Diabetes

DIABETES
COMENIUS
MULTILATERAL SCHOOL PARTNERSHIP PROJECT
EAT SMART
This project has been funded with the support from European Commision.
This puplication reflects only the viws of the author,and the commision can not be held responsible for any use which
may be made of the information contained there in.

DIABETES
 Diabetes describes a group of metabolic
diseases in which the person has high blood
glucose (blood sugar), either because
insulin production is inadequate, or because
the body's cells do not respond properly to
insulin, or both.

INSULIN PRODUCTION
Pancreas produce insulin
according to the blood
glucose level

What happens if there is a problem with the
production of insulin?
 Glucose in blood is not able to go into the cells.
 The cells can’t meet energy needs and energy is
tried to be provided from ‘fat’ and protein’.
 Using ‘fat’ as the energy source results the
increasing of keton in the body.

 With the usage of protein as energy
source,the patient feels themselves tired
and sluggish.
 If blood glucose is to high,It is tried to be
thrown away by kidneys so the patients
begin to urinate so often.
 As a result, the patients feel thirsty and
start to drink a lot.

 On the other
hand,despite eating
so often and a
lot,the patients lose
weight.

THE TYPES OF DIABETES
 While type 1 and type 2 are the most common form of
diabetes, there are others that you may hear about.Impaired
Glucose Metabolism or Pre-diabetes
 There are two pre-diabetes conditions:Impaired glucose
tolerance (IGT) is where blood glucose levels are higher than
normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes.
 Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) is where blood glucose
levels are escalated in the fasting state but not high enough to
be classified as diabetes.

 Teyp 1 Diabetes:Type
1 diabetes is usually
diagnosed in children
and young adults. Only
10% of people with
diabetes have this form
of the disease.
 In type 1 diabetes, the
body does not produce
insulin.

 Patients with type 1 diabetes will need to
take insulin injections for the rest of their life.
They must also ensure proper blood-
glucose levels by carrying out regular blood
tests and following a special diet.

 Type 2 diabetes:
 The body does not produce enough insulin
for proper function, or the cells in the body
do not react to insulin.
Approximately 90% of all cases of diabetes
worldwide are of this type.

 Some people may be able to control their
type 2 diabetes symptoms by losing weight,
following a healthy diet, doing plenty of
exercise, and monitoring their blood glucose
levels.
 However, type 2 diabetes is typically a
progressive disease .
 it gradually gets worse and the patient will
probably end up have to take insulin,
usually in tablet form.

 Overweight and obese people have a much
higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared
to those with a healthy body weight.
 The risk of developing type 2 diabetes is also
greater as we get older.
 Men whose testosterone levels are low have also
been found to have a higher risk of developing type
2 diabetes.

GESTATIONAL DIABETES
This type affects females during pregnancy.
The majority of gestational diabetes patients can control
their diabetes with exercise and diet. Undiagnosed or
uncontrolled gestational diabetes can raise the risk of
complications during childbirth. The baby may be bigger
than he/she should be.

WHAT CAUSES DIABETES?
 Diabetes causes vary depending on your
genetic makeup, family history, ethnicity, health
and environmental factors.
 There is no defined diabetes cause because
the causes of diabetes vary depending on the
individual and the type.

HOW ARE DIABETES AND PRE-
DIABETES DIAGNOSED?
 Blood tests are used to diagnosis diabetes
and pre-diabetes . Lab analysis of blood is
needed to ensure test results are accurate.
 Glucose measuring devices used in a
health care provider’s office, such as finger-
stick devices, are not accurate enough for
diagnosis but may be used as a quick
indicator of high blood glucose.

DIABETES TREATMENT
 Prevention and treatment often involve :
 physical exercise,
 being a normal body weight.
 Healthy diet

DIET PLAN
 Daily nutritional
needs should be
taken frequently but
small portions.

BELOW ARE SOME DIABETES MYTHS:
 People with diabetes should not exercise – not
true!!
 Exercise is important for people with diabetes, as it
is for everybody else.
 Dıabetes patients should discuss exercise with their
doctors before starting the exercise.
 Fat people always develop type 2 diabetes
eventually - this is not true.
 Being overweight or obese raises the risk of
becoming diabetic, they are risk factors, but do not
mean that an obese person will definitely become
diabetic.

 Children can outgrow diabetes - this is not true.
 Nearly all children with diabetes have type 1; insulin-
producing beta cells in the pancreas have been
destroyed. These never come back. Children with type 1
diabetes will need to take insulin for the rest of their
lives, unless a cure is found one day.
 Only older people develop type 2 diabetes - things
are changing.
 A growing number of children and teenagers are
developing type 2 diabetes due to the explosion in
childhood obesity rates, poor diet, and physical
inactivity.

 If you have diabetes you cannot eat chocolates
or sweets - people with diabetes can eat
chocolates and sweets if they combine them with
exercise or eat them as part of a healthy meal.
 Diabetics cannot eat bread, potatoes or pasta -
people with diabetes can eat starchy foods.
However, they must keep an eye on the size of the
portions.

 Diabetes diets are different from other people's
- the diet doctors recommend healthy nutritions;
healthy for everybody.Meals should contain plenty
of vegetables, fruit, whole grains, and they should
be low in salt and sugar, and saturated or trans fat.

SOME COMPLİCATİONS LİNKED TO BADLY CONTROLLED
DİABETES:
 Eye complications - glaucoma, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, and
some others.
 Foot complications - neuropathy, and sometimes gangrene which
may require that the foot be amputated
 Heart problems - heart disease when the blood supply to the heart
muscle is diminished
 Hypertension - common in people with diabetes, which can raise
the risk of kidney disease, eye problems, heart attack and stroke
 Mental health - uncontrolled diabetes raises the risk of suffering
from depression, anxiety and some other mental disorders
 Hearing loss - diabetes patients have a higher risk of developing
hearing problems
 Gastroparesis - the muscles of the stomach stop working
properly
 Stroke - if blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood
glucose levels are not controlled, the risk of stroke increases
significantly

WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR DIABETES AT SCHOOL?

 Brochures and films should be prepared to inform
the students about diabets
 Students should be informed about the importance
of healthy eating and doing exercises.

 School canteens shoul be controlled and warned to
sell healthy food and healthy drinks rather than fast
food and fizzy drinks.

 Students should be
informed about not
eating fast food
 Parents should be
informed about healthy
nutrition and the
importance of home
made food in children's
bag.

 Teachers should follow their students about their
health problems.If they have some symptoms with
any diseases ,they should contact with the parents .
 They also should inform the students about the
importance of their health.

Diabetes

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Diabetes