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Drainage
- 1. DRAINAGE CLASS X CBSE– SOCIAL SCIENCE GEOGRAPHY: CHAPTER - 3 (BY: MRS. USHA JOY)
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- 3. DRAINAGE • Drainage: Theterm drainage describes the river system of an area. • River system: A river, its tributaries and distributaries together called a river system. • Drainage basin: The area drained by a single river system is known as drainage basin. • Water divide: Any elevated area, such as a mountain or an upland, separates two drainage basins • The world’s largest drainage basin is of the Amazon river
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- 5. DRAINAGE SYSTEMS ININDIA • The Indian rivers are divided into two major groups: the Himalayan rivers; and the Peninsular rivers. The Himalayan rivers: • Most of the Himalayan rivers are perennial. • These rivers receive water from rain as well as from melted snow from the lofty mountains. • They have cut through the mountains making gorges. • The Himalayan rivers have long courses from their source to the sea. • In the middle and the lower courses, these rivers form meanders, oxbow lakes, and many other depositional features in their floodplains.
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- 7. DRAINAGE SYSTEMS ININDIA • The Peninsular Rivers: • The Peninsular rivers are seasonal, as their flow is dependent on rainfall. • The volume of water in rivers fluctuates • These rivers have shorter and shallower courses as compared to their Himalayan counterparts. • Some of them originate in the central highlands and flow towards the west. E.g. Narmada and Tapi. • Most of the rivers of peninsular India originate in the Western Ghats and flow towards the Bay of Bengal.
- 8. Meander and oxbow lake
- 9. The Himalayan Rivers •The major Himalayan rivers are the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. • These rivers are long, and are joined by many large and important tributaries. • A river along with its tributaries may be called a river system.
- 10. The Indus RiverSystem • The river Indus rises in Tibet, near Lake Mansarowar. • It enters India in the Ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir. • The important tributaries like the Zaskar, the Nubra, the Shyok and the Hunza join in the Kashmir region. • The Indus flows through Baltistan and Gilgit and emerges from the mountains at Attock. • The Satluj, the Beas, the Ravi, the Chenab and the Jhelum are the other tributaries which join together to enter the Indus Mithankot in Pakistan • The Indus flows southwards and eventually reaching the Arabian Sea, east of Karachi.
- 12. The Indus Plain •The Indus plain has a very gentle slope. • With a total length of 2900 km, the Indus is one of the longest rivers of the world. • A little over a third of the Indus basin is located in India in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab and the rest is in Pakistan. • According to the regulations of the Indus Water Treaty (1960), India can use only 20 per cent of the total water carried by the Indus river system.
- 13. The Ganga RiverSystem • The headwaters of the Ganga, called the ‘Bhagirathi’ is fed by the Gangotri Glacier and joined by the Alaknanda at Devaprayag in Uttarakhand. • At Haridwar, the Ganga emerges from the mountains on to the plains. • The Ganga is joined by many tributaries from the Himalayas such as the Yamuna(originates from the Yamunotri glacier), the Ghaghara, the Gandak and the Kosi. • The Yamuna flows parallel to the Ganga and meets the Ganga at Allahabad.
- 16. The Ganga RiverSystem • The Ghaghara, the Gandak and the Kosi rise in the Nepal Himalaya and causing widespread damage to life and property, whereas, they enrich the soil for agricultural use. • The other tributaries like the Chambal, the Betwa and the Son rise from semi-arid areas peninsular uplands. • the Ganga flows eastwards till Farakka in West Bengal and then bifurcates here; the Bhagirathi-Hooghly flows southwards. • The mainstream, flows southwards into Bangladesh and is joined by the Brahmaputra. Further downstream, it is known as the Meghna.
- 17. The Ganga RiverSystem • The delta formed by these rivers is known as the Sundarban Delta. • It is the world’s largest and fastest growing delta. It is also the home of Royal Bengal tiger. • The length of the Ganga is over 2500 km • Ambala water divide located between the Indus and the Ganga river systems • Gentle slope creates many meanders(one metre for every 6 km.)
- 18. The Brahmaputra RiverSystem • The Brahmaputra rises in Tibet east of Mansarowar Lake • It is slightly longer than the Indus and most of its course lies outside India. • It flows eastwards and on reaching the Namcha Barwa (7757 m), it takes a ‘U’ turn and enters India in Arunachal Pradesh through a gorge. • Here, it is called the Dihang and it is joined by the Dibang, the Lohit, and many other tributaries • Brahmaputra is known as the Tsang Po in Tibet and Jamuna in Bangladesh.
- 19. The Brahmaputra RiverSystem
- 20. The Brahmaputra RiverSystem • In Tibet, the river carries a smaller volume of water and less silt as it is a cold and a dry area. • In India it passes through a region of high rainfall, carries a large volume of water and considerable amount of silt. • Braided channel in its entire length in Assam forms many riverine islands. • In rainy season, the river overflows its banks, causing widespread devastation due to floods in Assam and Bangladesh
- 21. The Peninsular Rivers •The main water divide in Peninsular India is formed by the Western Ghats • West flowing rivers are Narmada and Tapi and they make estuaries. • Esturies are the tidal mouth of a large river or partially enclosed coastal body with a free connection to the open sea. • East flowing rivers are Mahanadi, Krishna, Kaveri and Godavari and these rivers make deltas. • Delta is a landform created by the deposition of sediments.
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- 24. The Narmada Basin •The Narmada rises in the Amarkantak hills in Madhya Pradesh. • It flows towards the west in a rift valley formed due to faulting. • It creates many picturesque locations. • The ‘Marble rocks’, near Jabalpur (a deep gorge) and the ‘Dhuadhar falls are some of the notable ones. • The Narmada basin covers parts of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. • The Narmada river conservation mission has been undertaken by the government of Madhya Pradesh by a scheme named Namami Devi Narmade
- 25. The Tapi Basin •Rises in the Satpura ranges, in the Betul district of Madhya Pradesh. • It also flows in a rift valley parallel to the Narmada but it is much shorter in length. • Its basin covers parts of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra • The other main west flowing rivers are Sabarmati, Mahi, Bharathpuzha and Periyar.
- 26. The Godavari Basin •The Godavari is the largest Peninsular river. • It rises from the slopes of the Western Ghats in the Nasik district of Maharashtra. • Its length is about 1500 km. It drains into the Bay of Bengal. • The basin covers parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. • The Purna, the Wardha, the Pranhita, the Manjra, the Wainganga and the Penganga. • Because of its length and the area it covers, it is also known as the Dakshin Ganga.
- 27. The Mahanadi Basin •Rises in the highlands of Chhattisgarh. • It flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of Bengal. • The length of the river is about 860 km. • Its drainage basin is shared by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Odisha.
- 28. The Krishna Basin •Rising from a spring near Mahabaleshwar, • Length - 1400 km and reaches the Bay of Bengal. • The Tungabhadra, the Koyana, the Ghatprabha, the Musi and the Bhima are some of its tributaries. • Its drainage basin is shared by Maharasthra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
- 29. The Kaveri Basin •The Kaveri rises in the Brahmagri range of the Western Ghats • It reaches the Bay of Bengal in south of Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu. • The total length of the river is about 760 km. • Its main tributaries are Amravati, Bhavani, Hemavati and Kabini. • Its basin drains parts of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. • The Damoder, the Brahmani, the Baitarni and the Subarnrekha are some other notable east flowing rivers.
- 30. Water Falls • Theriver Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India, known as Shivasamudram Falls • Largest water fall is the Kunchical falls – 1493 ft (455m) – Varahi River • Jog falls has a height of 833ft (254m) • 71 per cent of the world’s surface is covered with water, but 97 per cent of that is salt water. Of the 3 per cent as freshwater
- 31. Kunchical and Jogfalls
- 32. LAKES • Most lakesare permanent others are seasonal • Some lakes are the result of the action of glaciers and ice sheets, while others have been formed by wind, river action and human activities. • A meandering river across a floodplain forms cut-offs that later develops into ox-bow lakes. • Spits and bars form lagoons in the coastal areas, e.g. the Chilika lake, the Pulicat lake and the Kolleru lake. • Inland lakes - the Sambhar lake in Rajasthan, which is a salt water lake.
- 33. Fresh Water Lakes •Most of the freshwater lakes are in the Himalayan region. • They are of glacial origin. • The Wular lake in Jammu and Kashmir, in contrast, is the result of tectonic activity. It is the largest freshwater lake in India. • The Dal lake, Bhimtal, Nainital, Loktak and Barapani are some other important freshwater lakes
- 34. Artificial Lakes • Thegeneration of hydel power has also led to the formation of lakes, such as Guru Gobind Sagar (Bhakra Nangal Project) • Uses of Lakes: • A lake helps to regulate the flow of a river. • Lakes can also be used for developing hydel power. • They moderate the climate of the surroundings; maintain the aquatic ecosystem, enhance natural beauty, help develop tourism and provide recreation.
- 35. ROLE OF RIVERSIN THE ECONOMY • Water is a basic natural resource, essential for various human activities. • Therefore, riverbanks have attracted settlers from ancient time • Using rivers for irrigation, navigation, hydro-power generation • National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) • the Ganga Action Plan (GAP) in 1985. • The Ganga Action Plan was expanded to cover other rivers under the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) in the year 1995.
- 36. RIVER POLLUTION • Thegrowing domestic, municipal, industrial and agricultural demand for water from rivers naturally affects the quality of water. • A heavy load of untreated sewage and industrial effluents are emptied into the rivers. • The increasing urbanisation and industrialization • For example, given the adequate streamflow, the Ganga water is able to dilute and assimilate pollution loads within 20 km of large cities.
- 37. Map Work • Chapter-3: Drainage • Rivers: (Identification only) • The Himalayan River Systems- • The Indus, The Ganges, and The Satluj • The Peninsular rivers-The Narmada, The Tapi, The Kaveri, The Krishna, The Godavari, The Mahanadi • Lakes: Wular, Pulicat, Sambhar, Chilika