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![What can be measured by the various kinds of detection
devices?
Exposure, Kerma, absorbed dose, dose equivalent (absorbed dose
multiplied by quality factor)
Specific types of radiation, (e.g., alpha, beta, gamma, neutron).
Specific radioisotopes and amount present
Specific levels (or ranges) of radiation energy (in kV, MV).
"Counts" per unit time (minute or second)
Roentgens (R) in air per unit time (e.g., milliRoentgen per hour
[mR/hr])
Dose rate (e.g., in units of gray or rad per unit time)
Accumulated dose (e.g., in units of gray or rad)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/dosimeteradvancements-210523073536/75/Dosimeter-advancements-7-2048.jpg)
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Dosimeter advancements
- 1. ADVANCEMENT IN RADIATION MONITORINGDEVICES DEEPAK NEGI MRIT
- 2. INDEX Introduction todosimetry. History of dosimetry. Spinthariscope Dose reconstruction Radiation detection devices Types of monitoring devices Ideal properties of dosimetry devices Personnel dosimetry devices (film badge , TLD , OSLD,EPO ) Advancement in dosimetry devices (MIRION TECHNOLOGIES)
- 3. What is Dosimetry? Science or technique of determining radiation dose ,it can be done in real time or retrospectively. What are Radiation Dosimeters? Devices used for detection of radiation. -BARC initiated the use of personnel monitoring devices in India in 1975.
- 4. History of dosimtery Since the early days of radiation testing by Roentgen and Becquerel, scientists have sought ways to measure and observe the radiation given off by the materials they worked with. One of the earliest means of capturing any sort of data from radioactivity was a photographic plate. A photographic plate would be placed in the path of a radioactive beam or material. When the plate was developed, it would have spots or be fogged from the exposure to the radiation. Henri Becquerel used a method similar to this to demonstrate the existence of radiation in 1896.
- 5. Spinthariscope It useda zinc sulfide screen at the end of a tube, with a lens at the other end, with a small amount of a radioactive substance near the zinc sulfide screen. The zinc sulfide would react with the alpha particles emitted, and each interaction would result in a tiny flash of light. This was one of the first means of counting a rate of decay. (counting the flashes of light)
- 7. What can bemeasured by the various kinds of detection devices? Exposure, Kerma, absorbed dose, dose equivalent (absorbed dose multiplied by quality factor) Specific types of radiation, (e.g., alpha, beta, gamma, neutron). Specific radioisotopes and amount present Specific levels (or ranges) of radiation energy (in kV, MV). "Counts" per unit time (minute or second) Roentgens (R) in air per unit time (e.g., milliRoentgen per hour [mR/hr]) Dose rate (e.g., in units of gray or rad per unit time) Accumulated dose (e.g., in units of gray or rad)
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- 9. Where can theradiation be measured? Dose from exposure received by people (e.g., whole body, partial body, specific organ exposure) In the environment: land, air including at altitude On the surface of things or people (external contamination) Inside people (internal contamination and incorporation), from radioisotopes inhaled, ingested, or received via open wounds
- 10. What is DoseReconstruction? Retrospective evaluation of radiation dose(s) received by an individual from a particular exposure . There are many types of radiation detection devices. No single device can detect all kinds of radiation. No one device is useful in all situations
- 11. Radiation detector devices Radiation survey meters (e.g., Geiger Muller and similar devices) detect radiation in real time . Personal dosimeters Film badges , TLD , OSLD, Pocket Dosimeter Advanced device Accu-Rad ,SPIR-ACE , INSTADOSE
- 12. Types of Radiationdetection devices Charge collection devices Ex- Gas filled collectors Scintillation detectors Solid-state detectors Miscellaneous Ex -Photographic film TLD OSLD INSTADOSE
- 14. Where are thedetection devices placed or located? Worn on the body, including on outside of PPE. Hand carried Back pack Vehicle mounted (car, truck, boat, aircraft) Fixed locations in the environment or a work place
- 15. Ideal properties ofdosimetry devices Instantaneous response . Distinguish different types of radiation. Small, light weight, easy to use . Inexpensive . Unaffected by environmental conditions (heat, humidity). Detect radiation from Kev-Mev .
- 16. Zones defined byNCRP Dangerous Radiation Zone: >10 R/h (>0.1 Sv/h); inside this line dose rates can be higher Hot zone: >10 mR/h (>0.1 mSv/h); inside this line, dose rates can be higher Cold zone: < 10 mR/h (<0.1 mSv/h); beyond this perimeter, dose rates will be lower
- 17. Personal Dosimeters Asmall radiation monitoring device worn by persons entering environments that may contain radiation. Healthcare or laboratory workers in non- emergency environments that may contain radiation Examples: radiology, nuclear medicine, and radiation oncology department staf
- 18. Limitations Radiation exposurein the environment may not be uniform. Dose registered by a badge worn on the torso may not be the same as dose received elsewhere on the body. When working close to radiation sources the hands/fingers/eyes may receive a higher dose than the torso, and should be monitored by a personal dosimeter on the finger. Real time readings from personal dosimeters are not available from all devices. Emergency responders may require self-reading devices that provide dose information in real time.
- 19. Film badges •Contain filtersand film which identify and quantify the type of radiation (e.g., x-rays, gamma, beta, neutron) •Least accurate personal dosimeter for recording very low exposure (e.g., below about 10 mR) •Sensitive to temperature and humidity, which may limit use by emergency responders •Available for use on torso and finger
- 20. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) More sensitivethan film badges . Some can measure readings lower than film badges . Use lithium fluoride crystals to record radiation exposure. Not sensitive to heat and humidity. Available for use on torso and finger.
- 21. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL)dosimeter More recent device of choice for occupational exposure monitoring . More sensitive than film badge or TLD . Use aluminum oxide to record radiation Results can be read up to a year following exposure . Available for use on torso and finger .
- 22. An Advanced versionof OSLD is used in radiotherapy in this there is an attachment of an optical cable to the detecting material by which real time readings can be obtained.
- 23. Geiger-Muller (G-M) detector Detectsurface contamination in the environment and on people Low range: operate up to at least 10 mR per hour High range: designed to operate up to 1000 R per hour Advantages: These meters have long been used for regulatory compliance of radiological or nuclear facilities. Occupational workers are very familiar with their use. Limitations: Requires training to understand the option to display more than one scale of units, AND which probe to use.
- 24. Ring dosimeter Small radiationmonitor that is worn by an individual. Common individual dosimeters contain film, TLD,OSL, or direct-ion storage as the radiation detector. Advantages: Can record personal dose equivalent very accurately, at the position where it is worn . Limitations: Only records accumulated exposures. Because it lacks real time display or alarm, it CANNOT prospectively help responders avoid dose of concern.
- 25. Pocket ionization chamber Small,strong, simple device worn by an individual . To read dose, look through device to see deflection of needle Typically the size of a large writing pen. Options for monitoring various exposure ranges. Other names: quartz-fiber dosimeter, self-indicating pocket dosimeter, self-reading pocket dosimeter. Advantages: Can be read in the field in real time so user can avoid dose of concern Minimal maintenance . Can operate without batteries. Limitations: Does not alarm , Must be charged before use. All dose readings must be recorded at the end of the single work period as device does not retain a record of the exposure. May provide false reading if mechanically shocked .
- 26. Electronic personal dosimeter (EPD) •Highrange, alarming, active dosimeter, designed to be worn by occupational radiation workers in planned exposure situations, to measure personal dose equivalence for regulatory compliance, typically in industrial and medical settings •Displays dose AND dose rate •Some will alarm if either preset threshold is exceeded •Typically use semiconductor detectors such as metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor
- 27. Advantages: Provides immediate informationand alarm functions to help control exposure Can function like a survey meter when displaying dose rate. Limitations: Some devices not suited for tough emergency response conditions. Some lack large displays, or loud enough alarm noise or strong enough vibration alarms. Because they are used for regulatory confirmation of occupational worker dose, ANSI standard requires that the user be unable to change key alarm and dose parameters that would make them more useful in an emergency response situation. Standard requires measures up to dose rate of 100 rem per hour (1 Sv per hour) dose limit of 100 rem (1 Sv per hour), but some devices exceed this.
- 28. Mirion Dosimtery PERSONALRADIATION MONITORING FOR OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED STAFF Instadose dosimetry is a smarter radiation monitoring platform that is simplifying administration, reducing costs and transforming how staff are monitored and safeguarded from radiation over-exposure. ADVANCED SMART MONITORING & BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGIES Wirelessly captures, transmits, measures, analyzes, and reports radiation dose exposure anytime, as often as needed. Instant measurement results, along with smarter tracking and reporting of current and long-term dose exposure, make administration and compliance easier.
- 29. Instadose®+ Instadose+™ dosimeters allowfor improved dosimetry compliance, while simplifying dose reads via smart devices (phones and tablets) or PC at any time. With Instadose+ dosimeters, you can closely track exposure and pursue lower dose thresholds for high risk employees.
- 30. Features of newDosimeters Elimination of the badge collection, offsite processing and redistribution process Increased compliance Instant dose reads captured with smart devices (phones and tablets), PCs, or InstaLink™ stations Online Report access eliminates the need to archive and distribute results RSO-defined read intervals for dose trending The ability to track and lower dose for high risk employees Immediate e-mail notification when wearer exceeds dose level specified
- 31. The Instadose+dosimetry system revolutionizes the way RSOs manage their radiation monitoring programs. Featuring Bluetooth technology to quickly, easily, remotely transmit radiation dose data via smart devices, PCs, and InstaLink hotspot stations, Instadose+ dosimeters eliminate the time-consuming badge collection, processing and redistribution process. And, real-time reporting and tracking capabilities allow users to pinpoint high dose exposures and anomalies faster because only Instadose+ dosimeters enable on-demand and scheduled calendar reads with online access to both historical and current dose measurements and reports.
- 32. Dosimeter X-Ray Badge Immediatedose readings can be performed from any computer with internet access by connecting the Instadose dosimeter to your USB port and logging into your secure online account.
- 33. Instadose® 2 Wireless DualDetector Dosimeter The Instadose 2 dosimeter has dual detectors for independent Hp(10) and Hp(0.07) measurements for photon and beta radiation sources. It is the prefect device for personal radiation monitoring for occupationally exposed staff and features advanced smart monitoring & bluetooth technologies
- 34. AccuRad PDR PRD designedfor law enforcement, fire rescue, and other emergency responders to detect and interdict nuclear and radioactive materials.
- 35. A FIRST OFITS KIND Solid and durable, with an impact-resistant covering Simple to use − no training required Discreet, with a top-screen display for quick-glance reading Long-lasting, easily replaceable batteries allowing more than 900 hours in the field Directionality, helping users zero in on trouble faster Low cost of ownership • It also provides dose measurement and alarming capabilities for event response
- 36. Radiological Aspect Detector • CsI(Tl)scintillation detector with temperature compensated SiPM (silicon photomultiplier) for interdiction missions • Silicon diode for integrated dose and high dose rate to ensure proper health and safety
- 37. Detection Performance •Alarms at 50 μrem/h (0.5 μSv/h) within two seconds • VBS: Authenticates true alarms in variable backgrounds • Energy range: 25 keV to 3 MeV; detects all radionuclides of concern • DOSE RATE • Range: up to 1000 rem/h (10 Sv/h) with measurement history • Accuracy: ±20% o DOSE • Range: up to 1000 rem (10 Sv) • Accuracy: ±20%
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- 42. APEX dosimeter Some advanceprototypes .
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- 51. CONCLUSION A radiationdosimeter is a device that measures exposure to ionizing radiation. It is used for human radiation protection as a measurement of dose in both medical and industrial processes. Radiation dosimeters and dosimetry systems come in many shapes and forms. They rely on numerous physical effects for storage and readout of the dosimetric signal. There are a variety of electronic dosimetry systems that can monitor any work environment. The advanced dosimetry devices now a days give us real time reading and the history of the doses can be recorded online . All these advancements have set new standards in radiation protection.
- 52. Reference Radiation protectionin medical radiography. Mirion technologies .com Radiopaedia
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