dna-nanotechnology-thesis (1).pptx

dna-nanotechnology-thesis (1).pptx

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  DNA FINGERPRINTING Submitted to: Dr.Tejvir Singh Submitted by: Ayush Yashwant Mohd. Yusuf Khushi Yadav Mohd. Ayan
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  Introduction DNA fingerprinting, alsoknown as DNA profiling, is a technique used to identify and distinguish individuals based on their unique DNA sequence. It involves analyzing the genetic material (DNA) found in a sample, such as blood, semen, or hair, to create a profile that can be compared to other profiles in a database. DNA fingerprinting was invented in 1984 by Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys after he realised we could detect variations in human DNA in the form of these minisatellites. DNA fingerprinting is widely used in forensic science to solve crimes and identify suspects. It is also used in paternity testing, immigration cases, and to identify victims of disasters or mass casualties.
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  Basic Procedure ofDNA fingerprinting ● Sample collection: A biological sample is collected from the individual, such as blood, saliva, or hair. ● DNA extraction: The DNA is extracted from the sample using a variety of techniques, such as centrifugation, heating, or chemical lysis. ● Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Specific regions of the DNA, known as Short Tandem Repeats (STRs), are amplified using PCR. These STRs are highly variable between individuals and can be used to create a unique genetic profile. ● Gel Electrophoresis: The amplified DNA fragments are separated based on size using gel electrophoresis. The fragments are placed in a gel matrix and subjected to an electrical field, causing them to migrate through the gel. The smaller fragments move farther than the larger ones, resulting in a pattern of bands on the gel.
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  ○ Staining: TheDNA bands on the gel are stained using a dye, such as ethidium bromide, which makes them visible under UV light. ○ DNA profiling: The pattern of bands on the gel is analyzed and compared to other samples to create a DNA profile. The number and size of the bands at each STR locus are recorded, creating a unique genetic fingerprint for the individual. ○ Data analysis: The DNA profiles are analyzed using statistical methods to determine the probability of a match between samples. This can be used to establish the likelihood of a relationship between individuals or to identify a suspect in a criminal investigation. Regenerate response
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  SIMPLE SEQUENCE LENGTHPOLYMORPHISM ● SSLP are array of repeat sequence that display length variation ● SSLP can be multiallelic as each can have no of differ length variants ● Two types:- A.Microsattelite(simple tendom repeat ) 1. repeat are shorts( di or tetra nucleotide). 2. flanking sequence and microsattelite sequence both can be changed or variable not conserved or constant. B. Minisattelite (VNTR) 1. repeat unit is up to 25 bp in length. 2. Flanking region will be conserved only mini satellites will be variable.
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  -ADVANTAGE 1. Informative geneticmarker for recombination mapping. 2.Used to understand genetic variation between two individuals in certain species. 3.Readily analysed by PCR. 4.SSLP with large size difference detailed on agrose gel. APPLICATION:- 1.Used as genetic marker with PCR. 2.Used in cataloging and disease research. ROSENBERG STUDY:- Rosenberg studied 377 SSLPs in 1000 people in 52 different regions of the world. By using PCR and cluster analysis, Rosenberg was able to group individuals that had the same SSLPs These SSLPs were extremely useful to the experiment because they do not affect the
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  Advantages of SSR 1.GeneProfiling 2.Geno Typing 3.DNA Fingerprinting Limitations:- Point mutation on primer annealing site can lead to occurrence of null alleles
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  Inter - SimpleSequence Repeats (ISSR Primer can be extended outside or inside the ISSR in which case a unique region most likely will be amplified.
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  ADVANTAGE:- 1. Do notrequire sequence information 2.Variation may be found at several loci simultaneously 3.Micro satellite sequence specific 4. Reliable dna profiling , especially for closely related species. DISADVANTAGE:- 1.Usually dominant marker 2. Not highly reproductive. 3.Not random coverage of genome. Primer can be extended outside or inside the ISSR in which case
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  Applications of DNAfingerprinting 1. Forensic science: DNA fingerprinting is extensively used in forensic science to solve criminal cases. It can be used to identify suspects, victims, and also to match crime scene evidence with suspects or convicted offenders. 2. Paternity testing: DNA fingerprinting is used to determine paternity and maternity. By comparing the DNA profiles of a child and their potential parents, the biological relationship can be established. 3. Medical diagnosis: DNA fingerprinting is used to diagnose genetic disorders, such as Huntington's disease, cystic fibrosis, and sickle cell anemia. By analyzing the DNA, doctors can determine the presence or absence of genetic mutations associated with these diseases. 4. Immigration: DNA fingerprinting is used in immigration cases to verify the biological relationship between family members. This helps in determining the eligibility for immigration and visa processing.
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  5. Historical andarcheological research: DNA fingerprinting is used to study the genetics of ancient humans,, and plants .it is also used to identify the remains of historical figures, such as King Richard Third of England whose remains were identified through DNA fingerprinting in 2013 6. Wildlife Conservation: DNA fingerprinting is used to identify endangered species, track migration patterns, and monitor genetic diversity. It can also be used to identify individuals within a species, which is useful in tracking poaching and other illegal activities.
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  Thank You