The document discusses database normalization, which is the process of minimizing redundancy in relations to prevent anomalies such as insertion, update, and deletion issues. It explains various normal forms, including First Normal Form (1NF), Second Normal Form (2NF), Third Normal Form (3NF), Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF), Fourth Normal Form (4NF), and Fifth Normal Form (5NF), highlighting their specific criteria and examples. Additionally, it addresses the drawbacks of normalization and lists tools that assist in generating normalized databases.