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![Bleaching powder [Ca(OCl)2], a new option for management of
stem rot of jute caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.
1. The growth of M. phaseolina was completely checked in food poisoning technique in vitro at 5000 μg/ml of
bleaching powder. At 100 and 1000 μg/ml, 9 3.6, 96.6 inhibitions were observed. During further incubation of
24 hrs at a concentration of 5000 μg/ml of bleaching powder, no fresh growth was observed indicating inhibition
of M. phaseolina completely.
2. In the field, soil application of bleaching powder @ 30 kg/ha 7 days ahead of sowing was found best against jute
stem rot compared to check (with no soil application) and higher (50 – 150 kg/ha) and lower (5 – 20 kg/ha) doses
in all the four dates (30 – 120 DAS) of observations. It restricted stem rot of jute to 2.1 and 6 % as compared to
15.1 and 24 % in untreated check at 90 – 120 DAS, respectively.
3. As the dose of soil application of bleaching powder increased from @ 5 – 150 kg/ha, the jute stem rot decreased
slowly reaching minimum at 30 kg/ha indicating that this dose being most effective against jute stem rot.
De and Ghorai, 2014
Atmospheric CO2 and water react with bleaching powder (Ca(OCl)2) to release hypochlorous acid which gives a characteristic
smell to bleaching powder. Hypochlorous acid decomposes readily to atomic oxygen. This atomic oxygen acts as bleaching agent
through oxidation. Ca(OCl)2 + H2O + CO2 → CaCO3 + CaCl2 + 2HClO hypochlorous acid
HClO → HCl + [O] atomic oxygen 2HCl + [O] → H2O + Cl2 chlorine](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/diseasemanagementjafrkde2019-230421060139-354ede20/75/DISEASE-MANAGEMENT-JAF-RK-DE-2019-ppt-104-2048.jpg)
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DISEASE MANAGEMENT JAF RK DE 2019.ppt
- 1. DISEASES OF JUTE ANDALLEID FIBRES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT Dr. Rajib Kumar De Principal Scientist Crop Protection Division ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres Nilganj, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700 120 (WB) Website: www.crijaf.org.in Xxl¡S£hL¥ j¡l -c
- 2. Every year Indialoses about 18 % of its agricultural production. • Losses caused by different harmful agents ================================ Pests % Loss Monetary loss in crores (Rs.) ================================ Weeds 33 1980 Diseases 26 1560 Insect pests 20 1200 Rodents 6 360 Storage loss 7 420 Miscellaneous 8 480 ================================ Total 100 6000 ================================ India incurs loss of Rs. 6000 crores per annum. (Reference: ikisan.com; Pesticide Information, 1995) Storage loss14% Rodents 8% Insect pests 20% Diseases 26% Weeds 32% (Reference: Barooah, 1975)
- 3. USE OF PESTICIDES COUNTRYPESTICIDES USED (g/Ha) Japan 10000 Europe 2000 America 1600 India 400 50 % in cotton, 8 districts, 8 states States/UTs 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 Andhra Pradesh 1541 1381 1015 Bihar 870 915 828 Goa 2660 2650 2750 Haryana 4391 42.88 4070 4th Jammu and Kashmir 1248 2679.27 1640 Karnataka 1588 1675 1647 Maharashtra 3050 2400 4639 3rd Orissa NA 1155.75 1588 Punjab 6080 5760 5810 2nd Rajasthan 3804 3333 3527 Tamil Nadu 3940 2317 2335 Uttar Pradesh 7332 8968 9563 1st West Bengal 3945 41 NA India 43630.3 43860 41822 State-wise Consumption of Pesticides (Technical Grade) in India- (2007-2008 to 2009-2010) (In MT)
- 4. RESIDUE OF PESTICIDES 60 % OF OUR FOOD MATERIAL HAVE BEEN CONTAMINATED WITH PESTICIDES OUT OF THESE, 14 % CONTAINS PESTICIDES ABOVE WHO APPROVED LIMITS ALMOST ALL FOOD MATERIALS ARE CONTAMINATED, NAMELY, RICE, WHEAT, VEGETABLES, TEA, COFFEE, OIL, PULSES, FISH, EGG, COWS MILK, MOTHERS’ MILK, ETC. DRINKING WATER (Reference: Reports of AICRP on Pesticides Residues and CSE) PESTICIDE POISONING : 3 types Acute poisoning: Single and short-term very high level of exposure to commit suicide. Chronic poisoning: Long-term high-level exposure; users, formulators and manufacturers. Chronic poisoning: Long-term low-level exposure; pesticide residues in air, water, soil, sediment, food materials, plants and animals. Pesticide pollution: Chinese tea may not be safe to drink. Blogpost by Monica Tan - 2012-04-13 at 11:56. Is China's tea actually safe to drink? 12 of the 18 samples from 9 tea companies in China contained pesticide like methomyl and endosulfan, banned globally under the Stockholm Convention.
- 5. BAD EFFECTS OFPESTICIDES • Insects, pathogens, weeds become tolerant • Resurgence of pests, diseases, weeds • Harmful to beneficial organisms, e.g., pollinating insects, parasites predators • Loss of biodiversity esp. vulnerable spp. • Health hazards: carcinogenic, mutagen, damage to embryo, ozone layer (10%)
- 6. ECOFRIENDLY APPROACHES • Biologicalcontrol , e.g., Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Beauvaria, Paciolomyces • Crop rotation : success in Hooghly wilt, reduced from 42 % to 1 %, Rice – jute – potato • Transgenic plants: successful Bt cotton, still a dream in jute crop, be an optimist. Debate on Bt Brinjal, Bt jute or hybrid jute or resistant jute
- 7. BIOCONTROL THROUGH NEEM Botanicalinsecticides, e.g., neem: from leaf and seed, avoid, antifedant, moulting hampered, compatible with biocides The components are (1) nimbin (sulphur-free crystalline product, (2) nimbinin (similar), (3) nimbidin (cream-coloured containing amorphous sulphur and (4) Azadirachtin, belonging to the limonoid group, is a secondary metabolite present in neem seeds. (5) Nimerin. Nimbidin is main active antibacterial ingredient, and highest yielding bitter component in neem oil. They stable and found in substantial quantities in Neem. They also serve as natural insecticides. Neem-coated urea is an alternative to urea. It reduces pollution, improves fertilizer's efficacy and soil health.
- 8. WAKE UP TOORGANIC FARMING SN Features Organic farming Modern farming 1 Practices followed Ancient techniques Scientific techniques 2 Use of pesticides, fertilizers, chemicals, etc. No Yes 3 Use of Neem, bio control, cow dung, cow urine, FYM, Compost, other natural inputs, etc. Yes May be 4 Residues of pesticides, chemicals, lead, arsenic, etc. No Yes, often more than MPL 5 Food values including vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, for better health and nutrition, etc. More, delicious, healthy No 6 Artificial additives, toxic inputs, etc. Free present 7 Yield versus cost of production Less - higher More – less 8 Price difference versus demand 50% higher, Rs. 20 to 30, increasing day by day Normal 9 Place to enquire (1) Little India Haat, Vedic Village, (2) Behala Sen Haati, (3) Naktala Udayan sangha, (4) Garia Chalpatti in Kolkata and (5) NGOs all over India are promoting it. - Ref: TOI CT 20.06.2017.
- 9. WHAT IS DISEASE? • Disease is not a symptom. • Disease is not a cause. • Disease is not an injury. • Disease is not a condition. • Disease can not be catching or infectious. • Disease is not deviation from normalcy. “continuous malfunctioning process involving continuous interaction between host and pathogen occurring through ……. healthy and diseased conditions”.
- 10. DISEASE DEVELOPMENT Pathogen Weapons (1)MECHANICAL : Germ tube, Appressorium, penetration peg, (2) ENZYMES: Pectinases, Cellulases, Hemicullulase, Lignases, Proteinases, Amylases, Lipases (3) TOXINS: Phytotoxins, Vivotoxins, Pathotoxins Tabtoxin, Phaseolotoxin, Tentoxin, Fusaric acid, Piricularin, Victorin, T, AK, AM, HC, AL toxins, etc. (4) GROWTH REGULATORS: Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, Abscisic acid Host plant STRUCTURAL DEFENCE Pre-existing structures: Cuticle, Wax Post infectional or induced: cork layer, tylosses, gums BIOCHEMICAL DEFENCE Pre-existing biochemical: inhibitors, phenols, sugars Post infectional or metabolic: Hypersensitivity – local lesion, Phytoalexins – Pisatin, Phaseolin, Rishitin, Glyceollin, Gossypol Polyphenol oxidases, PAL, Cyanide (HCN), Induced resistance – ellicitors - b-proteins, PR proteins, glucanase, chitinase D I S E A S E DEFENCE OFFENCE
- 11. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PLANTDISEASES
- 12. CAUSES OF PLANT DISEASES FUNGIBACTERIA VIRUSES, VIROIDS, VIRUSOID, SATELLITE VIRUS, PRIONS NEMATODES, PHYTOPLAS MA, RLO, ALGAE, PROTOZOA PHANEROGA MS PLANT DISEASES Severity and spread Endemic disease Constantly present in an area Potato wart in Darjeel ing Epidemic or epiphytot ic disease Widely, periodica lly in destructi ve form Rust of wheat Sporadic disease Occur irregular interval and location, in mild form Angular leaf spot of cotton Pandemic disease Occur all over the world and cause mass mortality Late blight of potato PARASITIC DISEASES NON-PARASITIC DISEASES DEFICIENCY / TOXOCITY
- 13. FUNGI AS PLANTPATHOGENS • CHYTRIDIOMYCETES – Synchytrium endobioticum (potato wart), Physoderma maydis (brown spot of maize). • PLASMODIOPHOROMYCETES – Plasmodiophora brassicae (club root), • OOMYCETES – Pythium (damping-off), Phytophthora (blights, rots), P. Parasitica var. sabdariffae, downy mildews - Perenospora, Plasmopara, Scleropspora, White rusts - Albugo candida. • ZYGOMYCETES - Choanephora cucurbitarum, Rhizopus (soft rot), R. stolonifer (bread mould), VAM - Gigaspora, Acaulospora, Glomus, Sclerocystis • ASCOMYCETES – Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast: brewery, bakery, food industry), Protomyces macrosporus (stem gall of coriander), Taphrina maculans, T. deformans (leaf curl), Aspergillus, Penicillium italicum (blue mould), P. digitatum (green mould), P. expansum (apple), powdery mildews – Erysiphe pisi, Podosphaera (apple), Sphaerotheca (rose), ergot - Claviceps purpurea (jowar), C. microcephala (bajra), • BASIDIOMYCETES – Rusts, Smuts, False smuts, etc. • DEUTEROMYCETES – Leaf spots – Alternaria, Cercospora, Mycosphaerella, Septoria, Helminthosporium, Pyricularia, Rots – Sclerotinia, Sclerotium rolfsii,
- 14. BACTERIA AS PLANT PATHOGENS •Filamentous- (1) Streptomyces • Gram positive – (2) Ear rot of wheat - Corynebactarium • Gram negative – • peritrichous flagellate – • (3) Erwinia – Soft rot • Flagellate –(4) Xanthomonas, (5) Pseudomonas (Ralstonia), (6) Agrobectrium VIRUSES AS PLANT PATHOGENS
- 15. TYPES OF DISEASES TerminologyDefinition Group/ Example Endemic Confined to particular area/ locality in moderate to severe form Potato scab in Darjeeling Epiphytotic (= Epidemic): Occur widely in destructive form Wheat rust Sporadic Occur irregularly in different locations Loose smut Pandemic All over the world causing mass mortality Late blight of potato Simple interest Start with primary inoculum and multiplies once in a year Loose smut of wheat Compound interest Inoculum multiplies several times in a year and cause devastation Rice blast Vertical resistance Effective against one or few races of a pathogen Monogenic Horizontal resistance Uniformly effective against all races of a pathogen Polygenic Saprophyte Grow and live on dead organic matter Mushroom Facultative parasite Ordinarily saprophyte but has ability to grow as parasite on living tissues Pythium Facultative saprophyte Ordinarily parasite on living tissues but has ability to grow as saprophyte Smut Obligate parasite (= Biotroph): Grow and live on living tissue only. Mildews, rusts Hemi-biotroph Live as biotroph but continue to grow after tissue is dead. Alternaria, Phoma Perthotroph Kill host tissue in advance and then live as saprophyte Sclerotium rolfsii Parasitic disease (= Infectious): Caused by pathogenic organism BLB of rice Non-parasitic disease (= non-infectious, abiotic): Caused by deficiency or excess of factors Khaira of rice Iatrogenic disease Caused by wrong use of chemicals Herbicide injury
- 16. NEMATODE DISEASE ROOT KNOT VIRALDISEASES MOSAIC / YELLOW MOSAIC CHLOROSIS YELLOW VEIN FUNGAL DISEASES STEM ROT ANTHRACNOSE COLLAR ROT BLACK BAND DISEASES OF JUTE BACTERIAL DISEASE HOOGHLY WILT
- 17. STEM ROT C.O. MACROPHOMINAPHASEOLINA • Most serious disease of jute • Frequent epiphytotics occurs in almost all jute growing areas • It damages both Olitorius and Capsularis varieties • Extent of damage depends on rainfall pattern, soil temperature and soil moisture • More in acid soil with pH below 5.8 and K deficiency
- 18. SYMPTOMS OF STEMROT MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA • Damping off: New seedlings rot above and below soil. • Seedling blight: Cotyledons turn brown to black and seedlings die. • Stem rot: Dark brown lesion on stem may extend up to 10 - 15 cm or higher, extend vertically or horizontally, plants wilt or break.
- 19. Seedling blight anddamping off symptoms of stem rot Damping off and seedling blight
- 20. Leaf blight ofjute caused by Macrophomina phaseolina Brown spots on leaves appear as a result of stem rot during June – July.
- 21. STEM ROT OFJUTE Stem infection comes from blighted leaves through petioles and nodes.
- 22. Stem rot affectsboth fibre and seed yield of jute.
- 23. Brown spot onthe stem The rotting of stem may extend up to 10 - 15 cm or higher Advanced stage of brown spot on the stem
- 24. The length ofstem rotting varies Healthy
- 25. Drooping of leavesand wilting as a result of stem rot Healthy plant Advanced stage of high damage by stem rot in jute
- 26. Breaking of stemas a result of stem rot STEM ROT OF JUTE
- 27. STEM ROT INFECTEDJUTE FIELD Continuous rain and high RH and temperature around 34o C+ are congenial.
- 28. OTHER SYMPTOMS OFSTEM ROT Collar rot • Brown discolouration on the stem at soil level • Necrotic wounds develop at the ground level • If plant survives, adventitious roots develop above infected portion
- 29. Root rot Plants wilt,defoliate and stand as naked stem and finally die • Root are rotten and brown in colour, rootlets absent • Stem turns dark brown to black. OTHER SYMPTOMS OF STEM ROT Rotting of root of jute plant by Macrophomina phaseolina
- 30. Different types ofsymptoms of jute stem rot
- 31.
- 32. •Infected seeds are mostlyproduced from infected crop. SEED TRANSMISSION •Pathogen is also transmitted through infected seeds. •Sporulation is often observed on infected seeds. Dark brown pycnidia with apical ostiole for release of conidia
- 33. DISEASE CYCLE OFJUTE STEM ROT
- 34. ANTHRACNOSE * It cameto Dhaka through Infected seeds from south east Asia during 1930s unknowingly * Then from Dhaka to other parts of Bangladesh * It later entered India through Assam • Continuous rain and high RH and temperature around 35 oC+ are congenial • Causes considerable damage to fibre yield and quality.
- 35. ANTHRACNOSE OF CAPSULARISJUTE CO -Colletotrichum corchorum Symptoms * On seedlings it appears on leaf and stem as brownish spot and streaks following drying up of the entire stem. * On stem irregular spots, may coalesce, cause deep necrosis, girdle stem and cracks and expose the fibre. *These turns to brownish depressed spots. * Depressed spots are seen on pods also. * Infected seeds are lighter in colour, shrunken and germination is poor.
- 36. ANTHRACNOSE OF OLITORIUSJUTE CO - Colletotrichum gloeosporioides • Appears at very later stage (Mid July – Sept.). • Consequently damage is lesser than capsularis. • Brown to black sodden spot appear on stem. • Depth of spot is less. • Limited to only 1 – 2 cell layer deep below epidermis. • The fungus does not touch fibre layer. • Slows the plant growth and less yield.
- 37. • First observedin 1950s in Tarakeswar of Hooghly district • Later in Howrah, Nadia, North 24 Parganas, Burdwan, etc. • Where jute crop if followed by potato • Very serious disease of Olitorius jute during 1970 – 80 • Even up to 40 % plants were infected Hooghly wilt
- 38. Hooghly wilt Symptoms: Wiltingof leaves starts from the base upwards Affected stems are soft Slimy fluid comes out on slight pressing Ooze test positive Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum M. phaseomina and M. incognita facilitate entry of the bacteria
- 40. Black Band Itwas a minor disease earlier, but gradually fast spreading on new varieties. Now incidence is quiet high. Affects both species of jute. Causes serious damage in older crops from July onwards. Often no fibre and seed may be obtained.
- 41. BLACK BAND CO -Botryodiplodia theobromae Symptoms Blackish brown lesion, darker than stem rot Spots enlarge and girdle the stem, withering of apical and side branches Plants defoliate, turn brown to black and stand as dry stick Stem breaks at the point of infection and the plants die On rubbing with finger on the spots profuse black sooty powdery mass of spores adhere to the fingers which is not found in stem rot Crops raised from infected seeds show seedling blight symptoms
- 42.
- 43. SOFT ROT CO -Sclerotium rolfsii It first grows on fallen leaves of jute at later stage. From there it infects stem base first. Attack begins when the crop is 80 – 90 days old crop. High rainfall, low sun shine, high plant population favours soft rot disease. It was minor disease earlier but gradually fast spreading.
- 44. SOFT ROT Symptoms Soft,brown wet patch on the stem base Skin peels off and exposed fibre layers, turns rusty brown and plants wilt White cottony mycelial growth Brown mustard seed like sclerotia are seen at the site of infection. It decreases if fallen leaves are destroyed.
- 45. SOFT ROT OFJUTE White cottony mycelial growth
- 46. Breaking of stemas a result of soft rot Brown mustard seed like sclerotia are seen at the site of infection.
- 47. MOSAIC : VIRUS •Gradual mottling of leaves with various patterns of yellow and green • Crinkling of lamina • Stunted growth of plant • Plant may die • The geminivirus is graft transmissible and also carried through seed • White fly Bemisia sp acts as the vector.
- 48. Yellowing of leaveswith patterns of yellow and green by jute mosaic virus
- 49. Nymph of whitefly Adult of white fly White fly, Bemisia sp. acts as vector.
- 50. MANAGEMENT OF JUTEMOSAIC : VIRUS • White fly Bemisia sp acts as the vector • To check the vector spraying of –methyl dematon (Metasystox) @ 1.5 ml per litre of water or –phosphamidon (Dimecron) @ 1.0 ml per litre of water or –Thiomethoxam (Ektara) @ 2.5 – 3.0 gm per 10 litre of water –Imidachlorprid (Confidor) @ 2.0 – 3.0 ml per 10 litre of water
- 51. DODDER = CUSCUTA Cuscuta is non-chlorophyllous, leafless, twining, total parasitic seed plants with thread like yellow stem attaching host plant with haustoria. It commonly appears as dense, tangled mat of thread like yellow strands, coiling around plants. It spreads very fast attacking neighbouring plants soon and may destroy even a tree in 2 -3 seasons. Seeds germinate in soil to produce slender, yellow, unbranched strands. The young growing tip moves in a circle to search suitable host plant. Dodder soon produces haustoria to establish itself and lower part perishes or dies up and the stem becomes free from soil. The parasite draws its nourishment entirely from host. Cuscuta perpetuates through seeds which fall on ground and remain dormant until favourable season comes. ERADICATION OF DODDER Dodder seed free crop seeds, fodder, irrigation water, straw, compost, manure, implements, cattle, birds or winds, etc. Burn infested crop before seeding of dodder and keep infested fields fallow . Follow crop rotation with non-host crop for 5 years . Apply pendimethalin 35 EC @ 2.5 ml/litre 7 days before sowing or pretilachlor @ 2 ml/litre 48 hours after sowing.
- 52. MINOR DISEASES OFJUTE Physoderma spot (Physoderma fortiori) Tip blight (Curvularia subulata) Powdery mildew (Oidium sp) Die back (Diplodia corchori) Stem gall (Physoderma corchori) Climate change, Release of new variety, Evolution of new races, Change crop history
- 53. Tip blight Earlier minordisease but now increasing and establishing in new varieties, e.g., JRO 8432 First report from Chakchaka near Coochbehar (WB) Epiphytotic in 1981 on a single variety JRC 5854
- 54. Blighting of tendertissue at the tip C.O. Curvularia subulata Varieties from South East Asia, namely, Jap Red, Jap G, Halmahera, etc. are highly susceptible. Top leaves turns brown to black and water soaked. Tip blight
- 55. ROOT KNOT NEMATODE Meloidogyneincognita, M. javanica C. capsularis C. olitorius Extent of damage : 15 – 20 % The galls are white globular swellings in roots due to penetration of larvae. Translocation of water and nutrients blocked. Plants shows yellowing and stunted growth. Sometimes predispose the plant to root rot and wilt infection.
- 56. 1. Insecticides andnematicides: Thiometon, Nematox, Nemagon, are important. Granular insecticides, e.g., Carbofuran, Phorate, etc. reduced nematode population and increased fibre yield compared to control. 2. Organic amendments, namely, cakes of karanj, mahua, groundnut, sawdust, cow dung, castor, chicken manure, etc., 3. Cultural practices, like, removal of stubbles, weeding, thinning, crop rotation with paddy and wheat for two years reduced root knot nematode population in jute field. 4. Screening for resistance against root knot nematode resulted in few tolerant lines in both species of jute (Laha et al., 1995 a, b). 5. Studies on the seasonal variation of population revealed that the population of Meloidogyne, Helicotylenchus and Hoplolaimus gradually increased with growth of jute plants, but decreased during winter in absence of suitable host plant, as they are endoparasitic in nature (Laha et al., 1988). MANAGEMENT ROOT KNOT NEMATODE
- 57. Foot and stemrot of mesta Phytophthora parasitica var. sabdariffae Extent of damage : 10 – 20 % The affected stem soon turns brownish. The lesion soon girdles the stem and enlarges both up and downwards to 3 – 22 cm in length. The entire stem up to about 1 m above ground becomes brown to black. The plants wilt, defoliate, stand leafless for some time and finally dry up prematurely.
- 58. COLLAR ROT C.O. Sclerotiumrolfsii. Symptoms: The portion of the plants adjacent to the soil shows discolouration and turns light brown to dark brown in colour. The collar region of the plants undergoes rotting as a result of which plants may topple down. The plant produces a lot of secondary and even tertiary roots above the point of infection for its survival. The infected plants finally wilt and dry up prematurely. The pathogen produces cottony whitish mycelium at the site of infection which is visible form a distance. Later on, the mecelium produces mustard seed like sclerotia on the host.
- 59. Leaf spot Phomasp. Extent of damage : 11 – 15 % The tips of the lobes of the leaves show discolouration. They lack chlorophyll and become light brown in colour.
- 60. The leaves ofthe affected plants show yellowing of veins, which leads to complete yellowing of leaves at advanced stage. The disease imparts heavy reduction in yield due to reduced chlorophyll content in the leaves and retarded growth. YELLOW VEIN MOSAIC DISEASE ON KENAF
- 61.
- 62. • Keep pestsnumbers below harmful (ET) level instead of eradication • Protect and conserve the environment including biodiversity • Make plant protection feasible, safe and economical even for the smaller farmers INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
- 63. 3 Es and3 Rs of IPM 3 Es • HIGHLY EFFECTIVE • ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE • ECOLOGICALLY SOUND 3 Rs Resurgence Resistance Residues
- 64. f¡Vl N¡Rl ¢h¢iæl¡Nl p¤¤pwqa fË¢aL¡l 1z p¢WL S¢j ¢ehÑ¡Qe 2z p¢WL fËS¡¢a ¢ehÑ¡Qe 3z f¢lú¡l f¢lRæ i¡h S¢j °al£ 4z j¡¢Vl AÇmaÆ J Q¥e fËu¡N 5z i¡m¡ J p¤¤ÙÛ h£S hÉhq¡l 6z h£S n¡de 7z h£S h¡e¡l pju 8z p¤¤oj p¡l fËu¡N 9z N¡Rl c¤laÆ 10z BN¡R¡ cje 11z Sm ¢eú¡ne 12z npÉ fkÑ¡u 13z fËu¡Se ¢i¢šL l¡p¡u¢eL Kod fËu¡N 14z S£h¡e¤ à¡l¡ l¡N fË¢al¡d
- 65. OBJECTIVES OF IDMIN JUTE • NO TO COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF PESTS AND PATHOGENS • TO KEEP THE POPULATION BELOW ECONOMIC THRESHOLD LEVEL • SAFE TO ENVIRONMENT
- 66. CONCEPT OF IDMIN JUTE • ITS NOT A SINGULAR METHOD APPROACH • FROM SOWING TO HARVESTING JUDICIOUS COMBINATION OF ALL AVAILABLE MEASURES OF MANAGEMENT • COEXISTENCE OF CROP AND PESTS AND PATHOGENS AT BELOW ETL • NO CHEMICAL HARMFUL TO ENVIRONMENT
- 67. TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATED PESTMANAGEMENT • Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) • Integrated Crop Management (ICM) • For sustainable agriculture IPM must be a component of GAP or ICM. • It includes profitable management of crop with respect to environment. • It is a dynamic system suitated to local soil, climate and economic conditions.
- 68. Farming system Cropping system IPM IDM Statusof IPM and IDM in agriculture
- 69. SPREAD OF STEMROT DISEASE OF JUTE SOIL – Deep ploughing, Lime, FYM, Solarization AIR BORNE SPORES SEED TREATMENT carbendazim, mancozeb, Trichoderma
- 70. STRATEGY IN DISEASEMANAGEMENT OF JUTE AGRONOMIC MANIPULATION Crop Rotation, Crop residues, Date of sowing, Spacing, Drainage, Weeding FUNGICIDE SPRAY carbendazim, mancozeb copper oxy chloride SEED TREATMENT carbendazim, mancozeb, Trichoderma DISEASE MANAGEMENT SOIL TREATMENT Lime, FYM, Sun, Bleaching powder
- 71. ETL = Economicthreshold level Economic threshold (Action threshold): The pest density or level of damage at which a control measure is needed to prevent economic loss. Economic thresholds are not static; they change with fluctuating market values or control costs. In Jute : Insects pests 10 % or more Disease 2 % or more Pest population without management COST = BENEFIT
- 72. SEED IN IDMSTRATEGY • SEED: Use preferably certified seed or pathogen free healthy seed • Seed health testing: Seed lot with more than 15 % infection of anthracnose is unfit for sowing, even after seed treatment. • Sowing time: Mid March to mid April, but late sown jute suffers from less stem rot SELECTION OF VARIETY: JRO 204, JRO 8432, JRO 128, JRO 524, JRO 66. Less stem rot on JRO 32 in Barrackpore, Coochbehar and Katihar than JRO 524. JRO 524 is less affected in Singur areas. Breeder seed: Directly controlled by the originating or sponsoring plant breeder, genetically pure Foundation Seed: Progeny of Breeder seed or foundation seed Certified Seed: Progeny of foundation seed, maintain specific genetic identity and purity and seed health test
- 73. SOIL IN IDMSTRATEGY • SELECTION OF LAND: Medium to high land, sandy loam soil • Land preparation: Deep summer ploughing, good tilth • Soil solarization with ploythene sheet raises inside temp. by 10 oC and kills pathogens • ACIDITY OF SOIL: For soil with pH below 5.8 and K deficiency, apply 2 – 4 tonnes /ha of lime or gypsum one month before sowing.
- 74. • Clean cultivation:Destruction of stubbles of previous crop • Spacing: Row 25 – 30 cm and plant 5 – 6 cm by thinning (5- 6 lakh plants /ha) • Drainage: Poorly drained soil attract more disease • Weeding: Weeds are hosts of pathogens. Stem rot, soft rot and Hooghly wilt have wide host range • Fertilizer: Balanced, NPK: (30+15+15):30:30 • Organic manure: FYM or compost 7 – 8 tonnes /ha before sowing. • Adjustment of sowing time: Early sowing in March invited more stem rot and it was proportionately reduced in later sown crops. AGRONOMIC MANIPULATION
- 75. DATE OF SOWINGON PROGRESS OF JUTE STEM ROT WITH TIME 13.6 29.8 7.3 1.4 24.9 5.4 1.0 1.9 5.5 1.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 30 DAS 45 DAS 60 DAS 75 DAS 90 DAS TIME % STEM ROT 15.3.2010 01.4.2010 15.4.2010 30.4.2010 15.5.2010 30.5.2010 15.6.2010 Early sowing in March invited more stem rot and it was proportionately reduced in later sown crops.
- 76. Highest stemrot (49.41 %) was observed in N: P: K @ 120:30:30 kg/ha, followed by 120:40:40 (42.64 %), 100:30:30 (34.55 %) and 80:30:30 (32.47 %). With same nitrogen levels in N: P: K @ 120:30:30 and 120:40:40, higher P and K moderated the stem rot. Lowest stem rot (12.29 %) was noticed in check plot where no fertilizer was applied.
- 77. Jute – rice– rice / wheat/ mustard / winter vegetables, except solanaceous, like, potato, brinjal, tomato. They are hosts of Hooghly wilt, CROP ROTATION in IDM STRATEGY
- 78. Rogueing is important. Single plant diseased Millionsand Millions of spores Inoculum for new infections Same variety/ field Different variety/ field Potential for creating epiphytotic Destroy by burning or burry under soil Met. factors, e.g., temperature relative humidity, soil moisture, etc. Uprooting and throwing are not useful.
- 79. • Killing ofpathogens with other living organism • Kills by competition, mycoparasitism and antibiosis (toxin or enzymes) • PROCESS: Biocontrol agents are isolated from nature, tested on pathogens in lab, mass cultured on cheap media, tested viability and then applied in field. • Examples in jute: Fungi –Trichoderma spp., Aspergillus niger, • PGPR – Promotes plant growth, suppresses disease, e.g., Fluorescent Pseudomonas BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
- 80.
- 82. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OFTOMATO DAMPING-OFF WITH TRICHODERMA (GLIOCLDIUM) VIRENS
- 83. PATHOGEN ON INSECT HOST BIOLOGICALCONTROL BY PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) PGPR – Pseudomonus fluorescens Pathogen - Macrophomina phaseolina PGPR + Pathogen PGPR – Promote plant growth, suppress disease, produce growth hormones, e.g., Fluorescent Pseudomonas
- 84. RESISTANCE SCREENING ATHOT SPOT • During 3rd year evaluation, only four accessions, namely, OIN 125, OIN 154, OIN 651 and OIN 853 showed moderately resistant reaction based on mean PDI 5.0 or less. • They were finally identified as C. olitorius germplasm accessions tolerant to M. phaseolina. • The two check varieties showed higher PDI during three consecutive years.
- 85. f¡Vl X¡yV¡ fQ¡l¡N ¢eu¿»e kMe l¡Nl j¡œ¡ 2 % h¡ a¡l hn£ aMe f¡V N¡R J f¡a¡u i¡m¡ Ll e£Q mM¡ k L¡e HL¢V Rœ¡Le¡nL ØfË Llm l¡N ¢eu¿»e qu : (1) L¡hÑeX¡¢Sj S¡a£u Rœ¡Le¡nL (kje hÉ¡¢i¢ØVe 50 Xhm¤ ¢f, SL¢ØVe 50 Xhm¤ ¢f, Xl¡p¡m 50 Xhm¤ ¢f) fË¢a ¢mV¡l Sm 2 NË¡j ¢qp¡h (2) jÉ¡eL¡Sh S¡a£u Rœ¡Le¡nL (kje X¡Cbe Hj 45, C¾c¡¢gm Hj 45) fË¢a ¢mV¡l Sm 5 NË¡j ¢qp¡h (3) Lf¡l A¢„ LÓ¡l¡CX S¡a£u Rœ¡Le¡nL (kje h¡ÓCV„ 50 Xhm¤ ¢f, h¤Ó Lf¡l 50, g¡CV¡m¡e 50 Xhm¤ ¢f) fË¢a ¢mV¡l Sm 6 - 7 NË¡j ¢qp¡h z ¢hno rœ, kMe l¡Nl fËL¡f M¤h hn£ aMe f¡V N¡R J f¡a¡u
- 86. Table. Chemical nameof fungicide, trade products and method of application jute crop Chemical name of fungicide Trade products Effective against diseases of jute crop Method of application Dosage of seed treatm ent Dosage of spray Carbendazim (MBC) Bavistin 50 WP JK stein 50 WP Derosal 50 WP Stem rot, Hooghly wilt, Anthracnose, Soft rot, Black band Seed treatment and / or spray 2.0 g / Kg seed 2.0 g / litre of water Copper oxychloride (COC) Blitox 50 WP Fytolan 50 WP Blue Copper 50 WP Do Spray - 4.0 – 5.0 g / litre of water Mancozeb Dithane M 45 Indofil M 45 Do Seed treatment and / or Spray 5.0 g / Kg seed 5.0 g / litre of water
- 87. FUNGICIDES SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDES Actsaway from point of application, Systemic movement upward through xylem, Very specific inhibiting one or few enzymes, Sensitive to resistance development, Avoid repeated application in single crop season, Combine with broad spectrum to check resistance, Short life span, NON-SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDES Acts on the point of application, No systemic movement Non-specific inhibiting many enzymes/ pathways, Slow in resistance development, Application may be repeated in single crop season, Long life span.
- 88. SEED TREATMENT • Carbendazim(Bavistin 50 WP; JK Stein 50 WP; Derosal) @ 2.0 g /kg seed • Mancozeb (Indofil M 45, Dithane M 45) @ 5.0 g /kg seed • Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride @ 10.0 g/kg seed + Tebuconazole (Raxil - 5) @ 2- 2.5 g/kg • Captan @ 5 g/kg seed
- 89. SEED TREATMENT METHOD BAVISTIN2 g BAVISTIN 2 g 1 kg seed 1 kg seed
- 90. SEED TREATMENT METHOD BEFOREMIXING AFTER MIXING
- 91. COMPARISON BETWEEN TREATEDAND UNTREATED SEEDS OF JUTE TREATED UNTREATED
- 92. Seed treatment ischeap and best. Removes deep seated seed-borne inoculum Reduces soil inoculum Protective barrier around seed, root and rhizosphere Systemic into seedlings, e.g., carbendazim Healthy and vigourous seedlings Growth promotion effect, e.g., carbendazim
- 93. How plant diseasescome year after year ? Survival or perennation of pathogen To overcome summer heat/ winter cold/ rain Sclerotia, oospores, zygospore, thick walled spores Primary inoculum Seed Seed treatment Soil Soil Solarization Deep ploughing Crop rotation Green manuring Lime/bleaching powder FYM/ Compost Air borne spores Previous crop stubbles/ voluntary plants/ weed hosts Insect vector Secondary inoculum Air/ water borne spores Foliar spray Diseased plants Roguing of diseased plants Mechanical by tools, etc. Disinfecting the tools and implements, etc. Destroy by burning or burying
- 94. Useful fungicides andtheir dosage Fungicides Common name Trade name Dosage per litre of water Remarks Aureofungin 46.15 % SP Aureofungin Sol 1 gm per 7.5 litre Benomyl 50 % WP Benlet, Benofit, Kriben 50 1.5 gm per kg seed False smut of rice Carbendazim 50 % WP Bavistin, Jkstein, Fungigard 2.0 gm Carpropamid 27.8 % SC Protega 1.0 ml Rice blast Chlorothalonil 75 % WP Kabach, Jatayu, Dolphin 1.5 gm False smut of rice Copper hydroxide 77 % WP Hydice, Cocide 101, Isacide 101 2.0 gm Copper oxy chloride 50 % WP Blitox, Blue copper 4 gm Dibromo-dinitro-propane-diol 20 % SP Bacterianasak, Bacteriakill, Bionol 5 gm per 12 litre Difenconazole 25 % EC Score, Defrus, Secure 0.5 ml Rice sheath blight Hexaconazole 5 % SC Contaf plus, Hexa Dhan plus, Mas plus, Sitara 1.5 ml Rice brown spot Iprodione 25 % WP Vinclozolin 1.5 ml Rice root rot Isoprothiolen 40 % EC Fujione, Rhizo, Urza 1.5 ml Rice blast Kasugamycin 3 % SL Kasu B, Biomycin, Kasumin 2.0 – 2.5 ml Rice blast Kitazin 48 % EC Kitazin, Tagkit 1.5 ml Rice blast, brown spot, stem rot Mancozeb 63 % WP + Carbendazim 12 % WP Saaf, Sixer, Companion 2.5 gm Mancozeb 64 % WP+ metalaxyl 8 % WP Dhanaxyl, Tatamaster, Ridomil 2.5 gm Mancozeb 75 % WP Indofil M 45, Dithane M 45 4.0 gm Methoxy ethyl mercury chloride 6 % DS Emison 6, Bagalol 6, Dhanusan 6 1.0 gm False smut of rice Pencycuron 22.9 % SC Monserin, 1.5 ml Rice sheath blight Propiconazole 25 % EC Tilt, Result, Remote 1.0 ml Rice brown spot, sheath blight Streptomycin sulphate + Tetracycline hydrochloride 90 : 10 % SP Antibac, Streptocycline, Supermycin 0.1 gm (=1 gm per 10 litre) Tebuconazole 2 % DS Rankil, Trait, Quick 1.0 gm per kg seed False smut of rice Tebuconazole 25 % EC Follicur 1.0 ml False smut of rice Thifluzamide 24 % SC Spencer, Vista, Pulsar 1.5 ml Rice sheath blight Thiophanate methyl 70 % WP Roko, Cover, Hexastop 1.5 ml Rice stem rot, root rot Tricyclazole 75 % WP Beam, Baan, Sivik, Dhantree 0.6 gm Rice blast Validamycin 3 % L Sheathmar, Rhizocin, Validan 2.0 ml Rice sheath blight, stem rot, root rot Zinc EDTA 12 % Chelamin, zeta, Chelazinc 1.5 gm Khaira disease of rice Zinc monohydrate 33 % Mahazinc, Karat, Pentazinc 1.0 gm Khaira disease of rice Ziram 27 % SC Cuman L, Dhanuka Z- 27, Tagziram 3.0 ml Rice brown spot
- 95. f¡Vl X¡yV¡ fQ¡l¡N ¢eu¿»e kMe l¡Nl j¡œ¡ 2 % h¡ a¡l hn£ aMe f¡V N¡R J f¡a¡u i¡m¡ Ll e£Q mM¡ k L¡e HL¢V Rœ¡Le¡nL ØfË Llm l¡N ¢eu¿»e qu : (1) L¡hÑeX¡¢Sj S¡a£u Rœ¡Le¡nL (kje hÉ¡¢i¢ØVe 50 Xhm¤ ¢f, SL¢ØVe 50 Xhm¤ ¢f, Xl¡p¡m 50 Xhm¤ ¢f) fË¢a ¢mV¡l Sm 2 NË¡j ¢qp¡h (2) jÉ¡eL¡Sh S¡a£u Rœ¡Le¡nL (kje X¡Cbe Hj 45, C¾c¡¢gm Hj 45) fË¢a ¢mV¡l Sm 5 NË¡j ¢qp¡h (3) Lf¡l A¢„ LÓ¡l¡CX S¡a£u Rœ¡Le¡nL (kje h¡ÓCV„ 50 Xhm¤ ¢f, h¤Ó Lf¡l 50, g¡CV¡m¡e 50 Xhm¤ ¢f) fË¢a ¢mV¡l Sm 6 - 7 NË¡j ¢qp¡h z ¢hno rœ, kMe l¡Nl fËL¡f M¤h hn£ aMe f¡V N¡R J f¡a¡u
- 96. Table. Chemical nameof fungicide, trade products and method of application jute crop Chemical name of fungicide Trade products Effective against diseases of jute crop Method of application Dosage of seed treatm ent Dosage of spray Carbendazim (MBC) Bavistin 50 WP JK stein 50 WP Derosal 50 WP Stem rot, Hooghly wilt, Anthracnose, Soft rot, Black band Seed treatment and / or spray 2.0 g / Kg seed 2.0 g / litre of water Copper oxychloride (COC) Blitox 50 WP Fytolan 50 WP Blue Copper 50 WP Do Spray - 4.0 – 5.0 g / litre of water Mancozeb Dithane M 45 Indofil M 45 Do Seed treatment and / or Spray 5.0 g / Kg seed 5.0 g / litre of water
- 97. FUNGICIDES FOR JUTEDISEASE MANAGEMENT DOSE: 0.1 % ACTIVE INGREDIENT OR 2 G PER KG SEED OR 2 G /LITRE WATER DOSE: 0.3 % ACTIVE INGREDIENT OR 6 G /LITRE WATER DOSE: 0.3 % ACTIVE INGREDIENT OR 5 G PER KG SEED OR 5 G /LITRE WATER
- 98. TEBUCONAZOLE AND HEXACONAZOLE ONMACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA in vitro Effect of hexaconazole on Macrophomina phaseolina 90 14.75 9.25 1.5 0 0 0 83.61 89.72 98.33 100 100 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Check 5 10 50 100 500 1000 Dosage in ppm Inhibition % Growth (mm) Figure 11. Effect of tebuconazole on M. Phaseolina 90 14 6.75 0 0 0 0 84.44 92.5 100 100 100 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 1 2 0 Check 5 10 50 100 500 1000 Dosage in ppm Inhibition % Growth (mm) Complete inhibition at 50 ppm onwards Complete inhibition at 100 ppm onwards
- 99. Propiconazole on Macrophomia phaseolinain vitro Propiconazole was tested in vitro with doses from 0 to 1000 µg/ml. It was effective in reducing growth of M. phaseolina. Complete inhibition of growth was observed at concentration of 1 ppm onwards.
- 100. Tricyclazle at 5µg/ml inhibited growth of M. phaseolina by 50 % only. Growth was checked completely at high concentration of 10000 µg/ml.
- 101. Turmeric oil waseffective against Macrphomina phaseolina in vitro. Cent per cent growth was inhibited at a concentration of 10 µg/ml onwards.
- 102. Curcumin mixture wasalso tested against Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro. It was effective with 100 % growth inhibition at 100 µg/ml and above.
- 103. Carbendazim 50% WP and Tebuconazole 25.9 % were most effective against stem rot of jute showing only 30 % disease compared to 41.25 % in check. Tricyclazole 75 % WP and Hexaconazole 5 % EC were also effective against stem rot with only 32 % stem rot. Thiophanate methyl 70 WP was least effective showing 40 % stem rot incidence at 105 DAS. Highest stem rot was in check.
- 104. Bleaching powder [Ca(OCl)2],a new option for management of stem rot of jute caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. 1. The growth of M. phaseolina was completely checked in food poisoning technique in vitro at 5000 μg/ml of bleaching powder. At 100 and 1000 μg/ml, 9 3.6, 96.6 inhibitions were observed. During further incubation of 24 hrs at a concentration of 5000 μg/ml of bleaching powder, no fresh growth was observed indicating inhibition of M. phaseolina completely. 2. In the field, soil application of bleaching powder @ 30 kg/ha 7 days ahead of sowing was found best against jute stem rot compared to check (with no soil application) and higher (50 – 150 kg/ha) and lower (5 – 20 kg/ha) doses in all the four dates (30 – 120 DAS) of observations. It restricted stem rot of jute to 2.1 and 6 % as compared to 15.1 and 24 % in untreated check at 90 – 120 DAS, respectively. 3. As the dose of soil application of bleaching powder increased from @ 5 – 150 kg/ha, the jute stem rot decreased slowly reaching minimum at 30 kg/ha indicating that this dose being most effective against jute stem rot. De and Ghorai, 2014 Atmospheric CO2 and water react with bleaching powder (Ca(OCl)2) to release hypochlorous acid which gives a characteristic smell to bleaching powder. Hypochlorous acid decomposes readily to atomic oxygen. This atomic oxygen acts as bleaching agent through oxidation. Ca(OCl)2 + H2O + CO2 → CaCO3 + CaCl2 + 2HClO hypochlorous acid HClO → HCl + [O] atomic oxygen 2HCl + [O] → H2O + Cl2 chlorine
- 105. FEW TIPS • KEEPREGULAR VIGIL ON THE CROP. • SPRAY THE INFECTED PORTION ONLY INSTEAD OF WHOLE CROP. • ROGUE OUT INFECTED PLANTS.
- 106. LAST BUT NOTTHE LEAST Prevention is better than cure. A stitch in time saves nine.
- 107.
- 108. SAFE METHOD OFUSING PESTICIDES Keep pesticides out of reach of children Surplus insecticide solution can be disposed of safely by pouring into a pit hole in the ground. Bottles or packages to be buried must be made unusable. The reuse of pesticide containers is risky and not recommended. Use suitable equipment for measuring out, mixing and transferring insecticides. Clean blocked nozzles with a soft probe. Use the pressure-release valve of the pump or a soft probe to clear blockages in the nozzle. Wear gloves when handling concentrates. Care should be taken not to touch any part of the body with gloves while handling pesticides. General hygiene Do not eat, drink or smoke while using insecticides. Keep food in tightly closed boxes. Do not stir liquids or scoop pesticide with bare hands. Wash the hands and face with soap and water each time the pump has been refilled. Eat and drink only after washing the hands and face . Take a shower or bath at the end of the day. Protective equipments The discharge from the sprayer should be directed away from the body. Leaking equipment should be repaired. Skin should be washed after any accidental contamination. Cooking utensils, food and drinking-water containers should be put safely far away before spraying. PESTICIDE POISONING Extreme weakness and fatigue. Skin: irritation, burning sensation, sweating Eyes: itching, burning sensation, watering. Digestive system: burning sensation in mouth and throat, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea. Nervous system: headaches, dizziness, slurred speech, fits, unconsciousness. Respiratory system: cough, chest pain and tightness, difficulty with breathing, wheezing.
- 109.