Design Pattern Observations

Observations on the
Implementation of Design
Patterns in C# and .NET
Dmitri Nesteruk
@dnesteruk

Why design patterns?
Design patterns are no longer as
fashionable
Still relevant, translated to most
OOP languages
We assume everyone knows
them
Made a video course on them
(book might happen)
Design pattern and architecture-
related observations

Local Inversion of Control
Normal control: x.foo(y)
Inverted control: y.foo(x)
Implemented using e.g. extension methods

Names.Add(name);
“Names should add to itself the name”
name.AddTo(Names);
“Take name and add to Names”

public static T AddTo<T>(
this T self,
ICollection<T> c)
{
c.Add(self);
return self;
}

name.AddTo(Names);
name.AddTo(Names)
.AddTo(OtherNames)
.SomeOtherStuff();

op == "AND" || op == "OR" || op == "XOR"
Operation is AND or OR or XOR
new[]{"AND","OR","XOR"}.Contains(op)
This list of operations contains our operation (ugly)
op.IsOneOf("AND","OR","XOR")
Operation is one of the following

public static bool IsOneOf<T>(
this T self,
params T[] items)
{
return items.Contains(self);
}

Composite
Exposing collections and scalar objects in a uniform
way
Different scales:
Properties
Entire objects

Property Composite
I have names {FirstName, MiddleName, LastName}
Sometimes, I want an individual name
person.FirstName
Sometimes, I want to print the full name
string.Join(" ", person.Names)
How do I get person.Names?

public class Person
{
string FirstName, … { get; }
public IEnumerable<string> Names
{
yield return FirstName;
…
}
}

Array-Backed Properties
Suppose I want to add Title before the names…
How should I expose it?
Why not store names contiguously?
Never accidentally fail to yield a name from Names
Easier serialization (never miss a property)
Many aggregate get-only properties (e.g., full name
without title)

public class Person
{
private string names[4];
public string Title
{
get { return names[0]; }
set { names[0] = value; }
}
public string FullNameNoTitle
=> names.Skip(1).Join(' ');
}

Composite at Class Scale
Neural network model
A single neuron can be
connected to another
neuron
A bunch of neurons form a
layer
We want all forms of
entities to be connectable

class Neuron
{
public List<Neuron> In, Out;
}

class Neuron
{
public void ConnectTo(Neuron other)
{
Out.Add(other);
other.In.Add(this);
}
}

public class NeuronLayer :
Collection<Neuron> {}

var neuron1 = new Neuron();
var neuron2 = new Neuron();
var layer1 = new NeuronLayer();
var layer2 = new NeuronLayer();
neuron1.ConnectTo(neuron2);
neuron1.ConnectTo(layer1);
layer2.ConnectTo(neuron1);
layer1.ConnectTo(layer2);

Hot to make a single ConnectTo()?
Cannot make a base class: NeuronLayer already has
one
Use a common interface
NeuronLayer is an IEnumerable<Neuron>
So why not make Neuron IEnumerable<Neuron>
too?

class Neuron : IEnumerable<Neuron>
{
public void ConnectTo(Neuron other)
{
Out.Add(other);
other.In.Add(this);
}
}

public class Neuron : IEnumerable<Neuron>
{
public IEnumerator<Neuron> GetEnumerator()
{
yield return this;
}
IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
{
return GetEnumerator();
}
}

public static void ConnectTo(
this IEnumerable<Neuron> self,
IEnumerable<Neuron> other)
{
if (ReferenceEquals(self, other)) return;
foreach (var from in self)
foreach (var to in other)
{
from.Out.Add(to);
to.In.Add(from);
}
}

Dynamic in Design Patterns
Runtime-constructed Null Object
Dynamic Proxy
Dynamic Visitor

Null Object
A no-op object that can be injected when required
Typically conforms to an interface
We might not want to explicitly construct such an
object (e.g., for testing)
Dynamic to the rescue!

public interface ILog
{
void Info(string msg);
void Warn(string msg);
}
class ConsoleLog : ILog
{
public void Info(string msg)
{
WriteLine(msg);
}
⋮
}

public class BankAccount
{
private ILog log;
private int balance;
public BankAccount(ILog log) { this.log = log; }
public void Deposit(int amount)
{
balance += amount;
log.Info(
$"Deposited ${amount}, balance is now {balance}");
}
}

Problem
We have a hard dependency on ILog
We cannot supply null – too many NREs
We cannot rewrite existing code to use ?.
everywhere
Log may be passed on to other components
How to make a log that does nothing?

sealed class NullLog : ILog
{
public void Info(string msg) {}
public void Warn(string msg) {}
}

public class Null<T> :
DynamicObject where T:class
{
⋮
}

override bool TryInvokeMember(
InvokeMemberBinder binder,
object[] args, out object result)
{
result = Activator.CreateInstance(
binder.ReturnType);
return true;
}

public static T Instance
{
get
{
// ImpromptuInterface
return new Null<T>().ActLike<T>();
}
}

var log = Null<ILog>.Instance;
var ba = new BankAccount(log);

Dynamic Visitor
Dispatch = how many pieces of info do I need to
know what to call?
Static dispatch = all information must be known at
compile time 
Then what’s the point of polymorphism?

interface IStuff { }
class Foo : IStuff { }
class Bar : IStuff { }
static void f(Foo foo) { }
static void f(Bar bar) { }
IStuff i = new Foo();
f(i); // cannot resolve
// call needs to be on i

public abstract class Expression
{
public abstract void Accept(IExpressionVisitor visitor);
}
public interface IExpressionVisitor
{
void Visit(DoubleExpression de);
void Visit(AdditionExpression ae);
}
public class DoubleExpression : Expression
{
override void Accept(IExpressionVisitor visitor)
{
visitor.Visit(this);
}
} // f⋆⋆⋆ this, too much work!

interface IStuff { }
class Foo : IStuff { }
class Bar : IStuff { }
static void f(Foo foo) { }
static void f(Bar bar) { }
IStuff i = new Foo();
f((dynamic)i); // woo-hoo!
// dynamic dispatch!

Dynamic Proxy
Null Object: remove logging from entity
Dynamic Proxy: add logging to entity (at runtime!)
Implementations of Null<T> and Log<T> are
almost identical…

public class Log<T> : DynamicObject
where T : class, new()
{
private readonly T subject;
private Dictionary<string, int> methodCallCount =
new Dictionary<string, int>();
protected Log(T subject)
{
this.subject = subject;
}
⋮

public override bool TryInvokeMember(InvokeMemberBinder binder, object[] args, out object result)
{
try
{
// logging
WriteLine($"Invoking {subject.GetType().Name}.{binder.Name} ([{string.Join(",", args)}])");
// more logging
if (methodCallCount.ContainsKey(binder.Name)) methodCallCount[binder.Name]++;
else methodCallCount.Add(binder.Name, 1);
result = subject.GetType().GetMethod(binder.Name).Invoke(subject, args);
return true;
}
catch
{
result = null;
return false;
}
}

public static I As<I>() where I : class
{
// ensure I is an interface
return new Log<T>(new T())
.ActLike<I>();
}

public string Info
{
get
{
var sb = new StringBuilder();
foreach (var kv in methodCallCount)
sb.AppendLine($"{kv.Key} called {kv.Value} time(s)");
return sb.ToString();
}
}
// will not be proxied automatically
public override string ToString()
{
return $"{Info}{subject}";
}

var ba = Log<BankAccount>.As<IBankAccount>();
ba.Deposit(100);
ba.Withdraw(50);
WriteLine(ba); // ToString()
// DynamicObject overrides :(

That’s it!
Questions? Answers? Hate mail? @dnesteruk
Design Patterns in .NET online course at http://bit.ly/2p3aZww
ImpromptuInterface: https://github.com/ekonbenefits/impromptu-interface

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