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disasterriskreductionandmanagement-131119090402-phpapp01.pdf

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This document defines key terms related to disaster risk reduction and management such as hazard, exposure, vulnerability, capacity, and risk. It then provides examples of specific disasters that have impacted Baguio City, including earthquakes, tropical cyclones, and landslides. The document discusses the Philippines' risk profile as a disaster-prone country located in the typhoon belt and ring of fire. It emphasizes the importance of preparedness and outlines critical concerns to assess preparedness. The document also summarizes provisions of the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 in the Philippines and highlights actions needed to reduce disaster risk such as establishing early warning systems and integrating disaster risk reduction into land use planning.

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Supplemented by Ryann U. Castro DISASTER RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENT
SCOPE: 1. DEFINITION OF TERMS • HAZARD • EXPOSURE • VULNERABILITY • CAPACITY • RISK o POTENTIAL RISK TREATMENTS • DISASTER o CLASSIFICATIONS o WHEN IS AN EVENT A DISASTER? o WHY ARE DISASTER IMPACTS INCREASING? o WHAT MUST BE DONE TO REDUCE RISK? o DISASTER RISK REDUCTION METHOD 2. BAGUIO CITY: EFFECTS OF DISASTERS • EARTHQUAKE • TROPICAL CYCLONE • TRASHSLIDE 3. PHILIPPINES RISK PROFILE 4. PREPAREDNESS 5. NEW FRAMEWORK ON DISASTER RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENT 6. SALIENT PROVISION OF R. A. 10121 (DRRM ACT OF 2010) 7. STRENGTHENING DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 8. EMERGENCY/DISASTER OPERATIONS CENTER • SITUATIONAL ISSUES • INCIDENT MANAGEMENT 2
DEFINITION OF TERMS
HAZARD • Is a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihood & services, social & economic disruption or environmental damage... • Could be a potentially damaging phenomenon • It could be natural or human-induced. 4
EXPOSURE • The degree to which the element at risk are likely to experience hazard events of different magnitude. 5
VULNERABILITY • Is the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. • This may arise from various physical, social, economic & environmental factors. 6
• Is the combination of all strengths and resources available within the community, society or organization that can reduce the level of risk or effects of a disaster. 7 CAPACITY
DISASTER • A disaster is a natural or man-made (or technological) hazard resulting in an event of substantial extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to the environment. A disaster can be ostensively defined as any tragic event stemming from events such as earthquakes, floods, catastrophic accidents, fires, or explosions. It is a phenomenon that can cause damage to life and property and destroy the economic, social and cultural life of people. • In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk. These risks are the product of a combination of both hazard/s and vulnerability. Hazards that strike in areas with low vulnerability will never become disasters, as is the case in uninhabited regions. 11
DISASTER Natural Disaster  A natural disaster is a consequence when a natural hazard affects humans and/or the built environment. Human vulnerability, and lack of appropriate emergency management, leads to financial, environmental, or human impact. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster: their resilience. This understanding is concentrated in the formulation: "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability". A natural hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areas without vulnerability. 12 CLASSIFICATIONS …Continued
DISASTER 13 CLASSIFICATIONS Man-made or Human Induced Disaster  Man-made disasters are the consequence of technological or human hazards. Examples include stampedes, fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation. War and deliberate attacks may also be put in this category. As with natural hazards, man-made hazards are events that have not happened, for instance terrorism. Man-made disasters are examples of specific cases where man-made hazards have become reality in an event …Continued
WHEN IS AN EVENT A DISASTER? 1. At least 20% of the population are affected & in need of emergency assistance or those dwelling units have been destroyed. 2. A great number or at least 40% of the means of livelihood such as bancas, fishing boats, vehicles and the like are destroyed. 3. Major roads and bridges are destroyed and impassable for at least a week, thus disrupting the flow of transport and commerce. 4. Widespread destruction of fishponds, crops, poultry and livestock, and other agricultural products, and 5. Epidemics 14 DISASTER …Continued
BAGUIO CITY EFFECTS OF DISASTERS
EARTHQUAKE 17 July 16 1990 Ms=7.8 DEAD – 1,666 INJURED – 3,500
Hyatt Terraces 18 …continued
19 University of BAGUIO FRB Hotel Nevada Hotel Siesta Inn
20 Park Hotel St. Vincent Royal Inn Hilltop Hotel
21 Baguio Cathedral Aurora Theater EPZA/PEZA Loakan Airport
22 Burnham Park
JULY 16, 1990 EARTHQUAKE 23 Aftershocks of the 1990 July 16 earthquake Ms=7.8 PHIVOLCS data First 14 hours Many aftershocks found west of Baguio City, not along fault trace …Continued
SUPER TYPHOON “PEPENG” {PARMA} 24 (September 30 – October 10, 2009) Max Center Wind: 195 kph Gustiness: 230 kph Speed: 9-26 kph Baguio City received 640 mm of rain during the 12- hour period starting 8:00 am on October 8
EFFECTS ST “PEPENG” {PARMA} 25 a) Affected Population Population affected in 5,486 barangays, 334 municipalities, and 33 cities in 27 provinces in Regions I, II, III, V, VI, CAR and NCR – 954,087 families / 4,478,284 persons Breakdown per Region The total number evacuated inside 54 evacuation centers were 3,258 families / 14,892 persons b) Casualties Reported deaths in CAR were mainly due to landslides while those in other regions were due to drowning (same figure in previous report)  465 Dead  207 Injured  47 Missing
EFFECTS ST “PEPENG” {PARMA} 26 c) Damages The total number of damaged houses were 61,869 (6,807 totally / 55,062 partially) The estimated cost of damage to infrastructure and agriculture were PhP27.297 Billion (infrastructure to include school buildings and health infrastructure PhP6.799 Billion; agriculture PhP20.495 Billion and private property PhP 0.003 Billion Agricultural area of 428,034 hectares incurred losses of 1,052.993 MT of crops (rice, corn, high value commercial crops, abaca and irrigation facilities) Education facilities damaged in Regions I, II, III, V and CAR: were 1,531 schools (1,280 Elementary and 251 High Schools) amounting to PhP767.45 Million …Continued
EFFECTS ST “PEPENG” {PARMA} 28 BAGUIO INCIDENTS TOTAL ERODED RIPRAP 25 FALLEN TREE / IN DANGER OF FALLING 19 SOIL EROSION / LANDSLIDE 97 FLOOD 41 VEHICULAR ACCIDENT 1 CASUALTIES: A) Deaths 1) Landslide 2) Accident 58 2 B) Missing 5 C) Injured 27 Note: Incidents received, monitored and recorded by CDRRMC-DOC …Continued
CITY CAMP 29 FLOODING Date: October 8, 2009 Reported: 2:55 PM Cause: Heavy volume of rainfall could not be contained by the drainage.
CRESENCIA VILLAGE 30 LANDSLIDE Date: 08 October 2009 Reported: 8:00 PM Cause: Heavy volume of rainfall saturated the soil. Casualties: 23
MARCOS HIGHWAY 31 ROAD CUT Date: October 8, 2009 Reported 9:31 PM Caused Closure of the Highway
MARCOS HIGHWAY 32 ROAD CUT Date: October 8, 2009 Reported 9:31 PM Caused Closure of the Highway
KENNON ROAD 33 Fallen rocks and Mudslides
PINSAO PROPER 34 LANDSLIDE Date: October 9, 2009 Reported: 8:30 AM Cause: Heavy volume of rainfall saturated the soil. Casualties: 1
↑ ROCK QUARRY 35 LANDSLIDE Date: October 9, 2009 Reported: 6:30 AM Cause: Heavy volume of rainfall saturated the soil. Casualties: 4
↓ KITMA 36 LANDSLIDE Date: October 9, 2009 Reported: 9:56 AM Cause: Heavy volume of rainfall saturated the soil. Casualties: 8
PUROK 1, IRISAN 37 LANDSLIDE Date: October 9, 2009 Cause: Heavy volume of rainfall saturated the soil. Casualties: 16
SIMULTANEOUS INCIDENTS 38
TRASHSLIDE 39 August 26 – September 7, 2011 DEAD – 6
40
41
42
PREVIOUS DISASTERS IN C.A.R. 43  LGU as the first line of defence  Early warning devise or equipment are vital in saving life  Without communication support warning and the evacuation fails  Early warning and evacuation system to attain Zero Casualty  Pre-positioning of organic resource capability for quick response  Building-back better not building-back-elsewhere  DRR measures to protect economic investments  Help must be linked to initiative. Protracted relief could breed mendicancy, inhibit or hold back local initiative and suppress native creativity  Demand driven vs. donors driven  Disaster Risk Reduction Plan must be considered basic input in the Regional Development Master Plan LESSONS LEARNED
PHILIPPINES RISK PROFILE
PHILIPPINES RISK PROFILE The country is considered one of the most disaster-prone. It ranks 12th among 200 countries most at-risk for tropical cyclones, floods, earthquakes, and landslides in the 2009 Mortality Risk Index of the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction 45  Located along the typhoon belt in the Pacific making it vulnerable to typhoons and tsunami.  Average of 20 typhoons yearly (7 are destructive).
PHILIPPINES RISK PROFILE 46  Located along the Pacific Ring of Fire, between two Tectonic plates (Eurasian and Pacific) which are volcanic and earthquake generators.  22 active volcanoes (5 most active). The Philippines, given its location on the earth is prone to various types of Natural Disasters. …Continued
PREPAREDNESS A PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY
PREPAREDNESS 49 Are we prepared? WHAT IF?! …Continued
PREPAREDNESS 50 CRITICAL CONCERNS 1. Does your institution have an existing Disaster Response Team / Safety Committee? 2. If yes, is it functional? 3. Do we conduct emergency / disaster drills regularly? 4. Do we have Emergency Response Plan? 5. Do we have a Preparedness / Contingency Plan in the event of any disaster? 6. Are there personnel / employees trained in first aid, fire fighting or rescue? 7. Does the institution have any rescue equipment and other emergency paraphernalia? 8. Do we have an institutionalized warning system? 9. Are there identified evacuation areas within the premises of the institution? …Continued
R.A. 10121 THE PHILIPPINE DRRM SYSTEM
 Disaster legislation in the Philippines dates back in 1978, primarily reactive approach to disasters, focusing heavily on preparedness and response. Other relevant legislation for mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction into development includes land-use controls and building codes. However, building codes are not strictly enforced and zoning ordinances which are reported to have been relaxed over time. 53 DRRM THE PHILIPPINE DRRM SYSTEM  With the approval of the DRRM (Republic Act No. 10121) expect that there would be a paradigm shift emphasizing disaster management to a disaster risk management approach, with much greater importance given to reducing risk. The RA was approved on 27 May 2010, and the Implementing Rules and Regulations are being crafted by the Task Force RA 10121 headed by the OCD. Time line for submission will be on August 25, 2010.
RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT  Systematic process of using administrative decisions, organization, operational skills and capacities to implement policies, strategies and coping capacities of the society and communities  Setting of related goals and objectives in development and land use areas.  It involves the formulation of strategies and Plans, Programs and Activities (PPAs) 54 DRRM …Continued
WHAT MUST BE DONE TO REDUCE RISK  Institutionalize Local Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office  Establish Early Warning System  Formulation of Communication Protocol  Formulation of Evacuation Procedures at the community level and establishments  Organize Local DRRMC and define the functional roles and responsibilities of the members and task units  Establish Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)  Hazard awareness through Community-Based trainings and seminars 55 DRRM …Continued
WHAT MUST BE DONE TO REDUCE RISK  Integrate disaster risk reduction into the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) and land use planning  Integrate hazard, risk and vulnerability assessment into the development plan  Cluster Approach on Recovery Program  Good working relationship with Warning Agencies and the Local Media  Installation of rain gauges on mountain slopes (DENR-MGB CAR recommended that 150 mm of rainfall observed within 24 hours would already trigger evacuation of communities in high risk areas) 56 DRRM …Continued
WHAT MUST BE DONE TO REDUCE RISK  Strengthening of the LGU capabilities on disaster management;  Updating the hazard profile of all municipalities and to analyse data on human induced disasters for public safety studies  Effective flow of communication system to ensure that accurate flow of information before, during and after disasters 57 DRRM …Continued
WHAT MUST BE DONE TO REDUCE RISK 58 DRRM …Continued
 A comprehensive disaster risk management strategy, actively involving stakeholders at all levels of government as well as the private sector, local communities and civil society, is required to implement the legislative framework and to provide coordination and monitoring mechanisms and arrangements.  Individual disaster risk reduction actions and programs need to be located within this strategy, rather than treated as discrete, individual measures. Moreover, the strategy needs to indicate specific entry points and mechanisms for mainstreaming disaster risk reduction concerns into both the broader development agenda and the design and implementation of individual development initiatives. 60 DRRM DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGY …Continued
 Individual line agencies and local governments are legally responsible for implementing disaster management, as it is still commonly referred to in department circulars and executive orders, within their own areas of responsibility. In practice, some LGUs have yet to even establish their disaster coordinating councils (DCCs), while those DCCs that have been established vary in quality. In addition, reflecting Presidential Decree (PD) 1566’s reactive approach to DCC meetings are commonly held only on an ad hoc basis, in response to crisis situations, rather than on a more regular basis to discuss ongoing risk reduction initiatives, and DCCs’ risk reduction and mainstreaming capacity and capabilities are often very limited. 61 DRRM DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGY …Continued
62 8th Congress (’89-’92) 9th Co2ngress (’92-’95) 10th Congress (’95-’98) 11th Congress (’98-2001) 12th Congress (2001-2004) 13th Congress (2004-2007) 14th Congress (2007-2010) RA NO. 10121 27 May 2010 • 21 years in the making • 7 Congresses • 4 Administration PD 1566 June 11, 1978 R.A. 10121 …Continued
63 R.A. 10121 …Continued DRRMC ORGANIZATIONAL NETWORK NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENT COUNCIL  17 REGIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENTCOUNCILS  80 PROVINCIAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENTCOUNCILS  117 CITY DISASTER RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENT COUNCILS  1,496 MUNICIPAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENT COUNCILS  41,945 BARANGAY DISASTER RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENTCOUNCILS
64 BAGUIO CITY ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER 173 SERIES 2010 Mayor City Administrator / Action Officer
THE PHILIPPINE DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MAY 27, 2010  An Act Strengthening The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System, providing for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework, and Institutionalizing the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan, appropriating funds therefor and for other purposes (DRRM Act 2010) 65 R.A. 10121 …Continued
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION The law which transforms the Philippines’ Disaster Management System from Disaster Relief and Response towards Disaster Risk Reduction. 66 Top-down and centralized disaster management Disasters as merely a function of physical hazards Focus on disaster response and anticipation Bottom-up and participatory disaster risk reduction Disaster mainly a reflection of people's vulnerability Integrated approach to genuine social and human development to reduce disaster risk and adoption of IT in DRM …Continued R.A. 10121 …Continued
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION GUIDING PRINCIPLES • Institutional not personality oriented • Permanent solution not temporary or palliative • Preemptive evacuation is better than rescue 67 R.A. 10121 …Continued
R.A. 10121 The enactment of the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 (also known as Republic Act 10121), aims to achieve a paradigm shift from reactive to proactive approach in disaster risk reduction and management.  One of the main objectives of Disaster Preparedness it to “Enhance the community with the necessary skills to cope with the negative impacts of a disaster”.  The state of readiness for PDRRMC, MDRRMC and CDRRMC is greatly determines the extent to which potential casualties and damages can be reduced. 68 …Continued
PARADIGM SHIFT 69 Response Preparedness Mitigation: Risk Reduction / Prevention Rehabilitation REACTIVE Emergency/Disaster Management R.A. 10121 • Executive/Legislative Agenda • Environmental Management • Comprehensive Land Use Plan • Risk proofing • Financial tools • Hazard identification & • Vulnerability Analysis • Capacity Analysis • Public awareness • Public commitment • Community actions • Education & Training • Early Warning • SOP & Plans • ICS Development • Livelihood • Housing • Lifelines • Education • Infrastructure • DANA • Relief • SAR • Incident Command System • Evacuation • Health …Continued
PARADIGM SHIFT 70 R.A. 10121 …Continued
PARADIGM SHIFT 71 National Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Framework Disaster Response Proactive Disaster Risk Reduction Emergency Specialists Hazard Scientists Risks Specialists Economic Managers Development Planners Reactive DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT R.A. 10121 …Continued
PARADIGM SHIFT 72 PROACTIVE Emergency/Disaster Risk Management R.A. 10121 …Continued Response Mitigation: Risk Reduction /Prevention Preparedness Rehabilitation
EMERGENCY/DISASTER OPERATIONS CENTER
BAGUIO CDRRMC-DOC 74
DISASTER OR EMERGENCY OPCEN 75 • Is a central command and control facility responsible for carrying out the principles or functions of emergency / disaster preparedness and management at a strategic level in an emergency situation, and ensuring the continuity of operation of a company, political subdivision or other organization. • An Emergency / Disaster OPCEN is responsible for the strategic overview, or "big picture", of the disaster. • Used in varying ways at all levels of government and within private industry to provide coordination, direction and control during emergencies.
DISASTER OR EMERGENCY OPCEN 76 • The common functions of all E/D OPCEN is to collect, gather and analyze data; make decisions that protect life and property, maintain continuity of the organization, within the scope of applicable laws; and disseminate those decisions to all concerned agencies and individuals. • In most E/DOC's, there is one individual in charge, and that is the Emergency/Disaster Manager. …Continued
DISASTER OR EMERGENCY OPCEN 77 …Continued BRINGS TOGETHER THE VITAL ASPECT OF : COORDINATION & COMMUNICATION MEDIA & PUBLIC INFORMATION ACTIVATION of the BDRRMC - responders & others TASK ALLOCATION INFORMATION COLLECTION & ANALYSIS SITUATION ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING DISSEMINATION of WARNING SITUATION MONITORING RESOURCE DISPATCH, TRACKING & REQUEST ACTION PRIORITIES Working 24/7 With DISASTER MNGT FUNCTION
ACTIVATION
ACTIVATION 79 STAGES or LEVELS of ACTIVATION for DRRMCs NOTIFICATION - When an event/disaster occurs, notification is made to all partner agencies, and CDRRMC Disaster Operations Center support staff who needs to take actions as part of their pre-assigned tasks and responsibilities; BLUE ALERT (PARTIAL ACTIVATION) - An initial limited or a post Red Alert scaled down operational condition of the Disaster Operations Center (DOC). All field personnel go on stand-by, assets pre-positioned for easy deployment; RED ALERT (FULL ACTIVATION) - All primary and secondary support agencies of the CDRRMC are on active status/on-call, manning respective stations along with DOC staff, while directing-coordinating personnel/assets on a 24-hour basis during an on- going event; DEACTIVATION - The DOC Chief as may be directed by the Chief Executive or Action Officer to deactivate the alert status and normal operations of the Disaster Operations Center resumes. UNDERSTANDING THE COLORED ALERT STATUS & DISASTER WARNING SYMBOLS
ACTIVATION 80 …Continued RED Full scale activation • Full scale activation. • Citywide activation of the BDRRMC’s & respective operations centers. • Focal members of the CDRRMC’s will be in the operations center for fast action, coordination & decision. • Convene a council meeting to address preparedness for response & other concerns.
ACTIVATION 81 …Continued • Partial activation - whole members • Citywide activation of the BDRRMCs & respective operations centers • Convene a council meeting to address preparedness for response & other concerns BLUE Partial activation
ACTIVATION 82 …Continued • 24/7 monitoring of AOR WHITE Monitoring
SITUATIONAL ISSUES THINGS TO CONSIDER
SITUATIONAL ISSUES 84 In any major situation, there are three (3) critical issues that usually arise, namely:
TIME CONSTRAINT 85 • WARN PEOPLE • EVACUATE THE PEOPLE • SAVE LIVES • CASUALTIES • INJURED • DEAD • MISSING • IMPENDING HAZARDS • UTILITY SHUT DOWN • LOOTERS • Others …Continued SITUATIONAL ISSUES …Continued
COORDINATION 87 • WHAT? • WHERE? • WHEN? • WHO? • HOW? • Others …Continued SITUATIONAL ISSUES …Continued
INCIDENT MANAGEMENT SIX (6) BUILDING BLOCKS
INCIDENT MANAGEMENT 89 COMMAND & CONTROL LAW ENFORCEMENT SAR EMS FIRE SUPPRESION EVACUATION & RELIEF DANA
STRUCTURAL FIRE 90 Tiong San Bazaar, 1:00 PM, April 2, 2008 Property and merchandise worth around P 200 million were lost in a 10-hour fire.
STRUCTURAL FIRE 91 COMMAND & CONTROL LAW ENFORCEMENT SAR EMS FIRE SUPPRESION EVACUATION & RELIEF DANA F I TS R E …Continued
LANDSLIDE 92 Little Kibungan, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet The landslide buried more or less 25 houses 50+ residents.
LANDSLIDE 93 COMMAND & CONTROL LAW ENFORCEMENT SAR EMS FIRE SUPPRESION EVACUATION & RELIEF DANA KI BU LITTLE NG AN …Continued
VEHICULAR ACCIDENT 94 Byron Bus 198 Accident May 11, 2005, Badiwan, Tuba, Benguet : 29 dead
VEHICULAR ACCIDENT 95 COMMAND & CONTROL LAW ENFORCEMENT SAR EMS FIRE SUPPRESION EVACUATION & RELIEF DANA MAR COS VA HIGH WAY …Continued
S.A.R. 96 Flash Flood Victim SAR, September 30-October 5, 2012 Point of Origin: Crystal Cave, Baguio City – Point of Sighting: Sitio Pacac, Tuba, Benguet
S.A.R. 97 COMMAND & CONTROL LAW ENFORCEMENT SAR EMS FIRE SUPPRESION EVACUATION & RELIEF DANA DUE TO MISSING FLASH FLOOD …Continued
AIRCRAFT CRASH 98 Crash Incident Presidential Chopper BELL 412 April 7, 2009, Brgy. Eheb, Tinoc, Ifugao : 8 dead
AIRCRAFT CRASH 99 COMMAND & CONTROL LAW ENFORCEMENT SAR EMS FIRE SUPPRESION EVACUATION & RELIEF DANA BELL 4 CRASH 1 2 …Continued
QUESTIONS? 100
101 “We are not preparing for the world we live in - we are preparing for the world we find ourselves in.” – Michael Mabee Prepping for a Suburban or Rural Community: Building a Civil Defense Plan for a Long-Term Catastrophe
102 THANK YOU!
REFERENCES • Andrew Alex Uy OCD-CAR/CRDRRMC • Disaster http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster • Trashslide http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/MSNBC/Components/Photo/_new/pb-110828-garbage-cannon.jpg http://www.interaksyon.com/article/12111/mina-toll-rises-to-26-six-more-missing http://mghelman.tumblr.com/ http://www.sunstar.com.ph/baguio/local-news/2011/08/29/typhoon-mina-leaves-8-dead-cordillera-176058 http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/51141/state-of-calamity-declared-in-trash-swamped-baguio http://bulatlat.com/main/2013/06/25/baguios-garbage-woe-affects-classes/ http://richardbalonglong.wordpress.com/2012/10/03/wall-es-plant-2/ • Typhoon Parma http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stormarchives/2009/trax/pepeng09_16tx.gif • Climate Change http://mncgreens.blogspot.com/2012/02/event-australian-attitudes-to-climate.html 103

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disasterriskreductionandmanagement-131119090402-phpapp01.pdf

  • 1.
    Supplemented by RyannU. Castro DISASTER RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENT
  • 2.
    SCOPE: 1. DEFINITION OFTERMS • HAZARD • EXPOSURE • VULNERABILITY • CAPACITY • RISK o POTENTIAL RISK TREATMENTS • DISASTER o CLASSIFICATIONS o WHEN IS AN EVENT A DISASTER? o WHY ARE DISASTER IMPACTS INCREASING? o WHAT MUST BE DONE TO REDUCE RISK? o DISASTER RISK REDUCTION METHOD 2. BAGUIO CITY: EFFECTS OF DISASTERS • EARTHQUAKE • TROPICAL CYCLONE • TRASHSLIDE 3. PHILIPPINES RISK PROFILE 4. PREPAREDNESS 5. NEW FRAMEWORK ON DISASTER RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENT 6. SALIENT PROVISION OF R. A. 10121 (DRRM ACT OF 2010) 7. STRENGTHENING DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 8. EMERGENCY/DISASTER OPERATIONS CENTER • SITUATIONAL ISSUES • INCIDENT MANAGEMENT 2
  • 3.
  • 4.
    HAZARD • Is adangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihood & services, social & economic disruption or environmental damage... • Could be a potentially damaging phenomenon • It could be natural or human-induced. 4
  • 5.
    EXPOSURE • The degreeto which the element at risk are likely to experience hazard events of different magnitude. 5
  • 6.
    VULNERABILITY • Is thecharacteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. • This may arise from various physical, social, economic & environmental factors. 6
  • 7.
    • Is thecombination of all strengths and resources available within the community, society or organization that can reduce the level of risk or effects of a disaster. 7 CAPACITY
  • 11.
    DISASTER • A disasteris a natural or man-made (or technological) hazard resulting in an event of substantial extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to the environment. A disaster can be ostensively defined as any tragic event stemming from events such as earthquakes, floods, catastrophic accidents, fires, or explosions. It is a phenomenon that can cause damage to life and property and destroy the economic, social and cultural life of people. • In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk. These risks are the product of a combination of both hazard/s and vulnerability. Hazards that strike in areas with low vulnerability will never become disasters, as is the case in uninhabited regions. 11
  • 12.
    DISASTER Natural Disaster  Anatural disaster is a consequence when a natural hazard affects humans and/or the built environment. Human vulnerability, and lack of appropriate emergency management, leads to financial, environmental, or human impact. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster: their resilience. This understanding is concentrated in the formulation: "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability". A natural hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areas without vulnerability. 12 CLASSIFICATIONS …Continued
  • 13.
    DISASTER 13 CLASSIFICATIONS Man-made or HumanInduced Disaster  Man-made disasters are the consequence of technological or human hazards. Examples include stampedes, fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation. War and deliberate attacks may also be put in this category. As with natural hazards, man-made hazards are events that have not happened, for instance terrorism. Man-made disasters are examples of specific cases where man-made hazards have become reality in an event …Continued
  • 14.
    WHEN IS ANEVENT A DISASTER? 1. At least 20% of the population are affected & in need of emergency assistance or those dwelling units have been destroyed. 2. A great number or at least 40% of the means of livelihood such as bancas, fishing boats, vehicles and the like are destroyed. 3. Major roads and bridges are destroyed and impassable for at least a week, thus disrupting the flow of transport and commerce. 4. Widespread destruction of fishponds, crops, poultry and livestock, and other agricultural products, and 5. Epidemics 14 DISASTER …Continued
  • 16.
  • 17.
    EARTHQUAKE 17 July 16 1990 Ms=7.8 DEAD– 1,666 INJURED – 3,500
  • 18.
  • 19.
    19 University of BAGUIOFRB Hotel Nevada Hotel Siesta Inn
  • 20.
    20 Park Hotel St.Vincent Royal Inn Hilltop Hotel
  • 21.
    21 Baguio Cathedral AuroraTheater EPZA/PEZA Loakan Airport
  • 22.
  • 23.
    JULY 16, 1990EARTHQUAKE 23 Aftershocks of the 1990 July 16 earthquake Ms=7.8 PHIVOLCS data First 14 hours Many aftershocks found west of Baguio City, not along fault trace …Continued
  • 24.
    SUPER TYPHOON “PEPENG”{PARMA} 24 (September 30 – October 10, 2009) Max Center Wind: 195 kph Gustiness: 230 kph Speed: 9-26 kph Baguio City received 640 mm of rain during the 12- hour period starting 8:00 am on October 8
  • 25.
    EFFECTS ST “PEPENG”{PARMA} 25 a) Affected Population Population affected in 5,486 barangays, 334 municipalities, and 33 cities in 27 provinces in Regions I, II, III, V, VI, CAR and NCR – 954,087 families / 4,478,284 persons Breakdown per Region The total number evacuated inside 54 evacuation centers were 3,258 families / 14,892 persons b) Casualties Reported deaths in CAR were mainly due to landslides while those in other regions were due to drowning (same figure in previous report)  465 Dead  207 Injured  47 Missing
  • 26.
    EFFECTS ST “PEPENG”{PARMA} 26 c) Damages The total number of damaged houses were 61,869 (6,807 totally / 55,062 partially) The estimated cost of damage to infrastructure and agriculture were PhP27.297 Billion (infrastructure to include school buildings and health infrastructure PhP6.799 Billion; agriculture PhP20.495 Billion and private property PhP 0.003 Billion Agricultural area of 428,034 hectares incurred losses of 1,052.993 MT of crops (rice, corn, high value commercial crops, abaca and irrigation facilities) Education facilities damaged in Regions I, II, III, V and CAR: were 1,531 schools (1,280 Elementary and 251 High Schools) amounting to PhP767.45 Million …Continued
  • 28.
    EFFECTS ST “PEPENG”{PARMA} 28 BAGUIO INCIDENTS TOTAL ERODED RIPRAP 25 FALLEN TREE / IN DANGER OF FALLING 19 SOIL EROSION / LANDSLIDE 97 FLOOD 41 VEHICULAR ACCIDENT 1 CASUALTIES: A) Deaths 1) Landslide 2) Accident 58 2 B) Missing 5 C) Injured 27 Note: Incidents received, monitored and recorded by CDRRMC-DOC …Continued
  • 29.
    CITY CAMP 29 FLOODING Date: October8, 2009 Reported: 2:55 PM Cause: Heavy volume of rainfall could not be contained by the drainage.
  • 30.
    CRESENCIA VILLAGE 30 LANDSLIDE Date: 08October 2009 Reported: 8:00 PM Cause: Heavy volume of rainfall saturated the soil. Casualties: 23
  • 31.
    MARCOS HIGHWAY 31 ROAD CUT Date:October 8, 2009 Reported 9:31 PM Caused Closure of the Highway
  • 32.
    MARCOS HIGHWAY 32 ROAD CUT Date:October 8, 2009 Reported 9:31 PM Caused Closure of the Highway
  • 33.
  • 34.
    PINSAO PROPER 34 LANDSLIDE Date: October9, 2009 Reported: 8:30 AM Cause: Heavy volume of rainfall saturated the soil. Casualties: 1
  • 35.
    ↑ ROCK QUARRY 35 LANDSLIDE Date:October 9, 2009 Reported: 6:30 AM Cause: Heavy volume of rainfall saturated the soil. Casualties: 4
  • 36.
    ↓ KITMA 36 LANDSLIDE Date: October9, 2009 Reported: 9:56 AM Cause: Heavy volume of rainfall saturated the soil. Casualties: 8
  • 37.
    PUROK 1, IRISAN 37 LANDSLIDE Date:October 9, 2009 Cause: Heavy volume of rainfall saturated the soil. Casualties: 16
  • 38.
  • 39.
    TRASHSLIDE 39 August 26 –September 7, 2011 DEAD – 6
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43.
    PREVIOUS DISASTERS IN C.A.R. 43  LGU asthe first line of defence  Early warning devise or equipment are vital in saving life  Without communication support warning and the evacuation fails  Early warning and evacuation system to attain Zero Casualty  Pre-positioning of organic resource capability for quick response  Building-back better not building-back-elsewhere  DRR measures to protect economic investments  Help must be linked to initiative. Protracted relief could breed mendicancy, inhibit or hold back local initiative and suppress native creativity  Demand driven vs. donors driven  Disaster Risk Reduction Plan must be considered basic input in the Regional Development Master Plan LESSONS LEARNED
  • 44.
  • 45.
    PHILIPPINES RISK PROFILE The countryis considered one of the most disaster-prone. It ranks 12th among 200 countries most at-risk for tropical cyclones, floods, earthquakes, and landslides in the 2009 Mortality Risk Index of the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction 45  Located along the typhoon belt in the Pacific making it vulnerable to typhoons and tsunami.  Average of 20 typhoons yearly (7 are destructive).
  • 46.
    PHILIPPINES RISK PROFILE 46  Located alongthe Pacific Ring of Fire, between two Tectonic plates (Eurasian and Pacific) which are volcanic and earthquake generators.  22 active volcanoes (5 most active). The Philippines, given its location on the earth is prone to various types of Natural Disasters. …Continued
  • 47.
  • 49.
  • 50.
    PREPAREDNESS 50 CRITICAL CONCERNS 1. Doesyour institution have an existing Disaster Response Team / Safety Committee? 2. If yes, is it functional? 3. Do we conduct emergency / disaster drills regularly? 4. Do we have Emergency Response Plan? 5. Do we have a Preparedness / Contingency Plan in the event of any disaster? 6. Are there personnel / employees trained in first aid, fire fighting or rescue? 7. Does the institution have any rescue equipment and other emergency paraphernalia? 8. Do we have an institutionalized warning system? 9. Are there identified evacuation areas within the premises of the institution? …Continued
  • 52.
  • 53.
     Disaster legislationin the Philippines dates back in 1978, primarily reactive approach to disasters, focusing heavily on preparedness and response. Other relevant legislation for mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction into development includes land-use controls and building codes. However, building codes are not strictly enforced and zoning ordinances which are reported to have been relaxed over time. 53 DRRM THE PHILIPPINE DRRM SYSTEM  With the approval of the DRRM (Republic Act No. 10121) expect that there would be a paradigm shift emphasizing disaster management to a disaster risk management approach, with much greater importance given to reducing risk. The RA was approved on 27 May 2010, and the Implementing Rules and Regulations are being crafted by the Task Force RA 10121 headed by the OCD. Time line for submission will be on August 25, 2010.
  • 54.
    RISK REDUCTION ANDMANAGEMENT  Systematic process of using administrative decisions, organization, operational skills and capacities to implement policies, strategies and coping capacities of the society and communities  Setting of related goals and objectives in development and land use areas.  It involves the formulation of strategies and Plans, Programs and Activities (PPAs) 54 DRRM …Continued
  • 55.
    WHAT MUST BEDONE TO REDUCE RISK  Institutionalize Local Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Office  Establish Early Warning System  Formulation of Communication Protocol  Formulation of Evacuation Procedures at the community level and establishments  Organize Local DRRMC and define the functional roles and responsibilities of the members and task units  Establish Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)  Hazard awareness through Community-Based trainings and seminars 55 DRRM …Continued
  • 56.
    WHAT MUST BEDONE TO REDUCE RISK  Integrate disaster risk reduction into the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) and land use planning  Integrate hazard, risk and vulnerability assessment into the development plan  Cluster Approach on Recovery Program  Good working relationship with Warning Agencies and the Local Media  Installation of rain gauges on mountain slopes (DENR-MGB CAR recommended that 150 mm of rainfall observed within 24 hours would already trigger evacuation of communities in high risk areas) 56 DRRM …Continued
  • 57.
    WHAT MUST BEDONE TO REDUCE RISK  Strengthening of the LGU capabilities on disaster management;  Updating the hazard profile of all municipalities and to analyse data on human induced disasters for public safety studies  Effective flow of communication system to ensure that accurate flow of information before, during and after disasters 57 DRRM …Continued
  • 58.
    WHAT MUST BEDONE TO REDUCE RISK 58 DRRM …Continued
  • 60.
     A comprehensivedisaster risk management strategy, actively involving stakeholders at all levels of government as well as the private sector, local communities and civil society, is required to implement the legislative framework and to provide coordination and monitoring mechanisms and arrangements.  Individual disaster risk reduction actions and programs need to be located within this strategy, rather than treated as discrete, individual measures. Moreover, the strategy needs to indicate specific entry points and mechanisms for mainstreaming disaster risk reduction concerns into both the broader development agenda and the design and implementation of individual development initiatives. 60 DRRM DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGY …Continued
  • 61.
     Individual lineagencies and local governments are legally responsible for implementing disaster management, as it is still commonly referred to in department circulars and executive orders, within their own areas of responsibility. In practice, some LGUs have yet to even establish their disaster coordinating councils (DCCs), while those DCCs that have been established vary in quality. In addition, reflecting Presidential Decree (PD) 1566’s reactive approach to DCC meetings are commonly held only on an ad hoc basis, in response to crisis situations, rather than on a more regular basis to discuss ongoing risk reduction initiatives, and DCCs’ risk reduction and mainstreaming capacity and capabilities are often very limited. 61 DRRM DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGY …Continued
  • 62.
    62 8th Congress (’89-’92) 9th Co2ngress (’92-’95) 10thCongress (’95-’98) 11th Congress (’98-2001) 12th Congress (2001-2004) 13th Congress (2004-2007) 14th Congress (2007-2010) RA NO. 10121 27 May 2010 • 21 years in the making • 7 Congresses • 4 Administration PD 1566 June 11, 1978 R.A. 10121 …Continued
  • 63.
    63 R.A. 10121 …Continued DRRMC ORGANIZATIONAL NETWORK NATIONALDISASTER RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENT COUNCIL  17 REGIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENTCOUNCILS  80 PROVINCIAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENTCOUNCILS  117 CITY DISASTER RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENT COUNCILS  1,496 MUNICIPAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENT COUNCILS  41,945 BARANGAY DISASTER RISK REDUCTION & MANAGEMENTCOUNCILS
  • 64.
    64 BAGUIO CITY ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER173 SERIES 2010 Mayor City Administrator / Action Officer
  • 65.
    THE PHILIPPINE DISASTERRISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MAY 27, 2010  An Act Strengthening The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System, providing for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework, and Institutionalizing the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan, appropriating funds therefor and for other purposes (DRRM Act 2010) 65 R.A. 10121 …Continued
  • 66.
    DISASTER RISK REDUCTION Thelaw which transforms the Philippines’ Disaster Management System from Disaster Relief and Response towards Disaster Risk Reduction. 66 Top-down and centralized disaster management Disasters as merely a function of physical hazards Focus on disaster response and anticipation Bottom-up and participatory disaster risk reduction Disaster mainly a reflection of people's vulnerability Integrated approach to genuine social and human development to reduce disaster risk and adoption of IT in DRM …Continued R.A. 10121 …Continued
  • 67.
    DISASTER RISK REDUCTIONGUIDING PRINCIPLES • Institutional not personality oriented • Permanent solution not temporary or palliative • Preemptive evacuation is better than rescue 67 R.A. 10121 …Continued
  • 68.
    R.A. 10121 The enactmentof the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 (also known as Republic Act 10121), aims to achieve a paradigm shift from reactive to proactive approach in disaster risk reduction and management.  One of the main objectives of Disaster Preparedness it to “Enhance the community with the necessary skills to cope with the negative impacts of a disaster”.  The state of readiness for PDRRMC, MDRRMC and CDRRMC is greatly determines the extent to which potential casualties and damages can be reduced. 68 …Continued
  • 69.
    PARADIGM SHIFT 69 Response Preparedness Mitigation: Risk Reduction/ Prevention Rehabilitation REACTIVE Emergency/Disaster Management R.A. 10121 • Executive/Legislative Agenda • Environmental Management • Comprehensive Land Use Plan • Risk proofing • Financial tools • Hazard identification & • Vulnerability Analysis • Capacity Analysis • Public awareness • Public commitment • Community actions • Education & Training • Early Warning • SOP & Plans • ICS Development • Livelihood • Housing • Lifelines • Education • Infrastructure • DANA • Relief • SAR • Incident Command System • Evacuation • Health …Continued
  • 70.
  • 71.
    PARADIGM SHIFT 71 National DisasterRisk Reduction & Management Framework Disaster Response Proactive Disaster Risk Reduction Emergency Specialists Hazard Scientists Risks Specialists Economic Managers Development Planners Reactive DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT R.A. 10121 …Continued
  • 72.
    PARADIGM SHIFT 72 PROACTIVE Emergency/Disaster RiskManagement R.A. 10121 …Continued Response Mitigation: Risk Reduction /Prevention Preparedness Rehabilitation
  • 73.
  • 74.
  • 75.
    DISASTER OR EMERGENCYOPCEN 75 • Is a central command and control facility responsible for carrying out the principles or functions of emergency / disaster preparedness and management at a strategic level in an emergency situation, and ensuring the continuity of operation of a company, political subdivision or other organization. • An Emergency / Disaster OPCEN is responsible for the strategic overview, or "big picture", of the disaster. • Used in varying ways at all levels of government and within private industry to provide coordination, direction and control during emergencies.
  • 76.
    DISASTER OR EMERGENCYOPCEN 76 • The common functions of all E/D OPCEN is to collect, gather and analyze data; make decisions that protect life and property, maintain continuity of the organization, within the scope of applicable laws; and disseminate those decisions to all concerned agencies and individuals. • In most E/DOC's, there is one individual in charge, and that is the Emergency/Disaster Manager. …Continued
  • 77.
    DISASTER OR EMERGENCYOPCEN 77 …Continued BRINGS TOGETHER THE VITAL ASPECT OF : COORDINATION & COMMUNICATION MEDIA & PUBLIC INFORMATION ACTIVATION of the BDRRMC - responders & others TASK ALLOCATION INFORMATION COLLECTION & ANALYSIS SITUATION ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING DISSEMINATION of WARNING SITUATION MONITORING RESOURCE DISPATCH, TRACKING & REQUEST ACTION PRIORITIES Working 24/7 With DISASTER MNGT FUNCTION
  • 78.
  • 79.
    ACTIVATION 79 STAGES or LEVELS ofACTIVATION for DRRMCs NOTIFICATION - When an event/disaster occurs, notification is made to all partner agencies, and CDRRMC Disaster Operations Center support staff who needs to take actions as part of their pre-assigned tasks and responsibilities; BLUE ALERT (PARTIAL ACTIVATION) - An initial limited or a post Red Alert scaled down operational condition of the Disaster Operations Center (DOC). All field personnel go on stand-by, assets pre-positioned for easy deployment; RED ALERT (FULL ACTIVATION) - All primary and secondary support agencies of the CDRRMC are on active status/on-call, manning respective stations along with DOC staff, while directing-coordinating personnel/assets on a 24-hour basis during an on- going event; DEACTIVATION - The DOC Chief as may be directed by the Chief Executive or Action Officer to deactivate the alert status and normal operations of the Disaster Operations Center resumes. UNDERSTANDING THE COLORED ALERT STATUS & DISASTER WARNING SYMBOLS
  • 80.
    ACTIVATION 80 …Continued RED Full scaleactivation • Full scale activation. • Citywide activation of the BDRRMC’s & respective operations centers. • Focal members of the CDRRMC’s will be in the operations center for fast action, coordination & decision. • Convene a council meeting to address preparedness for response & other concerns.
  • 81.
    ACTIVATION 81 …Continued • Partial activation- whole members • Citywide activation of the BDRRMCs & respective operations centers • Convene a council meeting to address preparedness for response & other concerns BLUE Partial activation
  • 82.
  • 83.
  • 84.
    SITUATIONAL ISSUES 84 In anymajor situation, there are three (3) critical issues that usually arise, namely:
  • 85.
    TIME CONSTRAINT 85 • WARNPEOPLE • EVACUATE THE PEOPLE • SAVE LIVES • CASUALTIES • INJURED • DEAD • MISSING • IMPENDING HAZARDS • UTILITY SHUT DOWN • LOOTERS • Others …Continued SITUATIONAL ISSUES …Continued
  • 87.
    COORDINATION 87 • WHAT? • WHERE? •WHEN? • WHO? • HOW? • Others …Continued SITUATIONAL ISSUES …Continued
  • 88.
  • 89.
    INCIDENT MANAGEMENT 89 COMMAND &CONTROL LAW ENFORCEMENT SAR EMS FIRE SUPPRESION EVACUATION & RELIEF DANA
  • 90.
    STRUCTURAL FIRE 90 Tiong SanBazaar, 1:00 PM, April 2, 2008 Property and merchandise worth around P 200 million were lost in a 10-hour fire.
  • 91.
    STRUCTURAL FIRE 91 COMMAND &CONTROL LAW ENFORCEMENT SAR EMS FIRE SUPPRESION EVACUATION & RELIEF DANA F I TS R E …Continued
  • 92.
    LANDSLIDE 92 Little Kibungan, Puguis,La Trinidad, Benguet The landslide buried more or less 25 houses 50+ residents.
  • 93.
    LANDSLIDE 93 COMMAND & CONTROL LAW ENFORCEMENT SAREMS FIRE SUPPRESION EVACUATION & RELIEF DANA KI BU LITTLE NG AN …Continued
  • 94.
    VEHICULAR ACCIDENT 94 Byron Bus198 Accident May 11, 2005, Badiwan, Tuba, Benguet : 29 dead
  • 95.
    VEHICULAR ACCIDENT 95 COMMAND &CONTROL LAW ENFORCEMENT SAR EMS FIRE SUPPRESION EVACUATION & RELIEF DANA MAR COS VA HIGH WAY …Continued
  • 96.
    S.A.R. 96 Flash Flood VictimSAR, September 30-October 5, 2012 Point of Origin: Crystal Cave, Baguio City – Point of Sighting: Sitio Pacac, Tuba, Benguet
  • 97.
    S.A.R. 97 COMMAND & CONTROL LAW ENFORCEMENT SAREMS FIRE SUPPRESION EVACUATION & RELIEF DANA DUE TO MISSING FLASH FLOOD …Continued
  • 98.
    AIRCRAFT CRASH 98 Crash IncidentPresidential Chopper BELL 412 April 7, 2009, Brgy. Eheb, Tinoc, Ifugao : 8 dead
  • 99.
    AIRCRAFT CRASH 99 COMMAND &CONTROL LAW ENFORCEMENT SAR EMS FIRE SUPPRESION EVACUATION & RELIEF DANA BELL 4 CRASH 1 2 …Continued
  • 100.
  • 101.
    101 “We are notpreparing for the world we live in - we are preparing for the world we find ourselves in.” – Michael Mabee Prepping for a Suburban or Rural Community: Building a Civil Defense Plan for a Long-Term Catastrophe
  • 102.
  • 103.
    REFERENCES • Andrew AlexUy OCD-CAR/CRDRRMC • Disaster http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster • Trashslide http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/MSNBC/Components/Photo/_new/pb-110828-garbage-cannon.jpg http://www.interaksyon.com/article/12111/mina-toll-rises-to-26-six-more-missing http://mghelman.tumblr.com/ http://www.sunstar.com.ph/baguio/local-news/2011/08/29/typhoon-mina-leaves-8-dead-cordillera-176058 http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/51141/state-of-calamity-declared-in-trash-swamped-baguio http://bulatlat.com/main/2013/06/25/baguios-garbage-woe-affects-classes/ http://richardbalonglong.wordpress.com/2012/10/03/wall-es-plant-2/ • Typhoon Parma http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stormarchives/2009/trax/pepeng09_16tx.gif • Climate Change http://mncgreens.blogspot.com/2012/02/event-australian-attitudes-to-climate.html 103