Distributed System Unit 1 Notes by Dr. Nilam Choudhary, SKIT Jaipur
- 1. Distributed System Unit-1 DR. NILAM CHOUDHARY SMIEEE, LMCSI, LMISTE MEMBER IIC TREASURER IEEE RAJASTHAN SUBSECTION ADVISOR IEEE- SBC & HEAD INNOVATION CELL ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, CSE, SKIT M&G JAIPUR
- 2. Distributed System is a collection of autonomous computer systems that are physically separated but are connected by a centralized computer network that is equipped with distributed system software. The autonomous computers will communicate among each system by sharing resources and files and performing the tasks assigned to them. DEFINITION
- 3. Books Prerequisite of Course Computer Networks Data Structures and Algorithms Advanced Programming (or good working knowledge of C and C++) Computer Architecture & Operating Systems List of Text and Reference Books Distributed Systems: Principles and Paradigms, Andrew Tanenbaum and Maarten van Steen, Prentice Hall. Distributed Systems : Concepts & Design, Tim Kindberg George Coulouris, Jean Dollimore (Author)
- 4. Example
- 5. Example
- 6. Characteristics of Distributed System Resource Sharing: It is the ability to use any Hardware, Software, or Data anywhere in the System. Openness: It is concerned with Extensions and improvements in the system (i.e., How openly the software is developed and shared with others) Concurrency: It is naturally present in the Distributed Systems, that deal with the same activity or functionality that can be performed by separate users who are in remote locations. Every local system has its independent Operating Systems and Resources. Scalability: It increases the scale of the system as a number of processors communicate with more users by accommodating to improve the responsiveness of the system
- 7. Ctd… Fault tolerance: It cares about the reliability of the system if there is a failure in Hardware or Software, the system continues to operate properly without degrading the performance the system. Transparency: It hides the complexity of the Distributed Systems to the Users and Application programs as there should be privacy in every system. Heterogeneity: Networks, computer hardware, operating systems, programming languages, and developer implementations can all vary and differ among dispersed system components.
- 8. Advantages of Distributed System Applications in Distributed Systems are Inherently Distributed Applications. Information in Distributed Systems is shared among geographically distributed users. Resource Sharing (Autonomous systems can share resources from remote locations). It has a better price performance ratio and flexibility. It has shorter response time and higher throughput. It has higher reliability and availability against component failure. It has extensibility so that systems can be extended in more remote locations and also incremental growth.
- 9. Disadvantages of Distributed System Relevant Software for Distributed systems does not exist currently. Security possess a problem due to easy access to data as the resources are shared to multiple systems. Networking Saturation may cause a hurdle in data transfer i.e., if there is a lag in the network then the user will face a problem accessing data. In comparison to a single user system, the database associated with distributed systems is much more complex and challenging to manage. If every node in a distributed system tries to send data at once, the network may become overloaded.
- 10. Applications Area of Distributed System Finance and Commerce: Amazon, eBay, Online Banking, E-Commerce websites. Information Society: Search Engines, Wikipedia, Social Networking, Cloud Computing. Cloud Technologies: AWS, Salesforce, Microsoft Azure, SAP. Entertainment: Online Gaming, Music, YouTube. Healthcare: Online patient records, Health Informatics. Education: E-learning. Transport and logistics: GPS, Google Maps. Environment Management: Sensor technologies.
- 11. Nodes of Distributed system A distributed system is a collection of independent nodes that work together to provide a unified service. Each node in a distributed system is a separate computational entity, which can be a computer, a server, a mobile device, or any other device with computing capabilities. Client Nodes: These nodes are responsible for initiating requests to the distributed system and receiving responses from the system. Client nodes can be computers, mobile devices, or any other device that needs to interact with the system. Server Nodes: These nodes are responsible for providing services to the client nodes. Server nodes can be specialized computers or servers that are designed to handle specific tasks.
- 12. Ctd… Peer Nodes: These nodes are equal in functionality and can act as both clients and servers. They can initiate requests and provide services to other nodes in the system. Coordinator Nodes: These nodes are responsible for coordinating the activities of the other nodes in the system. They can be used to manage the allocation of resources, schedule tasks, and ensure the consistency of data. Gateway Nodes: These nodes provide a bridge between different distributed systems or networks, allowing them to communicate and exchange data.
- 13. Models of Distributed system A Distributed System is a Network of Machines that can exchange information with each other through Message-passing. It can be very useful as it helps in resource sharing. Client/Server Systems: The client requests the server for resources or a task to do, the server allocates the resource or performs the task and sends the result in the form of a response to the request of the client. Peer-to-Peer Systems: Nodes are an important part of a system. In this, each node performs its own task on its local memory and shares data through the supporting medium, this node can work as a server or as a client for a system. Middleware: It works as a base for different interoperability applications running on different operating systems. Data can be transferred to other between others by using this service.
- 14. Ctd… Three-tier: In this data of the client is stored in the middle tier rather than sorted into the client system or on their server through which development can be done easily. This is mostly used in web or online applications. N-tier: When interoperability sends the request to another application to perform a task or to provide a service.
- 15. Types of Distributed Systems A distributed system is also known as distributed computer science and distributed databases; independent components that interact with other different machines that exchange messages to achieve common goals. As such, the distributed system appears to the end-user like an interface or a computer. Together the system can maximize resources and information while preventing system failure and did not affect service availability. 1. Distributed Computing System 2. Distributed Information System 3. Distributed Pervasive System
- 16. Distributed Computing System Cluster Computing: A collection of connected computers that work together as a unit to perform operations together, functioning in a single system. Clusters are generally connected quickly via local area networks & each node is running the same operating system. When input comes from a client to the main computer, the master CPU divides the task into simple jobs and sends it to slave note to do it when the jobs are done by the slave nodes, they send it back to the master node, and then it shows the result to the main computer.
- 17. Advantages High Performance Easy to manage Scalable Expandability Availability Flexibility Cost effectiveness Distributed applications
- 18. Disadvantages High cost The problem in finding the fault More space is needed Increased infrastructure needed In distributed systems, it is challenging to provide adequate security because both the nodes and the connections must be protected.
- 19. Applications of Cluster Computing: In many web applications functionalities such as Security, Search Engines, Database servers, web servers, proxy, and email. It is flexible to allocate work as small data tasks for processing. Assist and help to solve complex computational problems Cluster computing can be used in weather modeling Earthquake, Nuclear, Simulation, and tornado forecast
- 20. Grid computing In grid computing, the subgroup consists of distributed systems, which are often set up as a network of computer systems, each system can belong to a different administrative domain and can differ greatly in terms of hardware, software, and implementation network technology. The different department has a different computer with different OS to make the control node present which helps different computer with different OS to communicate with each other and transfer messages to work.
- 21. Ctd.. Advantages: Can solve bigger and more complex problems in a shorter time frame. Easier collaboration with other organizations and better use of existing equipment Existing hardware is used to the fullest. Collaboration with organizations made easier Disadvantages: Grid software and standards continue to evolve and Getting started learning curve Non-interactive job submission and You may need a fast connection between computer resources. Licensing on many servers can be prohibitive for some applications
- 22. Distributed Information System Distributed transaction processing: It works across different servers using multiple communication models. The four characteristics that transactions have: Atomic: the transaction taking place must be indivisible for the others Consistent: The transaction should be consistent after the transaction has been done Isolated: A transaction must not interfere with another transaction Durable: Once an engaged transaction, the changes are permanent. Transactions are often constructed as several sub-transactions, jointly forming a nested transaction.
- 23. Enterprise application integration: Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) is the process of bringing different businesses together. The databases and workflows associated with business applications ensure that the business uses information consistently and that changes in data done by one business application are reflected correctly in another’s. Many organizations collect different data from different plate forms in the internal systems and then they use those data are used in the Trading system /physical medium.
- 24. RPC: Remote Procedure Calls (RPC), a software element that sends a request to every other software element with the aid of using creating a nearby method name and retrieving the data Which is now known as remote method invocation (RMI). An app can have a different database for managing different data and then they can communicate with each other on different platforms. Suppose, if you login into your android device and watch you’re video on YouTube then you go to your laptop and open YouTube you can see the same video is in your watch list. RPC and RMI have the disadvantage that the sender and receiver must be running at the time of communication.
- 25. Distributed Pervasive System Pervasive Computing is also abbreviated as ubiquitous (Changed and removed) computing and it is the new step towards integrating everyday objects with microprocessors so that this information can communicate. a computer system available anywhere in the company or as a generally available consumer system that looks like that same everywhere with the same functionality but that operates from computing power, storage, and locations across the globe. Home system
- 27. Ctd.. Sensor network (IoT devices):
- 28. Thank You