Diarrhea.pptx

Diarrhea.pptx

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  DIARRHEA Section 7 6 –10
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  DEFINITION o Diarrhea isa condition in which there is unusual frequency of bowel movements ( < 3 times a day). Changes in the amount Change in consistency( liquid stool). o It is a common cause of death in developing countries and the 2nd most common cause of infant deaths worldwide. o WHO defines Having 3 or more loose or liquid stools per day, or as having 3 or more loose stool.
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  TYPES OF DIARRHEA 1-Acute diarrhea o Acute diarrhea is an attack of loose motion with sudden onset which usually lasts 3 to 7days but may last up to 10 - 14 days. o It is caused by an infection of the large intestine, but may be associated with infection of gastric mucosa and small intestine. o Usually termed "acute gastroenteritis" 2- Chronic diarrhea o Chronic diarrhea is termed when the loose motion is occurring for 3 weeks or more. o It is usually related to underlying organic diseases with or without malabsorption. o Termed Persistent diarrhea
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  CAUSES OF ACUTEDIARRHEA 1- Food poisoning (microbes or not) 2- Bacterial infections:  E.coli, Shigella, Salmonella 3- Viral infections  Rotavirus 4- Protozoan  Entamoeba, Giardia lamblia 5- Drugs:  Antibiotics (C.deficile), laxatives, antacids
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  OTHER CAUSES OFDIARRHEA oIntestinal disorders such as Crohn’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome, Ulcerative colitis, celiac disease, Microscopic colitis and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). oPancreatic disorders oTumors oAltered immune function oLactose intolerance oAbdominal surgery or radiation therapy
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  SYMPTOMS OF DIARRHEA oAbdominalcramps & pain oBloating oNausea oVomiting oFever oBlood in the stool oMucus in the stool oUrgent need to have a bowel movement
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  COMPLICATIONS o Diarrhea isextremely common, but that doesn’t mean it can’t be dangerous. o In extreme cases of diarrhea, you can become very dehydrated and this can lead to serious complications. o Dehydration is one of the most dangerous side effects of diarrhea. In the very young (infants and small children) and the very old, this can have serious consequences. o It’s important to drink plenty of fluids with electrolytes when you have diarrhea. This allows your body to replace the fluid and electrolytes that are lost with the diarrhea.
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  SIGNS OF DEHYDRATION oDrymouth and tongue oNo tears when crying oNo wet diapers for 3 hours or more oSunken eyes, cheeks, or soft spot in the skull oHigh fever oListlessness or irritability
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  DEHYDRATION MANAGEMENT o Thereare 3 pillars in management of dehydration. 1.) Correction of existing fluid deficit 2.) Replacement of ongoing losses 3.) Providing the normal daily requirement o Using Oral rehydration solutions ORS such as It has the right amounts of water, sugar, and salt to with dehydration You can buy it without a prescription at drugstores
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  DIARRHEA PREVENTION Avoid cominginto contact with infectious agents that can cause it. This means that good hand washing and hygiene Drink only bottled water, even for tooth brushing. Avoid eating food from street vendors. Be sure that all foods you eat are thoroughly cooked and served steaming hot. Check expiration date of the packaged food Never eat raw or undercooked meat or seafood.
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  NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL DIARRHEA TREATMENT 1-BRAT Diet o The bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast (BRAT) diet has long been used as a treatment for diarrhea. o The idea is that these foods are not likely to cause more diarrhea and also may help slow it down, all while keeping a person somewhat fed. 2- Rest o Taking a few days off from work and school. o In addition, if diarrhea is from an infectious cause, such as a virus, staying at home in order to avoid spreading the virus to others is also a good idea.
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  3- Probiotics • Probioticsare strains of "friendly" bacteria that naturally occur in the body particularly in the gut but also can be found in foods such as yogurt, cottage cheese, and other fermented foods. 4- Hydration • Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a preparation that replaces not only fluid, but also electrolytes. • ORS is often sold in drugstores as a powder that can be mixed with water, but it can also be made at home with common ingredients such as sugar, salt, water, and baby cereal.
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  PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT 1- Imodium(loperamide) oImodium works by slowing down the contractions of the muscles in the digestive tract. 2- Kaopectate Kaolin is an adsorbent antidiarrhoeal agent that binds to and traps bacteria and its toxins in the gut. oIt also binds to water in the gut which helps to make the stools firmer oPectin binds substances in the intestine and adds bulk to the stools
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  3- Antispasmodics  Dicyclomine Hyoscine butylbromide  Hyoscyamine 4- Antibiotics  Rifaximin  Metronidazole  Nitazoxanide  Nifuroxazide
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  5- Anthelmintics If thecause of diarrhea is parasitic  Albendazole  Mebendazole  Flubendazole
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  THANK YOU