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![Management
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease which cannot be cured
keeping blood sugar levels as close to normal accomplished with diet,
exercise, and use of appropriate medications
Patient education, understanding
well-managed blood sugar levels effects of diabetes. These include smoking,
elevated cholesterol levels, obesity, high blood pressure, and lack of regular
exercise.[26]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/diabeticmellitus-181127171207/75/Diabetic-mellitus-18-2048.jpg)
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Diabetic mellitus
This document discusses types of diabetes, their symptoms, causes, management, and treatment. It outlines three main types of diabetes: type 1 caused by failure to produce insulin; type 2 resulting from insulin resistance; and gestational diabetes occurring during pregnancy. Symptoms include frequent urination, increased thirst and hunger. Complications involve damage to blood vessels and organs. Diabetes is managed through diet, exercise, medication like metformin, insulin therapy, and patient education to control blood sugar levels and minimize health risks.
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Diabetic mellitus
- 2. MD, Nahid HassanMitoo Roll:461 Batch;16th Department of pharmacy World University of Bangladesh
- 3.
- 4. Diabetics A diseasein which the body’s ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood.
- 5. Diabetic group ofmetabolic diseases person has high blood sugar the body does not produce enough insulin or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced
- 6. Type od diabetics Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes Gestational diabetes
- 7. Type 1 diabetes The body's failure to produce insulin Requires the person to inject insulin Also referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM for short, and juvenile diabetes loss of the insulin-producing beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas leading to insulin deficiency
- 8. Type 1diabetes can affect children or adults but was traditionally termed "juvenile diabetes unpredictable hyperglycemias
- 9. Type 2 diabetes results from insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly, Formerly referred to as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM for short, and adult-onset diabetes. the specific defects are not known Type 2 diabetes is the most common type. At this stage hyperglycemia can be reversed medications that improve insulin sensitivity
- 10. Gestational diabetes highblood glucose level during pregnancy It may precede development of type 2 DM inadequate insulin secretion and responsiveness It occurs in about 2%–5% of all pregnancies improve or disappear after delivery
- 11. Gestational diabetesis fully treatable but requires careful medical supervision throughout the pregnancy About 20%–50% of affected women develop type 2 diabetes later in life untreated gestational diabetes can damage the health of the fetus Risks to the baby include - macrosomia (high birth weight) -congenital cardiac and central nervous system anomalies -skeletal muscle malformations -In severe cases, perinatal death
- 12. Sing and Symptom polyuria (frequent urination) polydipsia (increased thirst ) polyphagia (increased hunger)
- 13. Complication damage toblood vessels the risk of cardiovascular disease Diabetic retinopathy, Diabetic nephropathy, diabetes-related foot problem such as diabetic foot ulcers
- 14. Cause Type 1diabetes is partly inherited and then triggered by certain Infections Type 2 diabetes is due primarily to lifestyle factors and genetics
- 15. Pathophysiology Mechanism ofinsulin release in normal pancreatic beta cells. Insulin production is more or less constant within the beta cells. Its release is triggered by food, chiefly food containing absorbable glucose. Insulin is the principal hormone that regulates uptake of glucose from the blood into most cells primarily muscle and fat cells, but not central nervous system cells deficiency of insulin or the insensitivity of its receptors plays a central role in all forms of diabetes mellitus
- 16. Insulin isalso the principal control signal for conversion of glucose to glycogen for internal storage in liver and muscle cells Lowered glucose levels result both in the reduced release of insulin from the beta cells and in the reverse conversion of glycogen to glucose when glucose levels fall
- 17. Diagnosis Glycosylated hemoglobinand Glucose tolerance test
- 18. Management Diabetes mellitusis a chronic disease which cannot be cured keeping blood sugar levels as close to normal accomplished with diet, exercise, and use of appropriate medications Patient education, understanding well-managed blood sugar levels effects of diabetes. These include smoking, elevated cholesterol levels, obesity, high blood pressure, and lack of regular exercise.[26]
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- 20. Medication Anti-diabetic medication Metformin is generally recommended as a first line treatment for type 2 diabetes aspirin Insulin therapy
- 21. Type 1diabetes is typically treated with a combinations of regular and NPH insulin
- 22. Classification of oralHypoglycemic Agent Sulfonylureas Biguanides
- 23. Sulfonylurea First generationDrug 1. Tolbutamide 2. Chlorpropamide 3. Toazamide 4. Acetohexamide 2nd generation drugs 1. Glibenclamide 2. Glipizide 3. Glicazide
- 24.