
 Centralized design
Typical of simple databases
Conducted by single person or small team
 Decentralized design
Larger numbers of entities and complex relations
Spread across multiple sites
Developed by teams
(Con’t.)

Centralized Design
(Con’t.)

Decentralized Design
(Con’t.)

Database Management System
 Oracle Database Server
 MS SQL Server
 DB2
 MySQL
 Many more………
(Con’t.)

Most problems are non-technical
 Poorly selected data
 Badly organized data
 Incorrect data models
 Software has limited capability (oversell)
 Systems managers underestimate time requirements
 Systems can be underutilized
 Systems can be (and have been) abandoned
 Personnel problems
(Con’t.)

Bibliographic Reference:
 Management Information Systems by Kenneth C
Laudon_Jane P Laudon
 http://predoc.org/download/docs-100865/100865.doc
 http://www.shsu.edu/~csc_tjm/summer2000/cs334/Cha
pter06/Chapter6.html

Database design process

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