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Deanna Hanes
- 1. Climate Change: The futureis now for the Utilities Deanna Haines, Director of Gas Engineering Southern California Gas Company and San Diego Gas & Electric September 9, 2016 California Contract Cities Association 36th Annual Fall Educational Summit 1
- 2. • WHO WEARE • POLICY FRAMEWORK • RESILIENCY DEFINED-LESSONS FROM THE PAST • CLIMATE ADAPTATION – INCREASING RESILIENCY • HOW YOU CAN HELP PREVIEW 2
- 3. Both Utilities inservice for over 135 years SoCalGas • Largest natural gas distribution utility in the US • Serve 12 counties (over 500 communities) and more than 21 million people • Over 5.8 million gas meters SDG&E • Provides electricity and natural gas to 3.4 million people from Orange County to the Mexican border. WHO WE ARE… SoCalGas & SDG&E Territory 3
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- 6. 6 • “…requires citiesand counties to include climate adaptation and resiliency strategies in the safety elements of their general plans” • Must include a set of goals, policies, and objectives for their communities based on current data and information pertaining to climate change adaptation and resiliency. Source: SB 379 Fact Sheet. Presidential Policy Directive -- Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience SB 379
- 7. RESILIENCY DEFINED &LESSONS FROM THE PAST 7
- 8. “…ability to preparefor and adapt to changing conditions and withstand and recover rapidly from …deliberate attacks, accidents, or naturally occurring threats or incidents...” Source: Press Release (dated Feb. 12, 2013) Presidential Policy Directive - - Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience RESILIENCE DEFINED 8
- 9. Potential Impacts • Threatof impacts to energy infrastructure is driving state and regional agencies to develop plans and policies to reduce system vulnerability. • Ensure resiliency from impacts due to: – Sea level rise – Increasing Temperatures – Wildfires – Floods/Storms (including “wind” storms) – Changing Precipitation (e.g. Droughts) 1. California Natural Resources Agency. “Safeguarding California: Reducing Climate Risk, an Update to the 2009 California Climate Adaptation Strategy,” July 2014. http://resources.ca.gov/docs/climate/Final_Safeguarding_CA_Plan_July_31_2014.pdf. 9
- 10. Climate Adaptation-Drought San JoaquinValley Subsidence • Subsidence in San Joaquin Valley classified as “the greatest human alteration of the Earth’s surface” • Causes of subsidence in the SJV primarily from groundwater and oil extraction, and mining 10
- 11. Climate Adaptation-Droughts Impacts toPipelines • Vertical Subsidence – not the primary concern with pipeline structural integrity (current issue in SJV) • Horizontal subsidence – at edge of subsidence zone creates compression and can cause buckling • Local subsidence can create sinkholes, which cause bending stress • Cathodic Protection effectiveness diminished 11
- 12. El Niño rainintense events can create debris flows, flash flooding or landslides, which can cause: • Wash outs of access roads • Pipeline exposures that can lead to corrosion • Increase dewatering activities (e.g. regulator vaults) • Delays in routine maintenance, repairs and construction projects • Workforce diversion and potentially limited mutual assistance availability. PRIMARY CONCERNS FOR GAS INFRASTRUCTURE 12
- 13. • Electricity Supply-severeimpact – Biggest fragilities were Transmission & Distribution Components • Winds downed power lines, flooding affected dozens of substations – Power outages created a domino effect across other sectors – Every system dependent on electricity alone was vulnerable • Fueling, Information and Communication, Transportation • Gas System –no major impact – Flooding /power outages concern at compressor stations along some interstate pipelines , but natural gas flows were not interrupted – One company vented gas from distribution lines causing water intrusion in flooded areas LESSONS FROM THE PAST HURRICANE SANDY 13 Images Source: CNN
- 14. • Employees ofSoCalGas and SDG&E were among those who lost homes or were forced to flee when the flames got too close. • Hundreds of distribution lines and over 17 major transmission lines were damaged. In just a few weeks a one year supply had to be replaced ~ 3000 transmission and distribution wood pole structures, 400 miles of electrical lines • Under a mutual-aid agreement, crews from Pacific Gas & Electric, the Salt River Project, Tucson Electric, the Imperial Irrigation District and Arizona Public Service joined in the battle against the fires. LESSONS FROM THE PAST FIRESTORMS-SDGE TERRITORY 14 Images Source: Cedar Fire east county magazine
- 15. CLIMATE ADAPTATION -INCREASING RESILIENCY 15
- 16. Climate Adaptation – IncreasingResiliency • Link between climate change and key enterprise risks. Drought increases wildfire risk; sea level rise increases infrastructure integrity risk; extreme temperatures increase electricity supply risk. Relying on electricity alone increases energy system vulnerability. • Increasing Resiliency: Just like buying stock, diversifying energy assets helps protect the overall system. Need variety of energy options to increase energy system resiliency. An all electric system places great risk to critical infrastructure in the event of climate change impacts E.g. Need a way to power hospitals and fire stations during power outages. 16
- 17. • Natural gas infrastructureis inherently resilient. • Majority of natural gas pipelines are underground with little exposure to wildfires or weather driven climate change events. • System can operate during electricity outages 17 Natural Gas Infrastructure: Underground and Resilient
- 18. • New near-zeroemissions engines for heavy-duty trucks are now available that reduce NOx emissions by 90% opportunity for natural gas buses and trucks to achieve substantial environmental benefits. • Can achieve emission levels below electric buses and trucks • Rapid deployment of near-zero engine technologies is needed to help State achieve emission reduction goals and improve air quality. 18 SoCalGas working with agencies and engine manufacturers to deliver truck engine 90% lower emissions for 2018! Near Zero Emission Natural Gas Engine <0.02 g NOx Ensuring Resiliency in Fleets/Transportation/Fueling
- 19. • Distributed generation technologiescan isolate consumers from the electricity grid protection from power outages. • “Islandable”, black start energy sources that provide power separate from the vulnerabilities of the grid. • Broader, diverse mix of energy sources increases energy system security and resiliency 19 Protecting Customers from Outages: Distributed Generation
- 20. CH4 RENEWABLE Natural GasCan Eliminate Methane Emissions from the Leading Sources Convert waste from dairies, farms and landfills into biogas using anaerobic digestion extract the methane put in the pipeline for future use SOURCE: Bioenergy Association of California and CARB May 2014 Look-Up Table 30 GENERATE 2.5 quadrillion Btu annually – enough to meet the natural gas needs of 50%of all US homes WHAT’S POSSIBLE REPLACE 75% of all diesel used by CA vehicles SUPPLY biogas as a transportation fuel from food and green waste with a NEGATIVE carbon intensity
- 21. RENEWABLE ENERGY Natural gas systemalso gives California a practical way to store MARCH 2015 | SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA GAS COMPANY 21
- 22. addresses the storagechallenge POWER-TO-GAS excess renewable energy goes through electrolysis which splits the molecule hydrogen & carbon combine through methanization carbon captured from factories and plants methane can be stored in the pipeline for future use
- 23. How YOU canhelp 23 • Include utilities when identifying community assets/vulnerabilities and when developing high level policies, plans and implementation strategies. • Incorporate consideration of natural gas technologies into future planning processes • Expedited permit process to support “resiliency and hardening” of infrastructure • Learn from previous disasters, support diversity of energy sources and avoid putting all “eggs into one basket”
Editor's Notes
- #6 EXECUTIVE ORDER B-30-15 1.A new interim statewide greenhouse gas emission reduction target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 is established in order to ensure California meets its target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050. 4.The California Natural Resources Agency shall update every three years the state's climate adaptation strategy, Safeguarding California, and ensure that its provisions are fully implemented. The Safeguarding California plan will: -Identify vulnerabilities to climate change by sector and regions, including, at a minimum, the following sectors: water, energy, transportation, public health, agriculture, emergency services, forestry, biodiversity and habitat, and ocean and coastal resources; 7.State agencies' planning and investment shall be guided by the following principles -Priority should be given to actions that both build climate preparedness and reduce greenhouse gas emissions; -Where possible, flexible and adaptive approaches should be taken to prepare for uncertain climate impacts; -Actions should protect the state's most vulnerable populations; and -Natural infrastructure solutions should be prioritized.
- #9 , available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/02/12/presidential-policy-directive-criticalinfrastructure- security-and-resil.
- #12 SoCalGas pipelines cross through mapped subsidence areas SoCalGas collects and monitors data of ground movement obtained from various sources
- #13 Forecasts from October 2015 Nov-Dec – Near to slightly above average rainfall Jan-Apr - Significant rainfall, especially in Feb and Mar, with at least one high-impact storm
- #14 Decision support in near real-time , analyses and results need to be tailored to address the decision makers needs. To this Aim, GIS and mapping tools can be very useful in highlighting hot spots.
- #15 Summary form only given challenges ever faced by SDG&E. During the wildfires, front-line employees worked long hours to get back on natural gas and electrical service. Employees of SoCalGas and SDG&E were among those who lost homes or were forced to flee when the flames got too close. Hundreds of distribution lines and over 17 major transmission lines were knocked out of service and damaged by the fires. Approximately 3000 transmission and distribution wood pole structures had to be replaced. Initially about 100,000 customers were without power, due to heroic efforts nearly all customers were back in service within a couple of weeks. Damage throughout the county to SDG&E's electricity infrastructure was great-from De Luz to Descanso and South Poway to Julian. More than 3,000 power poles were destroyed. Then, 400 miles of electrical lines needed to get replaced. And engineers also struggled to rebuild 17 transmission lines. Even utility crews from throughout the West became part of the effort. Under a mutual-aid agreement, crews from Pacific Gas & Electric, the Salt River Project, Tucson Electric, the Imperial Irrigation District and Arizona Public Service joined in the battle against the fires. In just a few weeks, a one-year supply of electrical poles and transformers were used to make repairs.
- #17 Definition of Climate adaptation per the 2014 National Climate Assessment : A capability to anticipate, prepare for, react to, and recover from significant multi-hazard threats with minimum damage to social well-being, the economy, and the environment. Key risks linked to climate change: SDG&E- Wildfires (1) linked to drought Insufficient natural gas supply (2) linked to extreme temperatures Electric infrastructure integrity (6) linked to sea level rise, flooding SCG- Natural gas supply (1) linked to extreme temperatures Storage well integrity (21) linked to flooding, landslides We understand the risk associated with climate change adaption and the difference between climate adaption & climate mitigation. We will discuss how we are leveraging the latest science and technology to anticipate and quantify risks associate with the changing climate. We will discuss how we collaborate with our community and educate internally to make informed decisions, giving examples of adaption efforts that are making us more resilient to these inevitable changes. SoCalGas examples will show adaptation efforts for landslides, flash floods, and subsidence. Also, as part of our TIMP model, we address these weather-related threats: cold weather, lightning, heavy rains or floods, and earth movements. SDG&E example will show adaptation considerations for south bay substation. The goal of our efforts is to minimize risks associated with social well-being, the economy, and the environment.
- #19 The transportation sector is responsible for 37% of statewide greenhouse gas emissions and over 80% of oxides of nitrogen (“NOx”) and heavy-duty vehicles are the largest contributor to NOx emissions. Using natural gas as a transportation fuel not only helps reduce GHG emissions from the transportation sector, but can also increase resiliency of the sector. There is considerable pressure to electrify this sector, but since electric infrastructure is aboveground -- more vulnerable to climate events like storms and wildfires—such a shift increases risk of impacts. Relying on natural gas for transportation, by comparison, increases security and resiliency of the sector.
- #20 Distributed generation technologies that use natural gas can help provide a reliable source of power during climate events. Includes CHP, microturbines. Uses natural gas to generate electricity, and then uses the waste heat to heat a building, water heating, etc. As mentioned earlier with Hurricane Sandy, buildings that relied on electricity alone lost power. The only facilities that were able to keep the lights on were those with efficient natural gas generators that allowed them to generate their own electricity and heat. This is highly important for critical facilities such as hospitals.
- #21 Slide #16: Renewable Natural Gas Natural gas offers a solution to address methane emissions from California’s farms and other waste streams. Here’s an easy way to look at the opportunity—electricity is generated from different sources. It can come from coal, nuclear power or renewables. Its environmental impact depends on what it’s generated from. It’s the same with natural gas, or methane. Methane comes from the decomposition of organic matter, which means there are other ways to generate natural gas than extracting it from the ground. We can use organic waste from landfills, wastewater treatment facilities, dairies and farms to create “renewable natural gas” and make natural gas even cleaner. California could produce almost 300 billion cubic feet of renewable gas per year just from organic waste. Instead of landfilling or burning that waste, California could use it to generate enough renewable electricity to power two-to-three million homes or enough to replace 75% of all the diesel used by motor vehicles in California.* In fact, the biogas we produce from food and green waste has a NEGATIVE carbon intensity value—that means using biogas produced from food and green waste not only has 0 emissions—it actually takes carbon out of the air! Studies say existing organic waste alone could supply up to 20% of our current natural gas demand if converted to methane. And, with purpose-grown crops, studies say we can produce an additional 20% of our natural gas from this renewable source. That means up to 40% of our natural gas supply could come from renewable sources. It’s important to remember, this process runs on methane that would normally be released into our atmosphere and converts it into clean fuel to heat our homes and fuel our vehicles. It’s a double environmental win—we reduce emissions from the agriculture sector and generate a renewable energy source for other applications. Biogas is a solution that is about 10-15 years out. The challenge, as is the case with any emerging technology, is economic. We need state policy makers and regulators to invest in and set up incentives to realize the potential of biogas conditioning services. *SOURCE: Bioenergy Association of California, “Decarbonizing The Gas Sector: Why California Needs A Renewable Gas Standard,” November 2014. http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/121409lcfs_lutables.pdf
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- #23 Slide #18: Power-to-Gas Addresses the Storage Challenge Here’s how power-to-gas works. Rather than losing the excess electricity that is generated from wind and solar fields, we combine it with water and put it through electrolysis. The electrolysis process converts the electrical energy into chemical energy and splits the molecules into pure hydrogen and oxygen. The oxygen bi-product can be sold and used for other applications, such as healthcare. The hydrogen gas can be used as a fuel. Or, we can combine the hydrogen with CO2 and run it through the process of methanization to create methane. This renewable energy is then stored in our natural gas pipeline. Here’s another cool aspect of this process. The CO2 can be supplied through carbon capture technologies so CO2 emissions from industrial plants that would normally be released into the air can be repurposed in this process to form clean, renewable natural gas. Again, we have a case of double the environmental benefit. The clean, renewable methane produced through the power-to-gas process can be stored in our existing pipeline system for use when people need it. That means the infrastructure is already in place to store and deliver the renewable energy. By using excess energy from other renewables, Power to Gas gives us a way to actually store this energy rather than lose it. And by being able to use it in the form of clean methane, it helps increase resiliency of our energy system Ten percent of our methane demand can be met through power to gas. On top of the potential sourcing from biogas we just talked about, that means between 50%-60% of our natural gas supply can be generated through renewable resources.