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Diffusion weighted imaging
- 1. Diffusion weighted imaging –principles and its application in brain pathologies Moderator- DR. JEEVIKA.M.U Sharath
- 2. Diffusion-weighted MRI • isa example of endogenous contrast, using the motion of protons to produce signal changes. • DWI images is obtained by applying pairs of opposing and balanced magnetic field gradients (but of differing durations and amplitudes) around a spin-echo refocusing pulse of a T2 weighted sequence. • Stationary water molecules - unaffected by the paired gradients- retain their signal. • Nonstationary water molecules - overall loss of the MR signal
- 3. • The normalmotion of water molecules within living tissues is random (brownian motion). • Any pathology that affects this normal diffusion of water molecules provides basis of contrast. • Areas of cytotoxic edema- motion of water molecules is restricted- appear brighter on DWI - lesser signal losses • Tissues with a higher rate of diffusion undergo a greater loss of signal in a given period of time than do tissues with a lower diffusion rate • Classical diffusion weighted images are based on isotropic diffusion Anisotropic diffusion- diffusion tensor imaging{tractography}
- 4. • DW imagesusually performed with echo-planar sequences which 1.markedly decrease imaging time, motion artifacts 2. increase sensitivity to signal changes due to molecular motion. -Acquired by SJETSKAL- TANNER pulsed gradient spin echo sequence. • The primary application of DW imaging has been in brain imaging, mainly because of its exquisite sensitivity to early detection of ischemic stroke
- 5. • The increasedsensitivity of diffusion-weighted MRI in detecting acute ischemia - the result of the water shift intracellularly, restricting motion of water protons (cytotoxic edema), • Conventional T2 weighted images show signal alteration mostly as a result of vasogenic edema
- 6. • Core ofinfarct = irreversible damage • Surrounding ischemic area may be salvaged • DWI: open a window of opportunity during which Tt is beneficial • Regions of high mobility “rapid diffusion” dark • Regions of low mobility “slow diffusion” bright • Difficulty: DWI is highly sensitive to all of types of motion (blood flow, pulsatility, patient motion).
- 9. B- value • B– value - magnitude of the diffusion weighting provided by diffusion gradients. Expressed in sec/mm2. • Typically b values used in clinical practice ,range from 0-1000 s/mm2, however b values upto 4000 s/mm2 are available on modern MRI scanners. • Useful rule of thumb is to pick b value such that b x ADC is approximately equal to 1. • Brain- 0, 500, 1000 • Neck- 0 and 800 • Breast- 0 ,500, 1000 • Prostate- 0,750 , 1500 • Liver – 50, 500,1000
- 10. • B- value-amplitude, separation and duration of diffusion gradient. Increases with gradient strength , duration of application and time between application of two diffusion gradients
- 11. Apparent Diffusion Coefficient It is a measure of diffusion . ADC value is Calculated for each voxel by acquiring two or more images with different b-values .(usually b value zero and higher b value images). ADC= - Ln{A(b)/A(o)} A(b)- measured echo magnitude b A(0)- echo magnitude without diffusion gradient Images of the ADC are called as ADC map. An ADC map shows parametric images containing the apparent diffusion coefficients of diffusion weighted images. Also called diffusion map
- 12. Apparent Diffusion Coefficient(contd) Differentiate T2 shine through effects or artifacts from real ischemic lesions. T 2 shine through • Signal intensity on DWI – not only on ADC but also on tissue T2. this can cause paradoxical decrease in signals of restricted diffusion or when diffusion is normal, can be mistaken for diffusion restriction.
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- 14. • The ADCmay be useful for distinguishing acute from subacute DWI lesions. • Acute ischemic lesions can be divided into hyperacute lesions (low ADC and DWI-positive) and subacute lesions (normalized ADC). • Chronic lesions can be differentiated from acute lesions by normalization of ADC and DWI. • a tumour would exhibit more restricted apparent diffusion compared with a cyst because intact cellular membranes in a tumour would hinder the free movement of water molecules
- 15. Nonischemic causes fordecreased ADC • Abscess • Lymphoma and other tumors • Multiple sclerosis • Seizures • Metabolic (Canavans )
- 16. 65 year male-Rt ACA Infarct
- 17. EvaluationofacutestrokeonDWI • The DWIand ADC maps – ischemic changes -within minutes to few hours • The signal intensity of acute stroke on DW images increase during the first week after symptom onset and decrease thereafter, but signal remains hyper intense for a long period • The ADC values decline rapidly after the onset of ischemia and subsequently increase from dark to bright 7-10 days later . • This property may be used to differentiate the lesion older than 10 days from more acute ones (Fig 2). • Chronic infarcts are characterized by elevated diffusion and appear hypo or isointense on DW images and hyperintense on ADC maps
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- 20. • Other Clinical Usesof DWI &ADC
- 21. • Distinguishing betweenepidermoid and arachnoid cyst • Epidermoid- keratin, debries , cholesterol • Arachnoid cyst- only CSF
- 22. • Abscess andneoplasm with necrosis • Abscess- thick fluid(bright centre) • Neoplasm with central necrosis- no restriction • For post treatment assesment- increase in ADC – volume of tissue killed.
- 23. • Lymphoma andtoxoplasma in HIV ADC ratio : > 1.6 – more likely toxoplasma < 1 – lymphoma • Hypoxic ischemic injury in new borns
- 24. Thank you References • Mrimade easy- govind chauhan • Christensens physics of diagnostic radiology • Osborns textbook of neuroimaging • Diagnostic imaging series- Brain