![Summarising
🙢 Very like paraphrasing, except a complete body of work
(book/chapter) is summarised in the author’s own words.
🙢 Normally a quick description of the main points or a brief
synopsis.
🙢 You should include a signal or phrase to identify
who/what you are summarising.
Example
In the article “Getting Down to Business” the author outlined the
measures that the company has adopted to reinvent itself by
improving customer service and targeting business customers
(Dunn,2014, pp 26-29).
Reference List
Dunn, G. (2014) 'Getting down to business', Airline Business, 30 (5), pp.
26-29. Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost [Online]. (Accessed: 1
February 2015).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/copyofreferencingbusiness-210213195141/85/DBS-Library-Harvard-Referencing-Class-Slides-9-320.jpg)
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DBS Library Harvard Referencing Class Slides
- 1. 🙢 Referencing for DBS Business Students
- 2. 🙢 🙢 Although an assignment is your own opinion, it needs to be backed up by evidence (research, reports, case studies, theories, etc. ). 🙢 Referencing is how we allow the reader to know which evidence you used, either to formulate or back up your own opinion. 🙢 There are many different referencing styles, in DBS School of Business the Harvard style is used. Specifically the style found in the “Cite them Right” series of books. Referencing: What is it and Why bother
- 3. 🙢 🙢 To give weight to your argument, the more evidence supplied the better. 🙢 Go give credit to those whose knowledge you’ve utilised 🙢 To prove that you conducted your own secondary research. 🙢 To avoid committing plagiarism (respect the principles of academic integrity). 🙢 To establish academic credibility. 🙢 To show that you know who the important thinkers, writers and information sources are in your field of study. 🙢 To instruct others where to find the information that you used (reference lists are a great source of information). The Advantages
- 4. 🙢 1. Direct Quote 🙢 When using someone else exact words, always place them within “quotation marks”. Treat long quotes (40+ words) as separate paragraph. 2. Paraphrase 🙢 Instead of using a direct quote you can re-write someone else’s idea or theory in your own words. This is called paraphrasing. However, you must completely re-write the original text – you cannot simply change it around a little! 3. Summarise 🙢 If you want to give a brief synopsis of the entire content of another work, you can briefly summarise it without going into a lot of detail. HOW TO CITE…
- 5. Direct Quote 1. Only quote directly from a text when it's important for your reader to see the actual language used by the author of the source. Example Prime Minister May provided her interpretation “brexit means brexit” (2016) 2. Use a direct quote to provide a definition. Or 3. Make you observation/claim and then back it up by inserting a quote. Example Research has shown that “acts of plagiarism are often conflated with other intellectual property crimes…” (Lampert, 2008, p. 15). Reference List Lampert, L. D. (2008). Combating student plagiarism: an academic librarian's guide. Oxford: Chandos.
- 6. Paraphrasing 🙢 Preferred method to cite academically for numerous reasons. 🙢 The flow of the language is maintained. 🙢 The author demonstrates knowledge by articulating in own words. 🙢 Plagiarism incidents reduced. Example Reference List Jobber, D., and Lancaster, G. (2006) Selling and sales management. Harlow: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Original text must be completely rewritten in your vocabulary when paraphrasing! Original Paraphrased In some cultures selling and trade in general have low social approval. A company selling overseas may thus have difficulty in recruiting appropriate sales personnel. Finding local employees to sell products in foreign countries can be challenging, as trading may not be viewed in as favourable as light as in the company’s home country. (Jobber and Lancaster, 2006, p. 178)
- 7. Paraphrasing 🙢 Poor paraphrasing is the most common form of plagiarism. 🙢 The following are some tips to avoid plagiarism while paraphrasing: 🙢 Paraphrasing does not mean making trivial changes to a piece of work. For instance replacing the word joint learning with collective learning or simply changing some words or sentences around (i.e. “Copy, shake and paste”). Paraphrasing involves using your own phrasing and sentence structure to describe the work.
- 8. Paraphrasing 🙢 Paraphrasing single sentences can be sometimes lead to inelegant sentences and meaningless phrases. Therefore it is better in some circumstances to paraphrase a paragraph. � When paraphrasing it may help to use ask yourself the question “ Who does what and to whom and how?” 🙢 You do not need place quotation marks around shared language or common vocabulary . Examples of common vocabulary are empirical research report, persons with disabilities, physician’s assistant or chronic low-back pain.
- 9. Summarising 🙢 Very like paraphrasing, except a complete body of work (book/chapter) is summarised in the author’s own words. 🙢 Normally a quick description of the main points or a brief synopsis. 🙢 You should include a signal or phrase to identify who/what you are summarising. Example In the article “Getting Down to Business” the author outlined the measures that the company has adopted to reinvent itself by improving customer service and targeting business customers (Dunn,2014, pp 26-29). Reference List Dunn, G. (2014) 'Getting down to business', Airline Business, 30 (5), pp. 26-29. Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost [Online]. (Accessed: 1 February 2015).
- 10. Secondary Referencing 🙢 You read a book by Boyle and she cites Hill on page 12. 🙢 If possible try and locate Hill’s book. 🙢 If not possible, secondary reference. Example A large minority, 38 per cent, of the cinema audience of Reservoir Dogs were women, according to the Cinema Adverting Association (Hill, 1997, cited in Boyle, 2005, p. 12). Reference List Boyle, K. (2005) Media and violence. London: Sage Publications.
- 11. 🙢 🙢 Take a record of all of the materials that you used as you go along. Tips ▪ Zotero is great for this. ▪ Save sources in Zotero. ▪ Make notes on the eBook version of the book (Proquest Central) 🙢 Create an in-text citation every time you mention someone else’s work (possibly several citations for each book, article, etc.). 🙢 Build an alphabetised Reference List which contains every source cited, this goes at the end of your assignment. Three Step Process
- 12. 🙢 To Cite or Not to Cite?
- 13. 🙢 🙢 You give words, figures, graphs, facts, dates and images. 🙢 The information is unique and not known by most people. 🙢 The reader might ask, “How do you know that?” 🙢 You use a direct quotation from someone else. 🙢 You use someone else’s ideas. 🙢 You paraphrase / take info from elsewhere. You must reference when..
- 14. 🙢 🙢 The information is commonly known (either by the general population, or commonly known within the particular discipline). 🙢 When most or all of your sources say the same thing on that particular point. 🙢 When it is your own original thought or opinion. No need when…
- 15. 🙢 When you’re not sure… Cite it Anyway!
- 23. 🙢 CITATION EXAMPLE Book with one author (Cooper, 2009, p. 309) or According to Cooper (2009, p. 309) Sometimes things not so straightforward though..
- 24. 🙢 🙢 Book (2,3, more authors) 🙢 Book with an editor (Different chapters written by different authors) 🙢 eBook 🙢 Journal Article from print journal 🙢 Webpage 🙢 Newspaper 🙢 eJournal article 🙢 And more…. As information is all around us, you’ll use lots of different sources when compiling assignments and they all need to be referenced;
- 25. 🙢 Your Reference List should appear at the end of your assignment, it provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the assignment. Reference List entries answer key questions; 🙢 Who created this? (most important) 🙢 When was it created? 🙢 Where is this information found? 🙢 Where was the source created? 🙢 Who created the source? Reference Lists
- 26. 🙢 BOOK JOURNAL ARTICLE WEBPAGE Who created this? Author(s) Author(s) Author (s) When was it created? Year of Publication Year of Publication Year of Creation What is this information called? Title of Book/Title of Chapter Title of Article Title of Webpage Where is it found? N/A Title of Journal – Volume – Issue – Page numbers Title of Website Where was the source created? Place of Publication N/A N/A Who created the source? Publisher Publisher N/A Where can it be viewed? N/A Url Link/ doi URL link When did you view it? N/A Date you used this resource Date you used this resource
- 27. 🙢 🙢 You can copy and paste reference list entries from both Discovery and ProQuest (some formatting required). 🙢 You can create book references with ISBNs via the citethisforme website (some formatting required). 🙢 You can download a plugin for Firefox called Zotero, this is reference management software that both manages your bibliographic data and creates reference lists (minimal formatting required). 🙢 Best news is that Zotero is officially supported by DBS and the Library runs a workshop in it. Some Good News
- 28. 🙢 🙢 A research tool that allows you to Collect, Organise, Cite and Sync your data. 🙢 Works best with Firefox as a plugin. 🙢 Zotero standalone available also, works by installing Zotero connectors to Chrome, Safari or Opera. 🙢 Plugin for word processors available; ▪ Word ▪ Mac Word ▪ Libre Office/Open Office Zotero
- 29. 🙢 🙢 Business students choose the Harvard “Cite them Right” 10th Edition from list of styles. 🙢 Minimal formatting required (Done in Zotero). 🙢 ZoteroBib is available as a limited alternative. The link can saved to browser. 🙢 Create personal account; ▪ Sync content ▪ Access to content via Zotero website Zotero