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Diabetes
- 1. DIABETES Presentation by: Ryan Co& Hazel Gamboa
- 2. About Us • RyanCo • McGill/UofT student • 4th year pharmacy student • Interests: games, traveling, sleep, food • Hazel Gamboa • ___ student • 4th year pharmacy student • Interests:
- 3. What is Diabetes? •State of impaired glucose tolerance • High levels of sugar in the blood • Can happen to anyone, anytime • Leads to complications later in life
- 4. HowtheBodyUses Sugar http://www.mangomannutrition.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Digestive-Physiology.jpg • Carbohydratesend up as glucose • Used by lots of organs • Insulin is one key hormone for sugar regulation
- 5. Insulin • Special protein producedby body that acts as a hormone • Insulin signals body to take up sugar • Insulin production is regulated • Which organ produces and secretes insulin?
- 6. Glucagon • “Brother” hormoneto insulin • Opposite effects – body produces when sugar low to increase sugar levels • Glucagon stimulates glucose production by the liver • Balance between insulin & glucagon necessary for proper control of blood glucose
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- 9. MasterHormoneRegulator https://www.headway.org.uk/media/2789/pituitarygland434.jpg • Pituitary gland= releases hormones that control organs that release hormones • Located in the brain = lots of sensors that detect body activity • If something is not in balance (homeostasis) = pituitary acts to restore body balance
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- 11. Type1 Diabetes • Regularpancreas has both α and β cells • Adequate insulin production • Type 1 diabetes results from destruction of β cells • Inadequate/no insulin production https://www.frdj.ca/_JDRFCa/assets/Image/NSO/Cure2_600.jpg
- 12. Type2 Diabetes • Insulinproduction not affected in type 2 diabetes • Organs become resistant to insulin • Eventually becomes non- responsive to body’s insulin production http://team-wild.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/IS-vs-IR.jpg
- 13. Signs and Symptoms •Unusual thirst • Frequent urination • Slow healing wounds • Frequent infections • Weight fluctuations
- 14. Diagnosing Diabetes • A1C= indicator of how well blood glucose has been controlled over past 3 months • If > 7%, diabetes can be diagnosed • Fasting blood glucose >7 mmol/L or 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test result > 11 mmol/L can also be used to diagnose diabetes
- 15. Treating Diabetes • Treatingtype 1 vs type 2 diabetes: how do they differ? • Remember: type 1 diabetics don’t produce insulin, so what do you use? • How about for type 2 diabetics? • Doctor chooses medications based on how well the blood sugar is controlled and type of diabetes
- 16. Supplementary“Treatments” • Exercise andhealthy eating can help prevent type 2 diabetes from getting worse – type 2 is reversible with proper care! • In combination with medications, may help with sugar control • Ideal to count calories & carbohydrate intake – but most important to find a regimen one can stick to
- 17. DiabetesMedications • Oral medications: •Metformin • Sulfonylurea • DPP-4 Inhibitor • Acarbose • SGLT2 Inhibitor • Injected medications: – GLP-1 Receptor Agonist – INSULIN • Pumps • Self-administered shots Don’t need to remember these names! Just know that many types of treatments exist!
- 18. TraditionalInsulinDeliveryMethods Self-administered shots given at differenttimes of the day according to need Pumps deliver insulin at controlled amounts throughout the day – can also have sensors that detect amount of sugar in the blood and release more insulin if needed
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- 20. Bantingand Best • Dr.Frederick Banting and Dr. Charles Best – discovery of insulin • Experiments performed on animals led to discovery of insulin to control diabetes • Performed here at the University of Toronto!
- 21. Large ScaleInsulin Production •http://www.abpischools.org.uk/res/coResourceImport/mod ules/hormones/en-flash/geneticeng.cfm • Recombinant DNA technology • Using other organisms to produce insulin that can be used by humans • Manufactured by various companies in special facilities • Expensive, time-intensive and lots of quality control!
- 22. BloodGlucoseMonitoring • Insulin –too much can lead to hypoglycemia • Brain needs certain level of sugar to continue functioning • Dizziness and weakness first, can fall into hypoglycemic (diabetic) coma • Very important to monitor blood sugar with glucose meters!
- 23. Summary • Diabetes isdue to either lack of insulin production, or resistance to insulin produced • Pancreas is key organ for maintenance of blood sugar levels • Differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes: reasons, treatments and monitoring • Be aware of diabetes and watch out for symptoms PREVENTING DIABETES IS MUCH BETTER THAN TREATING IT!
- 24. LeslieDan FacultyofPharmacy • 2years of university minimum with pre-requisite courses • PCAT – Pharmacy College Admissions Test • Biology, chemistry, physics, calculus, etc. • Grades + interview process • 4 years of pharmacy school – 3 years of classes and 1 year of rotations • Growing profession with increasing responsibility and role • http://www.pharmacy.utoronto.ca
- 25. References • Canadian DiabetesAssociation: http://www.diabetes.ca/ • http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/insulin/dis covery-insulin.html • Medscape – Diabetes: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117853-overview • Faculty of Pharmacy: http://www.pharmacy.utoronto.ca
Editor's Notes
- #21 Banting and Best experimented on dog – took out pancreas and it developed diabetes (frequent thirst, urination, weakness) Then took pancreatic extracts from another dog’s pancreas and injected it into dog – dog got better Eventually moved on to cattle for larger source of extract – started testing on humans and found it treated diabetic symptoms Gave the results of research to UofT to continue developing methods to increase yield