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![Diabetes
Asymptomatic bacteriuria is more common
(20%)
UTIs are likely to be more severe in diabetic
than nondiabetic women
Asymptomatic bacteriuria often precedes
symptomatic UTI in type 2 diabetes [RR]
1.65
Risk factors for UTI in diabetics includes
those
who take insulin (relative risk 3.7)
longer diabetes duration (>10 years, relative risk
2.6)
○ but not glucose control
Emphysematous pyelonephritis,
xanthogranulomatous UTI and fungal UTI are](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/diabeticnephropathy-management-130816073518-phpapp02/75/Diabetic-nephropathy-management-98-2048.jpg)
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Diabetic nephropathy management
- 1. Diabetic Nephropathy: “You can'tcure it so you have to endure it” BY DR.KARTHIK.RAO.N
- 2. Current Terminology • Kidney,not Renal (or Reno) • CKD, not CRF • DKD (= diabetic nephropathy) • AKI, not ARF • Still ESRD (End Stage Renal Disease) • Still RRT (Renal Replacement Therapy)
- 3. Definition of CKD Structuralor functional abnormalities of the kidneys for >3 months, as manifested by either: 1. Kidney damage, with or without decreased GFR, as defined by • pathologic abnormalities • markers of kidney damage, including abnormalities in the composition of the blood or urine or abnormalities in imaging tests 2. GFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, with or without kidney damage
- 4. Definition and Problem •Progressive in UAE a/w BP and GFR • 35-50% DN in Type 1 after 20 years of disease • 10- ? 20% DN Type 2 in patients on diagnosis ?? • Renal risk is equal in both Type I and II DM • Progressive rise in ESRD: Up to 40% of patients on RRT due to DN • Strong association with cardiovascular risk (20-40 fold higher)
- 5. Stages of ChronicKidney Disease Stage Description GFR (mL/min) 1 Kidney damage normal or GFR ≥90 2 Kidney damage mild GFR 60-89 3 Moderate GFR 30-59 4 Severe GFR 15-29 5 Kidney Failure <15 Use e-GFR and not S Creat in practice
- 6. Stages of DiabeticNephropathy • Hyperfilteration • Stage of Clinical Latency • Incipient Nephropathy • Overt Nephropathy • Renal Failure (Mogensen Staging for T1DM)
- 7. Diagnosis Hyperfiltration Clinical Latency Microalbuminuria Macroalbuminuria Renal failure Diabetes Microalbuminuria Dipsticknegative Macroalbuminuria Dipstick positive 30 300 mg/d0 New Terminology Micro-albuminuria = High Albuminuria Macroabuminurai = Very high Albuminuria
- 8. Stage of hyper- filtration Micro albumi- nuria Macro albumi- nuria Azotemia (Renal failure) End stage Renal disease Normo albumi- nuria NATURALHISTORY OF NEPHROPATHY IN TYPE 1 DIABETES 15 - 20 yrs 1 yrs4 - 5 yrs
- 9.
- 10. Type II Microalbuminuria Macroalbuminuria Renal failure Diagnosis PerkinsBA, Et al. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2285-93. Diagnosis Hyperfiltration Clinical Latency Microalbuminuria Macroalbuminuria Renal failure Type 1
- 11. Definitions of abnormalitiesin albumin excretion Because of variability in urinary albumin excretion, two of three specimens collected within a 3- to 6-month period should be abnormal before considering a patient to have crossed one of these diagnostic thresholds. Exercise within 24h, infection, fever, congestive heart failure, marked hyperglycemia, marked hypertension, pyuria, and hematuria may elevate urinary albumin excretion over baseline values. Diabetes care 2004; 27(1): S79-S83
- 12. Type II Macroalbuminuria Renal failure Diagnosis PerkinsBA, Et al. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2285-93. Diagnosis Hyperfiltration Clinical Latency Microalbuminuria Macroalbuminuria Renal failure Type 1
- 13. Type II Renal failure Diagnosis PerkinsBA, Et al. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2285-93. Diagnosis Hyperfiltration Clinical Latency Microalbuminuria Macroalbuminuria Renal failure Type 1
- 14. Microalbuminuria & Proteinuria NormalMicroalbuminuri a Overt proteinuria F M F M Albumin/creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) <3.5 <2.5 >3.5 >2.5 >30 Equivalent Albumen excretion (mg/day) <30 30-300 300 •Diagnosis of microalbuminuria based on 2 out of 3 urine samples in absence of UTI •After 5 years of Dx in T1DM & than annually. •At the time of diagnosis in T2DM.
- 15. U/A at Diagnosis (Type2 patients) Random spot collection Albumin:creatinine Repeat 3x in 3-6 months 2 of 3 ≥ 30mg/g creatinine Microalbuminuria, begin treatment Nephropathy Quantify µalb:Cr Consider referral No microalbuminuria Re-screen yearly Negative Positive No Yes
- 16. 16 What are Diabeticswith Nephropathy Dying From? Stroke Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Sudden Death
- 17. Risk Factors :Non Modifiable • Race: Indo-Asians, Africans, Hispanics, Native Americans. • Familial clustering: In Type 1 DM if 1* relative > 80% chances of developing DN. In Type 2 DM (Pima Indians) 14%, 23% and 46% (0,1,2 parents DM) • Genetic influence ACE gene polymorphism (DD in Type 2) Ag-II type 2 receptor gene (AT2) on X-chromosome. (AA haplotype risk than GT haplotype in type 1 DM) Inheritance of one allele of the aldose reductase gene, • Low Birth weight • Age Type 1 onset < 5 risk of ESRD but risk in T2DM in Pima indians <20 yrs. Type 1 no proteinuria till age 25 risk <1 % • Elevated pro-renin levels.
- 18. Risk factors: Modifiable •Hypertension • Dyslipidemia • Smoking • Poor glycemic control • Obesity • Oral Contraceptives • Increased protein intake
- 19. Natural History inType 2 DM • GFR decline once proteinuria present 12 ml/min/year untreated • Patients often die of other causes (CVS disease) before ESRF • CVS risk rises 2-3X with microalbuminuria, 9-10X with clinical proteinuria • Higher rates of ESRF in T1DM
- 20. Hypertension • Greater than140/90 increases the risk of diabetes • 50-60% of newly diagnosed patients also have HTN at diagnosis • An interesting note: A family history of HTN in a child with Type 1 diabetes their risk of developing nephropathy
- 21. Undesirable lipid levels •HDL less than 35 mg/dL • Triglycerides greater than 150 mg/dL • Think diabetes or hypothyroidism with the above lipid profile • Draw a FBS and a TSH
- 22. Predictors of progression •In normoalbuminuric person • Glycemic control • In established DN • Hypertension • Degree of proteinuria • In renal biopsy • Mesangial expansion • Tubulointerstitial lesions
- 23. • Hyperglycaemia Early histologicallesions reversible with normoglycaemia • Hypertension Predicts microalbimunuria, proteinuria paralleled by gradual rise in BP Correlation between BP and rate of of GFR • Proteinuria Induces tubulointerstitial damage/ contributes to progression Highly selective in early disease Pathogenesis of DN
- 25. Oparil et al.Ann Intern Med 139:761-76, 2003. ANG II ANG II
- 26. Cross-talk between theInsulin and Aangiotensin- II Angiotensin II insulin sensitivity & insulin secretion, explaining the antidiabetogenic effect of RAS blockade Hyperinsulinemia enhances Ang II- induced transcriptional activity in vascular smooth muscle cells
- 27. Treatment 1. Glycemic control 2.Blood pressure control 3. Angiotensin 2 control 4. Proteinuria control 5. Cholesterol control
- 28. DCCT 1400 T1DM Intensive Conventional HbA1C7.3% 9.1% Reduction in Retinopathy- 47% Microalbumnuria- 39% Clinical Nephropathy- 54% Neuropathy- 60% Benefits of intensive control persisted even after study concluded and glycemic control worsened. After 17 years 50% reduction in macrovascular complications.
- 29. Strict glycemic controlprevents microalbuminuria in patients with type 1: 2.2%/year DN in Intensive and 3.4% in conventional
- 30. Randomized prospective trialof treatment strategies in type II diabetes ukpdsType 2 diabetic patients 5,102 Person years follow-up 53,000 Intensive Conventional HbA1c 7% 7.9% At 12 years 23 % 34 % Each 1% decrease in HbA1C decreases microvascular complications by 35%. Macrovascular advantage is seen after 10 years. Strict BP control decreased microvascular complications.
- 31. Benefits of GlycemicControl •Delay the development of albumin excretion •Stabilize or protein excretion in pts with UAE •Slow the progressive renal injury in Macroalb. •May reverse early structural changes UKPDS Study : Glycemic control is less than the benefit from blood pressure control
- 32. ACEi are good ARBare good What about both together?
- 33. 33 Ang I Ang II ProgressiveDiabetic Nephropathy ACE Renal Injury and Proteinuria ACEi AT1 Receptor Non-ACE Pathways Aldosterone MRA ARB Can Dual Blockade of the RAAS Improve Renal Outcomes in Diabetic Nephropathy? + +
- 34. CALM Study • N=200 • Type II DM with microalbuminuria • Randomized to: • Lisinopril 20 mg qd • Candesartan 16 mg qd • Combination of lisinopril 20 mg and candesartan 16 mg Mogensen CE, Et al. BMJ 2000; 321: 1440-4. Candesartan and Lisinopril Microalbuminuria (CALM) 24 39 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 ReductioninAlbuminuria(%) Candesartan Lisinopril Combination
- 35. Calcium channel blockers •Verapamil does not delay development of microalbuminuria • Verapamil does reduce proteinuria in diabetics independent of changes in BP. Side effect: FGGS & TIF. Aldosterone antagonists • Spironolactone reduces proteinuria in diabetics • Change in proteinuria is independent of blood pressure • All patients were treated with an ACEi or ARB • 24-Hr ambulatory BP fell 6/2 Schjoedt KJ, Et al. Kidney International 2006; 70: 536-542.
- 36. ARBs: Evolution ofprotective benefits ↓BP ↓Stroke ↑Glycemic control ↓Heart failure ↓Renal dysfunction ↓CHD (?)
- 37. ONTARGET • Telmisartan (16.7%)noninferior; combination (16.3%) not superior to ramipril (16.5%) for primary endpoint (CV death, MI, stroke, heart failure) • Greater incidence of hypotension in combination (4.8%) and telmisartan (2.7%) groups, compared with ramipril group (1.7%) (p < 0.001) Trial design: Patients at high risk for cardiovascular events, but without heart failure, were randomized to telmisartan, ramipril, or the combination. Patients were followed for a median of 56 months. Results Conclusions The ONTARGET investigators. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1547-59 Telmisartan (n = 8,542) Combination (n = 8,502) • Either telmisartan or ramipril, but not both, can be used in hypertensive patients at high risk for cardiovascular events • Side effects greater with combination therapy 16.7 16.3 % 0 10 Primary endpoint 20 Ramipril (n = 8,576) 16.5 0 10 15 5 Mortality 11.6 12.5 11.8 % (p < 0.004*) (p = ns) * Telmisartan vs. ramipril for noninferiority
- 39.
- 40. Aliskiren Trial inType 2 Diabetes Using Cardio-Renal Endpoints (ALTITUDE): • To determine whether aliskiren 300 mg once daily, reduces CV and renal morbidity and mortality compared with placebo when added to conventional treatment (including ACEi or ARB) • Included high-risk type 2 diabetes patients
- 41. Treatment Blood pressurecontrol Glycemic control 3. Proteinuria control 4. Cholesterol control
- 42.
- 43. Is Anemia CausingCardiovascular And Renal Disease In Diabetics, Or is it Just A Marker?
- 44. Hypothesis: Anemia isan Important CV Risk Factor in Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic Kidney Disease Cardiovascular disease Anemia ©2005. American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.
- 45. < 2 %pts of DRD require RRT because others often die of CVD before reaching ESRD. Dialysis Get an early vascular access for HD Offer PD to patients with adequate manual dexterity I P Insulin therapy in PD pts Offer HD to diabetic with severe vascular disease Transplantation Renal and renal-pancreas transplantation Preemptive transplantation (GFR<30 mL/min) Evaluation for CAD Post-Tx UTI, Allograft Rejection, Glycemic Control Management of ESRD in DN
- 46. How Should WeManage Patient With Diabetic Nephropathy Today? Parameter • Lower BP…………… • Block RAAS…… • Improve glycemia …. • Lower LDL cholesterol.. • Anemia management ... • Endothelial protection… • Smoking…………… Target < 130/80 mmHg ACEi or ARB to max HbA1c < 6.5% (Insulin) < 100 (70) mg/ statin + other Hb 11-12 g/dl (Epo + iron) Aspirin daily Cessation
- 47. Conclusions • Diabetic nephropathyis the most common cause of ESRD in the world • ESRD is a rare out- come among diabetics • Just over half of diabetics will develop nephropathy • Blood pressure control • Glycemic control • Angiotensin 2 reduction • Proteinuria reduction • ACEi + ARB • Statins • Aldosterone antagonists • Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers
- 48. Key messages • Screeningfor diabetic renal disease is easy and should be performed annually • Good glycaemic control is the main Pry prevention therapy • Once microalbuminuria confirmed RAS blockade is must • BP targets should be individualised • Treatment aims to stabilise e-GFR & maintain/ UAER • Attention to all vascular risk factors is vital • If RRT becomes necessary this needs to be carefully planned well in advance
- 49. Diabetic Nephropathy Over 40%of new cases of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are attributed to diabetes. In 2001, 41,312 people with diabetes began treatment for end-stage renal disease. In 2001, it cost $22.8 billion in public and private funds to treat patients with kidney failure. Minorities experience higher than average rates of nephropathy and kidney disease Incidence of ESRD Resulting from Primary Diseases (1998) 43% 23% 12% 3% 19% Diabetes Hypertension Glomerulonephritis Cystic Kidney Other Causes
- 50. Five Stages ofKidney Disease Stage 1: Hyperfiltration, or an increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) occurs. Kidneys increase in size. Stage 2: Glomeruli begin to show damage and microalbuminurea occurs. Stage 3: Albumin excretion rate (AER) exceeds 200 micrograms/minute, and blood levels of creatinine and urea-nitrogen rise. Blood pressure may rise during this stage.
- 51. Investigations Urinary Protein assessment Dipstick 24hoururinary protein estimation Albumin: Creatinine ratio > 2.5 in males and > 3.5 in females is abnormal Confirm with Albumin excretion rate (AER) of 20- 200ug/min or 30-300mg/24hrs. This requires timed urine collection
- 52. Five Stages ofKidney Disease (con’t.) Stage 4: GFR decreases to less than 75 ml/min, large amounts of protein pass into the urine, and high blood pressure almost always occurs. Levels of creatinine and urea-nitrogen in the blood rise further. Stage 5: Kidney failure, or end stage renal disease (ESRD). GFR is less than 10 ml/min. The average length of time to progress from Stage 1 to Stage 4 kidney disease is 17 years for a person with type 1 diabetes. The average length of time to progress to Stage 5, kidney failure, is 23 years.
- 53. Screening for Diabetic Nephropathy TestWhen Normal Range Blood Pressure1 Each office visit <130/80 mm/Hg Urinary Albumin1 Type 2: Annually beginning at diagnosis Type 1: Annually, 5-years post-diagnosis <30 mg/day <20 g/min <30 g/mgcreatinine 1American Diabetes Association: Nephropathy in Diabetes (Position Statement). Diabetes Care 27 (Suppl.1): S79-S83, 2004
- 54. Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy •Hypertension Control - Goal: lower blood pressure to <130/80 mmHg – Antihypertensive agents • Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors – captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, benazepril, fosinopril, ramipril, quinapril, perindopril, trandolapril, moexipril • Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) therapy – candesartan cilexetil, irbesartan, losartan potassium, telmisartan, valsartan, esprosartan • Beta-blockers
- 55. • Glycemic Control –Preprandial plasma glucose 90-130 mg/dl – A1C <7.0% – Peak postprandial plasma glucose <180 mg/dl – Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) – Medical Nutrition Therapy • Restrict dietary protein to RDA of 0.8 g/kg body weight per day Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy (cont.)
- 56. Treatment of End-StageRenal Disease (ESRD) There are three primary treatment options for individuals who experience ESRD: 1. Hemodialysis 2. Peritoneal Dialysis 3. Kidney Transplantation
- 57. Hemodialysis • Procedure – Afistula or graft is created to access the bloodstream – Wastes, excess water, and salt are removed from blood using a dialyzer – Hemodialysis required approx. 3 times per week, each treatment lasting 3-5 hrs – Can be performed at a medical facility or at home with appropriate patient training
- 58. • Hemodialysis Diet –Monitor protein intake – Limit potassium intake – Limit fluid intake – Avoid salt – Limit phosphorus intake • Complications – Infection at access site – Clotting, poor blood flow – Hypotension Hemodialysis (cont.)
- 59. Peritoneal Dialysis • Procedure –Dialysis solution is transported into the abdomen through a permanent catheter where it draws wastes and excess water from peritoneal blood vessels. The solution is then drained from the abdomen. – Three Types of Peritoneal Dialysis • Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) • Continuous Cycler-Assisted Peritoneal Dialysis (CCPD) • Combination CAPD and CCPD
- 60. Peritoneal Dialysis (cont.) •Peritoneal Dialysis Diet – Limit salt and fluid intake – Consume more protein – Some potassium restrictions – Reduce caloric intake • Complications – Peritonitis
- 61. Kidney Transplant • Procedure –A cadaveric kidney or kidney from a related or non-related living donor is surgically placed into the lower abdomen. – Three factors must be taken into consideration to determine kidney/recipient match: • Blood type • Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) • Cross-matching antigens
- 62. How Can YouPrevent Diabetic Kidney Disease? • Maintain blood pressure <130/80 mm/Hg • Maintain preprandial plasma glucose 90- 130 mg/dl • Maintain postprandial plasma glucose <180 mg/dl • Maintain A1C <7.0%
- 63. 63 Albuminuria then Proteinuria •Microalbuminuria first (lower MW) – Raised by GFR (i.e. BSL, protein diet, fever, exercise) • Spot urine ACR or PCR – more convenient than 24hr collection – more accurate than urinalysis – adjusts for fluid intake – underestimates the muscular patient
- 64. 64 Diabetic Nephropathy • Fromhaemodynamic & metabolic stresses • Metabolic stress – deposition of advanced glycosylation end products in connective tissue & sml vessels. • May take 10-20 yrs but many T2DM asymptomatic for several yrs, hence nephropathy may already be present at Dx
- 65. 65 Nephropathy Risk Factors •DM Type & Duration – 20% of Type I after 20 years – 40% of Type II any duration • Poor diabetic control • Hypertension • Aboriginal > Indian > Caucasian • Smokers • Family history
- 66. 66 • 1st clinicalsign is microalbuminuria (ACR) • Kidney not able to catabolise albumin • This can also occur transiently with – Fever – Exercise – Short term hyperglycaemia – High protein meal • Hence, repeat at a later date/rule out reversible • DM + HPT, x 20 risk of progressive nephropathy • DM + HPT + poor diabetic & lipid control, x 40 risk
- 67. 67 Nephropathy Risk Factors •DM Type & Duration – 20% of Type I after 20 years – 40% of Type II any duration • Poor diabetic control • Hypertension • Aboriginal > Indian > Caucasian • Smokers • Family history
- 68. 68 Nephropathy Risk Factors •Modifiable – HbA1c, BP & total cholesterol (Odds Ratio 43) – Obesity, smoking • Non-modifiable – Age, ethnicity, male sex
- 69. 69 Delaying Complications • Tightdiabetic control – Prevention of microvascular Cmplx • Risk of hypos • Tight BP control – Prevention and management of micro & macro Cmplx – Use ACEI, ARB’s or both combined
- 70. 70 ACE Inhibitors canprevent progression of renal failure 120 160 200 240 280 320 350 400 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Years Ann Intern Med 118 577-581.1993 Placebo Enalapril 85 90 95 100 105 110 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Years Placebo Enalapril Normotensive Type 2 Diabetics Proteinuria (mg/day) % Initial GFR
- 71. 71 ACEI/ARB Proteinuria Remission H L H L 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 2000 Jan 2000 20012002 Creatinine - Plasma umol/L H 0 500 1000 2000 Jan 2000 2001 2002 Protein/Creat Ratio - Urine mg/mmol
- 72. 72 Q. Which featuresare typical of diabetic CKD at presentation ? • Haematuria NO • Small scarred kidneys NO • Progress to ESKD in <2yrs NO • Associated retinopathy YES • -blockers better than ACE-I Rx NO
- 73. 73 Diabetes and ESKD •Reducing insulin requirements • Difficult vascular access • Accelerated macrovascular disease • Advanced microvascular disease • Frequent sepsis • Silent ischaemia • 2-3 x death rate vs non-DM patients
- 74. 74 How can DMeffect Dialysis? • Autonomic neuropathy – may suffer hypotension increased by large fluid shift in HD • Uncontrolled blood sugars – may absorb some glucose in PD fluid • Severe PVD – difficult to get vascular access for HD • PVD may also affect peritoneum and reduce PD success • Increased risk of infections – problem in both • Transplants – new kidneys develop nephropathy, hence good glycaemic control important
- 75. 75 Strict BSL Controlin early Type I • Target HbA1c < 7% • For every 1% HbA1c: – 10% CVD – 40% Microvascular Cmplx • BUT: • Doubles risk of hypoglycaemia • Loss of control with DM duration: – 50% at 3yr – 30% at 6yr – 15-25% at 9yr (= % patients with HbA1c < 7% on Met or OHA alone)
- 76. 76 Strict BSL Controlin DM CKD • AND: • Minimal benefit if overt proteinuria • Diabetes “cured” by advancing CKD – reduced appetite and CHO intake – prolonged insulin half-life – false elevation of HbA1c by 0.5-1%
- 77. 77 Metformin in CKD •No hypos or weight gain • Inexpensive • BUT: – Renally-excreted – Excess doses anorexia, diarrhoea – Dose adjust to GFR: 2g to 250mg/day – Protocol says • eGFR 30 – 59 max 1gm/day • cease when eGFR <30 but… – Risk of fatal lactic acidosis if unwell
- 78. 78 Glitazones in DM •Av.1% fall in HbA1c as monoRx or add-on • Preserves beta-cell fn - use early • Durable effect >3yrs • BUT: – 1-2/12 delayed onset – Average 4kg SC fat gain, visceral fat loss – Oedema (Na+/H20, vasc. permeability) – Expensive
- 79. 79 Strict BP Controlat any stage • ½’s (or even stops) rate of fall in GFR • Greater benefit than tight BSL control • Falling BP Target = 120/70 currently • Preferential use of ACEi/ARBs • Complete regression of proteinuria possible • Helps all micro- & macrovascular disease • (Parving, UKPDS, Captopril Trial, MicroHOPE, IRMA/IDNT, JNC VI)
- 80. 80 Use of ACEi/ARBs:actions • Antihypertensive – by salt excess, by thiazides – need mean of 3 agents in mild CKD • Antiproteinuric – 30-50% alone, 40-70% together • Renoprotective – corrects GFR, expected 30% creatinine
- 81. Creatinine- it’s thebest we have!
- 82. Rough GFR Equationsshould be used only in the steady state Not useful in ARF Reasonable criteria ◦ CrCl> 50ml/min ◦ CrCl 10 – 50 ml/min ◦ Crcl< 10 ml/min ◦ Oliguric and non oliguric Creatinine GFR 1 100 2 50 3 25 4 12.5 5 6.125 6 3.06125
- 83.
- 84. Diabetes 1,2 3 45 Time GFR Creat
- 85. Problems Precautions Bloodpressure control Dietary protein restriction Management of MBD Management of anemia Vaccination Volume control Cardiovascular disease screening Options of renal replacement
- 86. Precautions No nephrotoxics ◦Impair glomerular function: NSAIDS ◦ Impair tubular function: Aminoglycosides ◦ NO contrast agent exposure Drug dose adjustment Treat intercurrent infections properly Educate about native drugs Early referral to nephrologist
- 87. Blood pressure management SystemicBP reduction Intra-glomerular BP reduction Anti-proteinuric effect Blood pressure control Beta blockers Alpha -blockers Vasodilators ARB ACEi Preservation of other target organs Preservation of kidneys
- 88. Protein restriction Preservationof organ repair Daily dietary requirement (FAO) ◦ 0.6 g/Kg/d plus 2 SD= 0.8 g/Kg/d MDRD study ◦ Dietary protein restriction may offer a benefit Remember to preserve adequate calories
- 89.
- 90. 90 Decreased GFR Hyperphosphatemia Hypocalcemia Low vitaminD + decreased activation + Resistance Secondary hyperparathyroidism Binders Phosphate binder +/- Calcium supplement Vitamin D/ analogues Calcimimetics
- 91. 91 Decreased GFR Hyperphosphatemia Hypocalcemia Low vitaminD + decreased activation + Resistance Secondary hyperparathyroidism Binders Phosphate binder +/- Calcium supplement Vitamin D/ analogues Calcimimetics
- 92. Diabetic Nephropathy DNoccurs in 35-40% of patients with type I diabetes (IDDM) whereas it occurs only in 15-20% of patients with type II diabetes (NIDDM). Definition or Criteria for diagnosis of DN Presence of persistent proteinuria in sterile urine of diabetic patients with concomitant diabetic retinopathy and hypertension.
- 93. BMD Dietary phosphate restriction Phosphate binders ◦ Aluminium ◦ Calcium ◦ Magnesium ◦ Non aluminium, calcium, magensium binders Replenishment of vitamin D stores Activated vitamin D 1, 25 (OH)2D3 Vitamin D analogues ◦ Paricalcitrol ◦ Doxercalcitriol
- 94. Anemia management EPO deficiency Defectin iron absorption B12 and folate deficiency Diseases like myeloma Hyperparathyroidism Drugs like ARB Aluminum toxicity Blood loss Hemolysis Pure Red Cell Aplasia
- 95. Correction of anemia Identify iron deficiency Oral iron vs parenteral iron Iron sucrose Don’t overload iron Avoid transfusions EPO therapy if iron replete Target 11 to 12 g/dl Start at small dose and titrate upwards Twice weekly to thrice weekly Newer analogues may be used less frequently
- 96. Vaccinations Hepatitis B ◦20 mcg each deltoid IM 0, 1, 2, 6 months ◦ Check Anti HBS titre post vaccination after 3rd dose ◦ Only 60 % seroconvert in ESRD Pneumococcal vaccine Influenza vaccine
- 97. Volume control Problemswith salt and water excretion in CKD is relatively later Proteinuric conditions may develop this problem early Diabetic remain proteinuric even while fibrosis continues to proceed Fluid restriction and salt restriction is important
- 98. Diabetes Asymptomatic bacteriuriais more common (20%) UTIs are likely to be more severe in diabetic than nondiabetic women Asymptomatic bacteriuria often precedes symptomatic UTI in type 2 diabetes [RR] 1.65 Risk factors for UTI in diabetics includes those who take insulin (relative risk 3.7) longer diabetes duration (>10 years, relative risk 2.6) ○ but not glucose control Emphysematous pyelonephritis, xanthogranulomatous UTI and fungal UTI are
- 117. Diabetic Nephropathy A clinicalsyndrome DM + Persistent albuminuria, Worsening proteinuria, Hypertension & progressive renal failure
- 118. Diabetic nephropathy (DN)is a major cause of ESRD, and the incidence of diabetes mellitus is rising rapidly.
- 119. Diabetic Nephropathy DNoccurs in 35-40% of patients with type I diabetes (IDDM) whereas it occurs only in 15- 20% of patients with type II diabetes (NIDDM). Definition or Criteria for diagnosis of DN Presence of persistent proteinuria in sterile urine of diabetic patients with concomitant diabetic retinopathy and hypertension.
- 120. Effect of AngiotensinBlockade Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole Glomerular pressure ( GFR) Glomerulus Bowman’s Capsule Angiotensin II Proteinuria A II blockade:
- 121. Irbesartan in patientswith type 2 diabetes & microalbuminuria study 590 NIDDM patients with HTN and microalbuminuria with nearly normal GFR. Randomly assigned to placebo, 150 mg or 300 mg of irbesartan for 2 years. Primary outcome was time to the onset of diabetic nephropathy (urinary albumin excretion rate >200 mcg/min and at least 30% greater albuminuria) 14.9% patients on placebo group, 9.7% of irbesartan 150mg group and 5.2% of irbesartan 300 mg group reached the primary point. (Parving et al, NEJM, 2001)
- 122. ARBs in NIDDM,HTN& microalbuminuria-Parving 2001
- 123. D.N.-Management ACEI orAII RB- in both expt & human Reduce glomerular hypertension Reduce proteinuria independent of hemodynamic effects Reduce glomerular hypertrophy well tolerated apart from hyperkalemia & worsening of anemia in severe CRF Cautious use in presence of severe renovascular disease
- 124. DN: ADA PositionStatement Screening: Perform an annual test for the presence of microalbuminuria in 1) type 1 diabetic patients who have had diabetes > 5 years and 2) all type 2 diabetics patients starting at diagnosis. Treatment: • In the treatment of albuminuria/nephropathy both ACE inhibitors and ARBs can be used: • In hypertensive and nonhypertensive type 1 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria or clinical albuminuria, ACE inhibitors are the initial agents of choice • In hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria or clinical albuminuria, ARBs are the initial agents of choice. • If one class is not tolerated, the other should be substituted American Diabetes Association: Position Statement Diabetes Care 25:S85-S89, 2002
- 125. UK Prospective DiabetesStudy (UKPDS) Major Results: Powerful Risk Reductions Better blood pressure control reduces… Strokes by > one third Serious deterioration of vision by > one third Death related to diabetes by one third Better glucose control reduces… Early kidney damage by one third Major diabetic eye disease by one fourth Turner RC, et al. BMJ. 1998;317:703- 713.
- 126. National Kidney FoundationRecommendations on Treatment of HTN and Diabetes Blood pressure goal: 130/80 mmHg Target blood pressure: 125/75 for patients with >1 gram/day proteinuria Blood pressure lowering medications should reduce both blood pressure + proteinuria Therapies that reduce both blood pressure and proteinuria have been known to reduce renal disease progression and incidence of ischemic heart disease Bakris GL, et al. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36(3):646-661.
- 127. Treatment Objectives toPrevent Macrovascular Disease in Diabetic Patients Hypertension ◦ BP < 130/80 mmHg Hypercholesterolemia ◦ LDL < 100 mg/dL Hyperglycemia ◦ Hgb A1C < 7.0 % American Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Recommendations. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(suppl1):S1- S133.
- 128. Management of HTNand Chronic Renal Disease (CRD) in Diabetics Reduce BP to <130/80 mmHg Use multiple antihypertensive drugs (ACEI, ARB, diuretic, CCB, beta-blocker) Maximal reduction of proteinuria Treat hyperlipidemia (LDL <100 mg/dL) Control Hgb A1C to <7% Low salt diet (<2 gm NaCl/day) Stop cigarette smoking
- 130. Diabetic Nephropathy Clinical syndromecharacterised by persistent albuminuria (>300mg/24hrs) on at least 2 occasions separated by 3 months.
- 131. Epidemiology Incidence of DiabeticNephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes 4-17% 20 years 16-30% 30 years 30-40% 40 years
- 132. Epidemiology Incidence of DiabeticNephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes 5% at diagnosis 20% after 20 years
- 133. Screening for Microalbuminuria Albuminexcretion increased due to Strenuous exercise Oral Protein intake Urinary infection Fluid loading Pregnancy
- 134. Urinary Albumin Excretion Rates Normoalbuminuria< 30mg/day Microalbuminuria 30-300mg/day Overt Nephropathy > 300mg/day
- 135. Screening for Microalbuminuria Type1: Yearly after 5 years of diagnosis Type 2: Annually from diagnosis
- 137. Protein Kinase C Renalinjury due to hyperglycaemia increase reactive oxygen species. Activation of PK C and TGF b results in increased: Vascular Contractility Blood Flow Cellular Proliferation Vascular Permeability
- 138. Inhibition of PKCby Ruboxistaurin in Rats Reduces Glomerular Hyperfiltration Albuminuria Extra cellular Matrix accumulation
- 139. Mechanisms for theRenoprotective Effect of ACE Inhibitors Lower Systemic Blood Pressure Lower Intra glomerular Pressure and filtration rates Reduce Proteinuria
- 140. Mechanisms for theRenoprotective Effect of ACE Inhibitors Inhibit non Heamodynamic effects of Angiotensin on various cell types Reduction in Cytokine and Growth factor synthesis e.g. TGF β Mesangium: Reduced Cell proliferation Hypertrophy Matrix Expansion
- 141. Mechanisms for theRenoprotective Effect of ACE Inhibitors Reduction in Oxidative Stress Inhibit macrophage activation, proliferation and migration
- 142. Renal preglomerular vasodilation Systemichypertension Glomerular hypertension Glomerular sclerosis Hyperglycemia Genetic factors metabolism of glom. cells Treatment of DM nephropathy: Glucose control from T. Hostetter
- 143. Renal preglomerular vasodilation Systemichypertension Glomerular hypertension Glomerular sclerosis Hyperglycemia Genetic factors metabolism of glom. cells Treatment of DM nephropathy: Hypertension control from T. Hostetter
- 144. Blood pressure management SystemicBP reduction Intra-glomerular BP reduction Anti-proteinuric effect Blood pressure control Beta blockers Alpha -blockers Vasodilators ARB ACEi Preservation of other target organs Preservation of kidneys
- 145. Treatment • Hypertension control: –Lower the BP, slower the decline in GFR in patients with diabetic nephropathy – JNC VI recommended BP < 130/85 mmHg in patients with renal insufficiency – Patients with CKD and > 1g proteinuria, BP goal should be < 125- 130/75-80 mmHg
- 146. Role of Aldosteronein the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy
- 147. Treatment • ACE inhibitors: –Type I diabetes with nephropathy: captopril vs. placebo – 50% RR of combined end points of death, dialysis and transplantation in ACEI group independent of BP Lewis et al. NEJM, 1993
- 148. Treatment • Angiotensin-receptor blockers: –RENAAL study(2001) • 1513 pts with type II DM and nephropathy. Losartan vs. placebo. Losartan reduced the rate of doubling of cr by 16% but no effect on the rate of death. – IDNT(2001) • 1715 type II DM pts with nephropathy. Irbesartan vs. amlodipine vs. placebo. Irbesartan has 20% lower risk of reaching endpoints compared to placebo and 23% lower incidence than that in the amlodipine group
- 149. Renal preglomerular vasodilation Systemichypertension Glomerular hypertension Glomerular sclerosis Hyperglycemia Genetic factors metabolism of glom. cells Treatment of DM nephropathy: Effect of ACEIs and ARBs from T. Hostetter
- 150. Diabetic Nephropathy: Important Message •Lower blood pressure < 130 / 80 mmHg • Reducing Proteinuria • Inhibition of Renin-Angiotensin System • Multiple risk factor intervention – Glycemia – Dyslipidemia – Physical activity – Aspirin – Smoking cessation
- 151. ACEi- or ARB-BasedRegimens for Diabetic Nephropathy Do Not Go Far Enough!
- 152. Diabetic Nephropathy: ImportantMessage • Small short-term studies suggest combinations of ACEi and ARB reduce proteinuria synergistically – Greater reductions in proteinuria with or without additional lowering in blood pressure – Hyperkalemia and Increased creatinine not well documented • Safety and Efficacy of combination ACEi and ARB in diabetic with nephropathy not well established
- 153. Secondary hyperparathyroidism Abnormalities inmetabolism of calcium and phosphorus in patients with chronic kidney disease
- 154. Targets Stage Calcium* PhosphorousPTH Stage 3 8.4 to 9.5 2.7 to 4.6 35-70 Stage 4 8.4 to 9.5 2.7 to 4.6 70-110 Stage 5 8.4 to 9.5 3.5 to 5.5 150 to 300 *Corrected calcium
- 155. BMD • Replenishment ofvitamin D stores • Activated vitamin D 1, 25 (OH)2D3 • Vitamin D analogues – Paricalcitrol – Doxercalcitriol • Dietary phosphate restriction • Phosphate binders – Aluminium – Calcium – Magnesium – Non aluminium, calcium, magensium binders
- 156. Anaemia • May occurwhen GFR < 50 % & almost always present when GFR < 30 % • Correct deficiencies – Iron, Folic acid, Vit B12, Pyridoxine • Erythropoietin 75 - 150 iu/kg SC – With Iron supplements – Expensive therapy Rs. 8 - 10, 000 / month – Hb % maintained at 11 - 12 • > 13 in pts with CAD
- 157. Vaccinations • Hepatitis B –20 mcg each deltoid IM 0, 1, 2, 6 months – Check Anti HBS titre post vaccination after 3rd dose – Only 60 % seroconvert in ESRD • Pneumococcal vaccine • Influenza vaccine
- 158. Fluid management Many diabeticshave nephrotic state and severe edema and need rigorous salt & fluid restriction • Severe edema - 600 - 800 ml / day • Mild to moderate - equal to UOP • No edema - UOP + insensible losses
- 159. Cardiovascular disease screen •Renal disease is a cardiovascular risk factor • CKD promotes vascular calcification • Non invasive evaluation important • Contrast agents carries risk of RCIN- benefits to risk
- 160. Options of renalreplacement • Hemodialysis • Peritoneal dialysis • Renal transplantation
- 161. Peritoneal dialysis Advantages • Slow,gentle • Round the clock clearance • Greater salt, fluid and dietary freedom • Mobility • No need for vascular access Disadvantages • Visual acuity important • Metabolic problems and some mechanical problems • Peritonitis
- 162. Others • Lipid lowering- diet, statins • Low dose aspirin • Avoid nephrotoxic drugs & contrast procedures • Prevent & treat infections energetically • Hepatitis B immunization – Early immunization ideal – if Cr. > 3 double & more frequent dosing
- 163. Diabetic Nephropathy: SomeNovel Therapies Under Investigation • Pirfenidone –antifibrotic agent • Aliskerin anti-renin agent • Robuxistaurin- Protein Kinase C Beta-1 antagonist • Advanced Glycation Endproduct antagonists
- 164. Recommendations: Nephropathy treatment (1) •Nonpregnant patient with micro- or macroalbuminuria – Either ACE inhibitors or ARBs should be used (A) ADA. VI. Prevention, Management of Complications. Diabetes Care 2011;34(suppl 1):S33.
- 165. Control blood sugars:which drug to use ? • Drugs contraindicated: Metformin • Preferably not used: Glibenclamide, Chlorpropamide • Can be used: Glimiperide, Repaglinide, Pioglitazone • Insulin: prefer Target : HbA1c <7 %, FPG: <100 mg/dl, PPBG<140 mg/dl
- 166. Blood pressure management Preferred drugs: Angiotensin receptor blocker ACE inhibitor Non DHP calcium channel blocker: Diltiazem Diuretic Beta blocker Target blood pressure : 125/75 mm Hg
- 167. Recommendations: Nephropathy treatment (2) •In patients with type 1 diabetes, hypertension, and any degree of albuminuria – ACE inhibitors have been shown to delay progression of nephropathy (A) • In patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and microalbuminuria – Both ACE inhibitors and ARBs have been shown to delay progression to macroalbuminuria (A) ADA. VI. Prevention, Management of Complications. Diabetes Care 2011;34(suppl 1):S33.
- 168. Recommendations: Nephropathy Treatment (4) •Reduction of protein intake may improve measures of renal function (urine albumin excretion rate, GFR) (B) – To 0.8 –1.0 g x kg body wt–1 x day–1 in those with diabetes, earlier stages of CKD – To 0.8 g x kg body wt–1 x day–1 in later stages of CKD • When ACE inhibitors, ARBs, or diuretics are used, monitor serum creatinine, potassium levels for development of acute kidney disease, hyperkalemia (E)
- 169. Adverse effects ofACEI and ARB • Cough : 0-39%, F>M, class effect • Angioedema: 0.1-0.2 %: 1hr to <1 wk • Metallic taste: captopril • Hyperkalemia • Worsening renal failure
- 170. Treatment of DMnephropathy: Effect of statins from T. Hostetter Renal preglomerular vasodilation Systemic hypertension Glomerular hypertension Glomerular sclerosis Hyperglycemia ROS Genetic factors metabolism of glom. cells
- 171. • Normalize BP.Target <130/80. • Treat with ACE inhibitors or ARBs. • Treat hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia aggressively. • Moderate protein restriction (0.8- 1.0 gm/kg/day). • Treat cardiovascular disease aggressively. • Refer to nephrologist early in course of azotemia. Management of Diabetic Nephropathy-Rx
- 172. Diabetic Nephropathy: Introduction(2) Do you know… • At diagnosis 30% of people with T2DM have nephropathy Tobe SW et al. CMAJ; 2002; 167 (5):499-503
- 173. Category 24-h TimedSpot collection collection collection mg/24 h µg/min µg/mg creat Normal <30 <20 <30 Microalbuminuria 30-300 20-199 30-299 Overt Nephropathy >300 ≥200 ≥ 300 (Macroalbuminuria) (Alb./Cr.ratio) Definitions of abnormality in albumin excretion Diabetic Nephropathy : Introduction (3)
- 174. Obese, sedentary, “wrongdiet”, genetic predisposition,……. IGT DM Incipient Nephropathy Overt or Clinical Nephropathy ESRD Progression of Nephropathy (2)
- 175. • Glycemic Controlmeans – FPG= 90-130 mg/dl – PPPG <180 mg/dl – HbA1c <7.0% – Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) – Medical Nutrition Therapy • Restrict dietary protein to RDA of 0.8 g/kg body weight / day • BP control – Maintain BP <130/80 mm/Hg Glycemic control is a must….
Editor's Notes
- #20 There are differences in the cumulative incidence rates for the development of end stage renal disease (after patients develop albuminurium) between those who have type I versus type 2 DM. The rate for type 2 DM obviously being quite lower than that for type I. The reasons for these differences are many, but probably include primarily the fact that patients with type 2 DM have a substantial amount of cardiovascular disease and probably die from their cardiovascular disease before they actually develop end stage renal disease, in many cases. Furthermore, a number of patients with type 2 DM have other causes of nephropathy in about 25% of cases, so that there may be other reasons why there may be a slower progression rate. And then finally, patients who have type 2 DM may just have a slower rate of progression of the disease compared to those with type I.There are a number of things that can potentially explain the increase in cardiovascular disease occurring in those patients with diabetes who have increased urinary albumin excretion. Among these is a common genetic predisposition for both of these findings. Endothelial dysfunction certainly occurs in patients with cardiovascular disease, as well as those with increased urinary albumin excretion. Hypertension is a common accompaniment of renal disease in patients with diabetes, and that can certainly make cardiovascular disease worse. Insulin resistance is common to both of these findings. In patients with renal disease, there is an atherogenic dyslipidemia that occurs, and certainly hyperglycemia may contribute to both the development of renal disease as well as cardiac disease.