2. • Computer : It is an electronic device which processes given data to
derive the required and useful information.
• During the processing the computer has to perform various functions
like receives data(input) processes data(process) produces
output(information) stores results (storage)
3. Block diagram of digital computer and the functioning of its blocks
• A digital computer is considered to be a calculating device that can
perform arithmetic operations at enormous speed.
• To be able to process data the computer is made of various functional
units to perform its specified task.
5. Functional Units Of a Computer
• Input Unit
• Storage Unit
Primary Storage (Main Memory)
Secondary Storage (Auxiliary Memory)
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Control Unit
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
• Output Unit
6. History of Computer
Abacus
• An abacusis a mechanical device used to aid an individual in
performing mathematical calculations.
• The abacuswas invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
• The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in
China in around 500 B.C.
• It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.
7. Pascaline
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
• It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
• It is too expensive.
8. Leibniz Calculator
• Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
• The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.
9. Difference Engine and Analytical Engine
• It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial
functions.
• Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834
• It is the first mechanical computer.
Analytic Engine Difference engine
10. Z1
• The Z1 was the first freely programmable computer in the world
• Created by Konrad Zusein Germany from 1936 to 1938.
• To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a
punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch
tape.
11. ENIAC
• ENIAC stands for Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer.
• It was the first electronic general-
purpose computer.
• Completed in 1946.
• Developed by John Presper Eckert and
John W. Mauchl.
• ENIAC used 18,000 vacuum tubes,
about 1,800 square feet of floor space
12. UNIVAC 1
• The UNIVAC I(UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first
commercial computer.
• Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
13. The First Portable Computer
• Osborne 1–the first portable computer.
• Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation.
14. • Early in the 50’s two important engineering discoveries changed the
image of the electronic - computer field
• These discoveries were the magnetic core memory and the Transistor -
Circuit Element.
• Many companies, such as Apple Computer and Radio Shack, introduced
very successful PC’s in the 1970’s.
• Intel and Motorola Corporations were very competitive into the 1980s.
• By the late 1980s, some personal computers were run by
microprocessors that, handling 32 bits of data at a time, could process
about 4,000,000 instructions per second.
15. Generation of computers
•Generations Period Technology
• First Generation 1942-1955 Vacuums Tube
• Second Generation 1955-1964 Transistors
• Third Generation 1964-1975 Integrated Circuits (ICs)
• Forth Generation Since 1975 Microprocessor/Large
Scale Integration
• Fifth Generation Since 1980 Artificial Intelligence
16. The First Generation
• The first computers used vacuum tubes
for circuitry and magnetic drums for
memory, and were often enormous, taking
up entire rooms.
•They were very expensive to operate and in
addition to using a great deal of electricity,
generated a lot of heat, which was often the
cause of malfunctions.
18. • First generation computers relied on
machine language, the lowest-level
programming language understood by
computers, to perform operations, and they
could only solve one problem at a time.
• Input was based on punched cards and paper
tape, and output was displayed on printouts.
• The Mark-I, EDSAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC-I
and ENIAC
20. The Second Generation
• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes
and ushered in the second
generation of computers.
• Transistor replaced the vacuum
tubes.
• Allowing computers to become
smaller, faster, cheaper, more
energy-efficient and more reliable.
• Still generated a great deal of heat
that can damage the computer.
21. • Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine
language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed
programmers to specify instructions in words.
• Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input
and printouts for output.
• These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in
their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core
technology.
22. The Third Generation
• The development of the integrated
circuitwas the hallmark of the third
generation of computers.
• Transistors were miniaturized and placed on
silicon chips, called semiconductors, which
drastically increased the speed and efficiency
of computers.
• Much smaller and cheaper compare to the
second generation computers.
• It could carry out instructions in billionths of
a second.
23. • Users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards
and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed
the device to run many different applications at one time with a central
program that monitored the memory.
• Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience
because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.
24. The Fourth Generation
• The microprocessor brought the fourth
generation of computers, as thousands of
integrated circuits were built onto a single
silicon chip.
• As these small computers became more
powerful, they could be linked together to
form networks, which eventually led to the
development of the Internet.
• Fourth generation computers also saw the
development of GUIs, the mouse and
handheld devices.
25. The Fifth Generation
• Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI).
• Still in development.
• The use of parallel processing and
superconductors is helping to make
artificial intelligence a reality.
• The goal is to develop devices that respond
to natural language input and are capable of
learning and self-organization.
• There are some applications, such as voice
recognition, that are being used today.
26. Application of computers
• Scientific research
• Business application
• Education
• Entertainment
• Banks
• Communication
• Engineering
• Medicine
• Military
27. TYPES OF COMPUTER
• On the basis of functionality
• On the basis of Size, Speed and Cost.
28. ON THE BASIS OF FUNCTIONALITY
• Analog
• Digital
• Hybrid
29. Analog Computers
• Analog computers are used to process analog data.
Analog data is of continuous nature and which is
not discrete or separate. Such type of data includes
temperature, pressure, speed weight, voltage,
depth etc. These quantities are continuous and
having an infinite variety of values.
• It measures continuous changes in some physical
quantity e.g. The Speedometer of a car measures
speed
• The change of temperature is measured by a
Thermometer
• The weight is measured by Weights machine.
30. Digital Computers
• They use digital circuits and are designed to operate on two states,
namely bits 0 and 1. They are analogous to states ON and OFF.
• Data on these computers is represented as a series of 0s and 1s.
31. Hybrid Computers
• Hybrid computer combines features of both analog and digital
computers.
• In this computer, some calculations are done in the analog portion of
the computer and some are done in the digital portion of it.
• In hospital Intensive Care Unit (ICU), an analog device is used which
measures patient’s blood pressure and temperature etc, which are then
converted and displayed in the form of digits.
32. ON THE BASIS OF SIZE, SPEED AND COST
• Micro Computer
• Mini Computer
• Mainframe Computer
• Super Computer
33. Micro Computers
• A microcomputer is the smallest digital
computer, which uses a microprocessor as its
CPU. Microprocessor is a single chip
(Integrated Circuit) CPU. Microcomputer is
popularly called as Personal Computer (PC).
34. Mini Computers
• Minicomputers are computers, which have
multiterminal facilities.
• They have only one CPU but many terminals
and keyboards. If it has 7 terminals, than 7
persons can use the computer at a time.
• Minicomputers are designed to be of medium
scale, smaller and generally slower than
mainframe computers.
36. Mainframe Computer
• Mainframe computers are the most powerful computers. A
mainframe computer may contain several microprocessors.
• A single mainframe computer can be used by hundreds of people at
once.
• Each user has his own terminal that is connected to the mainframe.
• They are mainly used for following applications
Banking Applications
Railway and Airline Reservations
Commercial Applications of large industries/companies
38. Super Computer
• Supercomputer is the biggest and fastest computer, which is
mainly designed for complex scientific applications. It has
many CPUs (Central Processing Units), which operate in
parallel to make it as the fastest computer.
• It is typically used for the following applications
Defense
Electronic Design
Energy Management
Petroleum Exploration and production
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