![ENCRYPTION
Message 2
The Internet knows no geographical boundaries.
It has redefined time and space. Advances in
computer and telecommunication technologies
have led to the explosive growth of the Internet.
This in turn is affecting the methods of
communication, work, study, education,
interaction, leisure, health, governance, trade
and commerce.
Encrypted Message 2
a520eecb61a770f947ca856cd675463f1c95
a9a2b8d4e6a71f80830c87f5715f5f5933497
8dd7e97da0707b48a1138d77ced56feba2b4
67c398683c7dbeb86b854f120606a7ae1ed9
34f5703672adab0d7be66dccde1a763c736c
b9001d0731d541106f50bb7e54240c40ba7
80b7a553bea570b99c9ab3df13d75f8ccfddd
eaaf3a749fd1411
Message 1
Central to the growth of e-commerce and e-
governance is the issue of trust in electronic
environment.
Encrypted Message 1
9a46894335be49f0b9cab28d755aaa9cd985
71b275bbb0adb405e6931e856ca3e5e569e
dd135285482
DECRYPTION
Encrypted Message 1
9a46894335be49f0b9cab28d755aaa9cd98571b
275bbb0adb405e6931e856ca3e5e569edd13528
5482
Message 1
Central to the growth of e-commerce and e-
governance is the issue of trust in electronic
environment.
Encrypted Message 2
a520eecb61a770f947ca856cd675463f1c95a9a2b
8d4e6a71f80830c87f5715f5f59334978dd7e97da
0707b48a1138d77ced56feba2b467c398683c7db
eb86b854f120606a7ae1ed934f5703672adab0d7
be66dccde1a763c736cb9001d0731d541106f50b
b7e54240c40ba780b7a553bea570b99c9ab3df13
d75f8ccfdddeaaf3a749fd1411
Message 2
The Internet knows no geographical boundaries. It has
redefined time and space. Advances in computer and
telecommunication technologies have led to the
explosive growth of the Internet. This in turn is
affecting the methods of communication, work, study,
education, interaction, leisure, health, governance,
trade and commerce.
Same Key
SYMMETRIC
Different Keys
[Keys of a pair – Public and Private]
ASYMMETRIC
[PKI]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/digitalsignature-240213072056-c2dd5bd1/85/Digital-Signature-ppt-power-ponit-presentation-4-320.jpg)
![Digital Signatures
Each individual generates his own key pair
[Public key known to everyone & Private key only to the owner]
Private Key – Used for making digital signature
Public Key – Used to verify the digital signature](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/digitalsignature-240213072056-c2dd5bd1/85/Digital-Signature-ppt-power-ponit-presentation-8-320.jpg)
![RSA Key pair
(including Algorithm identifier)
[2048 bit]
Private Key
3082 010a 0282 0101 00b1 d311 e079 5543 0708 4ccb 0542 00e2 0d83 463d e493 bab6
06d3 0d59 bd3e c1ce 4367 018a 21a8 efbc ccd0 a2cc b055 9653 8466 0500 da44 4980
d854 0aa5 2586 94ed 6356 ff70 6ca3 a119 d278 be68 2a44 5e2f cfcc 185e 47bc 3ab1
463d 1ef0 b92c 345f 8c7c 4c08 299d 4055 eb3c 7d83 deb5 f0f7 8a83 0ea1 4cb4 3aa5
b35f 5a22 97ec 199b c105 68fd e6b7 a991 942c e478 4824 1a25 193a eb95 9c39 0a8a
cf42 b2f0 1cd5 5ffb 6bed 6856 7b39 2c72 38b0 ee93 a9d3 7b77 3ceb 7103 a938 4a16
6c89 2aca da33 1379 c255 8ced 9cbb f2cb 5b10 f82e 6135 c629 4c2a d02a 63d1 6559
b4f8 cdf9 f400 84b6 5742 859d 32a8 f92a 54fb ff78 41bc bd71 28f4 bb90 bcff 9634
04e3 459e a146 2840 8102 0301 0001
Public Key
3082 01e4 f267 0142 0f61 dd12 e089 5547 0f08 4ccb 0542 00e2 0d83 463d e493 bab6
0673 0d59 bf3e c1ce 4367 012a 11a8 efbc ccd0 a2cc b055 9653 8466 0500 da44 4980
d8b4 0aa5 2586 94ed 6356 ff70 6ca3 a119 d278 be68 2a44 5e2f cfcc 185e 47bc 3ab1
463d 1df0 b92c 345f 8c7c 4c08 299d 4055 eb3c 7d83 deb5 f0f7 8a83 0ea1 4cb4 3aa5
b35f 5a22 97ec 199b c105 68fd e6b7 a991 942c e478 4824 1a25 193a eb95 9c39 0a8a
cf42 b250 1cd5 5ffb 6bed 6856 7b39 2c72 38b0 ee93 a9d3 7b77 3ceb 7103 a938 4a16
6c89 2aca da33 1379 c255 8ced 9cbb f2cb 5b10 f82e 6135 c629 4c2a d02a 63d1 6559
b4f8 cdf9 f400 84b6 5742 859d 32a8 f92a 54fb ff78 41bc bd71 28f4 bb90 bcff 9634
04de 45de af46 2240 8410 02f1 0001](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/digitalsignature-240213072056-c2dd5bd1/85/Digital-Signature-ppt-power-ponit-presentation-9-320.jpg)
![• Key Generation
– Random Numbers
– RSA Key Pair [Private/Public Key]
• Digital Signature
– Generate Message Digest
[SHA1]
– Encrypting Digest using Private
Key [Signatures]
– Attaching the Signatures to the
message.
• Verification of Signatures
– Run the test for Authentication,
Integrity and Non repudiation.
• Digital Signature Certificate
– ITU X.509 v3](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/digitalsignature-240213072056-c2dd5bd1/85/Digital-Signature-ppt-power-ponit-presentation-12-320.jpg)
Digital Signature.ppt power ponit presentation
- 2. Electronic Record 1. Very easy to make copies 2. Very fast distribution 3. Easy archiving and retrieval 4. Copies are as good as original 5. Easily modifiable 6. Environmental Friendly Because of 4 & 5 together, these lack authenticity
- 3. Why Digital Signatures? •To provide Authenticity, Integrity and Non- repudiation to electronic documents •To use the Internet as the safe and secure medium for e-Commerce and e- Governance
- 4. ENCRYPTION Message 2 The Internet knows no geographical boundaries. It has redefined time and space. Advances in computer and telecommunication technologies have led to the explosive growth of the Internet. This in turn is affecting the methods of communication, work, study, education, interaction, leisure, health, governance, trade and commerce. Encrypted Message 2 a520eecb61a770f947ca856cd675463f1c95 a9a2b8d4e6a71f80830c87f5715f5f5933497 8dd7e97da0707b48a1138d77ced56feba2b4 67c398683c7dbeb86b854f120606a7ae1ed9 34f5703672adab0d7be66dccde1a763c736c b9001d0731d541106f50bb7e54240c40ba7 80b7a553bea570b99c9ab3df13d75f8ccfddd eaaf3a749fd1411 Message 1 Central to the growth of e-commerce and e- governance is the issue of trust in electronic environment. Encrypted Message 1 9a46894335be49f0b9cab28d755aaa9cd985 71b275bbb0adb405e6931e856ca3e5e569e dd135285482 DECRYPTION Encrypted Message 1 9a46894335be49f0b9cab28d755aaa9cd98571b 275bbb0adb405e6931e856ca3e5e569edd13528 5482 Message 1 Central to the growth of e-commerce and e- governance is the issue of trust in electronic environment. Encrypted Message 2 a520eecb61a770f947ca856cd675463f1c95a9a2b 8d4e6a71f80830c87f5715f5f59334978dd7e97da 0707b48a1138d77ced56feba2b467c398683c7db eb86b854f120606a7ae1ed934f5703672adab0d7 be66dccde1a763c736cb9001d0731d541106f50b b7e54240c40ba780b7a553bea570b99c9ab3df13 d75f8ccfdddeaaf3a749fd1411 Message 2 The Internet knows no geographical boundaries. It has redefined time and space. Advances in computer and telecommunication technologies have led to the explosive growth of the Internet. This in turn is affecting the methods of communication, work, study, education, interaction, leisure, health, governance, trade and commerce. Same Key SYMMETRIC Different Keys [Keys of a pair – Public and Private] ASYMMETRIC [PKI]
- 6. Digital Signatures • Digital Signatures are numbers • They are document content dependent I agree efcc61c1c03db8d8ea8569545c073c814a0ed755 My place of birth is at Gwalior. fe1188eecd44ee23e13c4b6655edc8cd5cdb6f25 I am 62 years old. 0e6d7d56c4520756f59235b6ae981cdb5f9820a0 I am an Engineer. ea0ae29b3b2c20fc018aaca45c3746a057b893e7 I am a Engineer. 01f1d8abd9c2e6130870842055d97d315dff1ea3 • These are digital signatures of same person on different documents
- 7. What is Digital Signature? • Hash value of a message when encrypted with the private key of a person is his digital signature on that e-Document – Digital Signature of a person therefore varies from document to document thus ensuring authenticity of each word of that document. – As the public key of the signer is known, anybody can verify the message and the digital signature
- 8. Digital Signatures Each individual generates his own key pair [Public key known to everyone & Private key only to the owner] Private Key – Used for making digital signature Public Key – Used to verify the digital signature
- 9. RSA Key pair (including Algorithm identifier) [2048 bit] Private Key 3082 010a 0282 0101 00b1 d311 e079 5543 0708 4ccb 0542 00e2 0d83 463d e493 bab6 06d3 0d59 bd3e c1ce 4367 018a 21a8 efbc ccd0 a2cc b055 9653 8466 0500 da44 4980 d854 0aa5 2586 94ed 6356 ff70 6ca3 a119 d278 be68 2a44 5e2f cfcc 185e 47bc 3ab1 463d 1ef0 b92c 345f 8c7c 4c08 299d 4055 eb3c 7d83 deb5 f0f7 8a83 0ea1 4cb4 3aa5 b35f 5a22 97ec 199b c105 68fd e6b7 a991 942c e478 4824 1a25 193a eb95 9c39 0a8a cf42 b2f0 1cd5 5ffb 6bed 6856 7b39 2c72 38b0 ee93 a9d3 7b77 3ceb 7103 a938 4a16 6c89 2aca da33 1379 c255 8ced 9cbb f2cb 5b10 f82e 6135 c629 4c2a d02a 63d1 6559 b4f8 cdf9 f400 84b6 5742 859d 32a8 f92a 54fb ff78 41bc bd71 28f4 bb90 bcff 9634 04e3 459e a146 2840 8102 0301 0001 Public Key 3082 01e4 f267 0142 0f61 dd12 e089 5547 0f08 4ccb 0542 00e2 0d83 463d e493 bab6 0673 0d59 bf3e c1ce 4367 012a 11a8 efbc ccd0 a2cc b055 9653 8466 0500 da44 4980 d8b4 0aa5 2586 94ed 6356 ff70 6ca3 a119 d278 be68 2a44 5e2f cfcc 185e 47bc 3ab1 463d 1df0 b92c 345f 8c7c 4c08 299d 4055 eb3c 7d83 deb5 f0f7 8a83 0ea1 4cb4 3aa5 b35f 5a22 97ec 199b c105 68fd e6b7 a991 942c e478 4824 1a25 193a eb95 9c39 0a8a cf42 b250 1cd5 5ffb 6bed 6856 7b39 2c72 38b0 ee93 a9d3 7b77 3ceb 7103 a938 4a16 6c89 2aca da33 1379 c255 8ced 9cbb f2cb 5b10 f82e 6135 c629 4c2a d02a 63d1 6559 b4f8 cdf9 f400 84b6 5742 859d 32a8 f92a 54fb ff78 41bc bd71 28f4 bb90 bcff 9634 04de 45de af46 2240 8410 02f1 0001
- 10. Signed Messages Message + Signature Hash Decrypt Signature With Sender’s Public Key SIGN hash With Sender’s Private key Message + signature COMPARE Calculated Hash Message Sender Receiver Hash Sent thru’ Internet if OK Signatures verified
- 11. Paper signatures v/s Digital Signatures Parameter Paper Electronic Authenticity May be forged Can not be copied Integrity Signature independent of the document Signature depends on the contents of the document Non- repudiation a. Handwriting expert needed b. Error prone a. Any computer user b. Error free V/s
- 12. • Key Generation – Random Numbers – RSA Key Pair [Private/Public Key] • Digital Signature – Generate Message Digest [SHA1] – Encrypting Digest using Private Key [Signatures] – Attaching the Signatures to the message. • Verification of Signatures – Run the test for Authentication, Integrity and Non repudiation. • Digital Signature Certificate – ITU X.509 v3
- 13. Private key protection • The Private key generated is to be protected and kept secret. The responsibility of the secrecy of the key lies with the owner. • The key is secured using – PIN Protected soft token – Smart Cards – Hardware Tokens
- 14. PIN protected soft tokens • The Private key is encrypted and kept on the Hard Disk in a file, this file is password protected. • This forms the lowest level of security in protecting the key, as – The key is highly reachable. – PIN can be easily known or cracked. • Soft tokens are also not preferred because – The key becomes static and machine dependent. – The key is in known file format.
- 15. Smart Cards • The Private key is generated in the crypto module residing in the smart card. • The key is kept in the memory of the smart card. • The key is highly secured as it doesn’t leave the card, the message digest is sent inside the card for signing, and the signatures leave the card. • The card gives mobility to the key and signing can be done on any system. (Having smart card reader)
- 16. Hardware Tokens • They are similar to smart cards in functionality as – Key is generated inside the token. – Key is highly secured as it doesn’t leave the token. – Highly portable. – Machine Independent. • iKEY is one of the most commonly used token as it doesn’t need a special reader and can be connected to the system using USB port.
- 17. Smart Card iKey Hardware Tokens Biometrics – adds another level of security to these tokens
- 19. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) • Some Trusted Agency is required which certifies the association of an individual with the key pair. Certifying Authority (CA) • This association is done by issuing a certificate to the user by the CA Public key certificate (PKC) • All public key certificates are digitally signed by the CA
- 20. Certifying Authority • Must be widely known and trusted • Must have well defined Identification process before issuing the certificate • Provides online access to all the certificates issued • Provides online access to the list of certificates revoked • Displays online the license issued by the Controller • Displays online approved Certification Practice Statement (CPS) • Must adhere to IT Act/Rules/Regulations and Guidelines • Must be widely known and trusted • Must have well defined Identification process before issuing the certificate • Provides online access to all the certificates issued • Provides online access to the list of certificates revoked • Displays online the license issued by the Controller • Displays online approved Certification Practice Statement (CPS) • Must adhere to IT Act/Rules/Regulations and Guidelines
- 22. Public-Key Certification Signed by using CA’s private key User Name & other credentials User’s Public key User Certificate Certificate Database Publis h Certificate Request User Name User’s Public Key CA’s Name Validity Digital Signature of CA Certificate Class User’s Email Address Serial No. Key pair Generation Private Public Web site of CA User 1 certificate User 2 certificate . Public License issued by CCA
- 23. Click for certificate generation demo Private key of CA or CCA require highest level of security Hardware Security Module (HSM) is used for storing the Private Key More than one person are required for signing HSM is housed in a strong room with video surveillance on 24x7 basis.
- 24. Trust Path •Controller is the Root certifying authority responsible for regulating Certifying Authorities (CAs) • Controller certifies the association of CA with his public key •Certifying Authority (CA) is the trusted authority responsible for creating or certifying identities. •CA certifies the association of an individual with his public key
- 25. Role of controller Controller of Certifying Authorities as the “Root” Authority certifies the technologies,infrastructure and practices of all the Certifying Authorities licensed to issue Digital Signature Certificates
- 26. Summary • Each individual has a pair of keys • Public key of each individual is certified by a CA (Certifying Authority) • Public keys of CAs are certified by the Controller • Public key of the Controller is self certified • Public keys of everyone are known to all concerned and are also available on the web • Certification Practice Statement is displayed on the web site
- 27. Applications in Judiciary 1. Instant posting of judgment on the web. 2. Secured electronic communications within judiciary 3. Authentic archiving of Judicial records 4. Submission of affidavits 5. Giving certified copies of the Judgment
- 28. Applications in Telecommunications A. Subscribers Subscriber’s services management • STD/ISD, Opening, Closing, Initializing Password Shifting of telephones, Accessories (Clip, Cordless) Small Payments through telephones bills • Books, gifts, Internet purchases Mobile Authentication of SMS • Share market trading, Intra/Inter office instructions Mobile Phones as Credit cards • Mobile operator can venture into credit card business
- 29. Applications in Telecommunications (contd.) B. Internal Intra/Inter offices authentic communications • OBs, approvals, Instructions, requests Procurement of material • Calling/Receiving bids, Purchase orders, Payment instructions Network Management functions • Change of configuration, Blocking/unblocking routes
- 30. Public Key Cryptography Encryption Technologies Document Document Encrypted Document Encrypted Document Public Key of B Confidentiality Private Key of B
- 31. E-Governance • Empowering Citizens a) Transparency b) Accountability c) Elimination of Intermediatory d) Encouraging Citizens to exercise their Rights
- 32. Government Online 1. Issuing forms and licences 2. Filing tax returns online 3. Online Government orders/treasury orders 4. Registration 5. Online file movement system 6. Public information records 7. E-voting 8. Railway reservations & ticketing 9. E-education 10. Online money orders
- 33. Thank You