Drug Abuse
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The document discusses drug abuse, defined as the inappropriate and excessive self-administration of drugs for non-medical purposes, leading to various social and health issues. It also explains drug dependence and addiction, outlining types of drugs, their effects, and withdrawal symptoms. Prevention and rehabilitation strategies are highlighted, including drug education, social support, and detoxification efforts.
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Drug Abuse
- 1. Drug Abuse By Dr. RIDA BATOOL
- 2. Drug Abuse Definition Refers to the inappropriate, excessive self administration of a drug for non-medical purposes. Drug abuse or substance abuse refers to the use of certain chemicals for the purpose of creating pleasurable effects on the brain. The use of illegal drugs or the use of prescription or over-the-counter drugs for purposes other than those for which they are meant to be used, or in excessive amounts.
- 3. Terms related drug abuse DRUG MISUSE DRUG USE DRUG ABUSE DRUG ADDICTION
- 4. DRUG USE • Chemical substance with the potential to prevent or cure disease or enhance physical or mental wellbeing. In pharmacology, drug refers to any agent that alters the biochemical or physiological processes of tissue or organ. • Right disease • Right drug • Right dose • Right RODA • Right time 5 RIGHTS
- 5. DRUG MISUSE • Drug misuse is defined as the use of a substance for a purpose not consistent with legal or medical guidelines (WHO, 2006). It has a negative impact on health or functioning and may take the form of drug dependence, or be part of a wider spectrum of problematic or harmful behaviour. • Most misused drugs are: Prescription drugs( amphetamine, opioids, sedatives/hypnotics etc.) OTC drugs • Dose increase for better results and is not prescribed.
- 6. DRUG ABUSE • Refers to the inappropriate, excessive self administration of a drug for non-medical purposes. • The use of illegal drugs or the use of prescription or over-the-counter drugs for purposes other than those for which they are meant to be used, or in excessive amounts. Drug abuse may lead to social, physical, emotional, and job-related problems.
- 7. DRUG ADDICTION • Addiction is the state of periodic or chronic intoxication detrimental to individual and society which is characterized by an over whelming desire to continue and obtaining it by any mean. • Drug addiction, also called substance use disorder, is a disease that affects a person's brain and behavior and leads to an inability to control the use of a legal or illegal drug or medication. Substances such as alcohol, marijuana and nicotine also are considered drugs. • Substances such as alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, heroin, hashish and nicotine also are considered drugs. (ILLEGAL) • Prescription drugs (BZP, Opioids etc.) • OTC drugs (cough and antiallergics)
- 8. Drug dependence Drug dependence is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by significant impairment that is directly associated with persistent and excessive use of a psychoactive substance. Impairment may involve physiological, psychological, or social dysfunction. Physical dependence Psychological dependence A state in which there is a feeling of satisfaction and psychic drive that requires periodic or continuous administration of the drug to produce pleasure or to avoid discomfort symptoms e.g depression , emotional over reaction, sleeping problems, lack of motivation, rapid mood change. It is a state of adaptation that is manifested by specific withdrawal syndrome that can be produce by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, decreasing blood level of drug or administration of antagonist physical symptoms e.g sweating, frequent bloody nose, shakes, tremors, slurred speech Withdrawal symptoms
- 9. Drug dependence •Cross dependence When one drug maintains the physical dependence produce by another drug •Tolerance After repeated administration of a drug, a larger dose is required to produce the same effect e.g BZD, barbiturates •Drug habituation Condition resulting from the repeated consumption of drug
- 10. Why do people try drugs? They want to feel good Stop feeling bad perform better in school or at work Peer Pressure Thrill Seeking Commitments with others Self-Medication & Escape
- 11. Symptoms of drug abuse Abrupt change in behavior Diminished drive, ambition, moodiness Deteriorating judgment and loss of short term memory Isolation from family members Use of odd words Over react to even mild criticism Carelessness regarding appearance Rapid weight loss and loss of appetite Article missing from home Loss of ability to plan, ability to solve problem Loss of motor coordination
- 12. Harms related to drug use Social problems Drug use crimes Drug use and accidents legal issues Medical problems
- 13. Drugs of abuse DRUG USE TERMS • lead to severe physical addiction • Drug that is generally considered to be more dangerous, with a higher risk of dependence • Eg.: Heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine. Hard drugs • do not cause physical addiction • While they do not cause physical addiction, some of them may still lead to psychological dependency. • Eg: lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), Cannabis Soft drugs
- 14. Drug that is taken for nonmedical reasons (usually for mind altering effects);drug abuse can lead to physical and mental damage and (with some substance) dependence and addiction. E.g alcohol, heroine, methamphetamine, cocaine and marijuana. STREET DRUGS AN illegal drug, can’t prescribed. Eg.: Cocaine, heroin, LSD, marijuana ILLICIT DRUGS Drugs of abuse DRUG TYPES 14 A synthetic drug very similar in chemical makeup to an existing drug and thus exerting similar. E.g ecstasy (MDMA), gamma hydroxybutyrate or The most common designer drugs include analogs of fentanyl, meperidine, piperazine, and methamphetamines. DESIGNER DRUGS On the basis of use A drug whose use primarily occurs in clubs, bars and trance parities. E.g: Rohypnol, ketamine ,ecstasy CLUB DRUGS Recreational drugs are those used for non medicinal purposes, in particular, for fun or leisure. Eg.: methamphetamine (potent psycho stimulant of the phenethylamine), that is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), drive long distances and obesity RECREATIONAL DRUGS
- 15. Drugs of abuse DRUG TYPES On the basis of function STIMULANTS Speed up the brain and central nervous systemCaffeine (coffee, energy drinks, tea) - Nicotine (cigarettes) - Amphetamines (meth, ecstasy) - Speed - “Bath salts” - Cocaine and Crack Cocaine - Diet Pills. 01 DEPRESSANTS Slow down the brain and central nervous systemAlcohol (beer, wine, vodka, Whiskey, etc.) - Heroin - Tranquilizers - Sleeping Pills - Marijuana. 02 HALLUCINOGENS These drugs alter the user’s state of consciousness. (Distort auditory and visual sensations). LSD - Ecstasy - Magic mushrooms - PCP 03
- 16. Endorphins governs pain GABA govern sedation, antianxiety Serotonin govern mood, sleep, appetite, perception Dopamine governs reward system D S E G Four major neurotransmitters involved in abuse or addiction
- 17. Withdrawal symptoms Physical withdrawal effects Experienced when drug is removed E.g. seizures in alcohol, stomach cramps, severe influenza, insomnia in nicotine, Physical withdrawal are quite severe and for shorter duration than psychological withdrawal effects. Psychological withdrawal effects Includes psychological disturbances E.g. intense emotional experiences, unmasking of grief, intense desire,
- 18. •Amphetamine and methampheta mine •(club drugs, student drug, party drug) •Caffeine •Cocaine •Nicotine STIMULANTS • Synthetic cannabinoids • Marijuana • LSD(lysergic acid diethylamide) • PCP HALLUCINOGENS Drugs of abuse On the basis of function Sedative and hypnotics •Alcohol •Barbiturates •Benzodiazepines •Methaqualones (soaps) DEPRESSANTS OPIATE AND OPIOID ANALGESICS Naturally occurring • Morphine • Codeine Semi synthetic Heroin (diacetylmorphine) • Oxycodiene • Hydrocodone • Hydromorphone Synthetic • Fentanyl • Meperidine • methadone DRUG TYPES
- 19. •Amphetamine and methampheta mine •(club drugs, student drug, party drug) •Caffeine •Cocaine •Nicotine STIMULANTS Withdrawal symptoms MOA; Activate the mesolimbic dopamine system Inhibition of reuptake of dopamine and serotonin Increase production of catecholamine's This can cause an intense euphoria or rush that is followed by dysphoria Depression Hypersomnia Fatigue Apathy Tobacco
- 21. Withdrawal symptoms Sedative and hypnotics •Alcohol •Barbiturates •Benzodiazepines •Methaqualones (soaps) DEPRESSANTS MOA; Binds to specific site of GABA BZD receptor Cl channel complex Increases the frequency of opening of Cl channel Increases Cl conductance Membrane hyperpolarization occurs hypnotic effect occurs Anxiety symptoms Anxiety, Sweating, Insomnia Disorder perception Feeling of unreality , Fear Abnormal sensation Psychosis , Seizures
- 22. Alcohol ranks third behind heart disease and cancer as greatest health threats in USA
- 23. OPIATE AND OPIOID ANALGESICS Naturally occurring • Morphine • Codeine Semi synthetic Heroin (diacetylmorphine) • Oxycodiene • Hydrocodone • Hydromorphone Synthetic • Fentanyl • Meperidine • methadone Withdrawal symptoms MOA Analgesic effect due to binding at mu receptors. Decrease the release of substance P. Dec influx of ca+ and decrease release of excitatory neurotransmitter i.e glutamate. Inc K+ efflux and decrease response of excitatory neurotransmitter at post synaptic membrane. Watery eyes Running nose Excessive sweating Restlessness Dilated pupil Tremors Irritability Narcotics
- 24. Clinical effects of opioid poisoning result from central nervous system and respiratory system depression manifesting as lethargy or coma, decreased respiratory rate, miosis, bradypnea, and possibly apnea
- 25. • Synthetic cannabinoids • Marijuana • LSD(lysergic acid diethylamide) • PCP HALLUCINOGENS Withdrawal symptoms cannabinoids Chemical compounds that act on cannabinoid receptors in cell that alter neurotransmitter release in brain Cannabinoid receptors. These are located throughout the body, are part of cannabinoid system, which is involved in variety of physiological processers including including memory, mood, sensation, pain. Marijuana The active chemical ingredient in marijuana is THC. THC travels through the bloodstream and eventually alters the brain. Brain cells then release dopamine which creates sensations of pleasure and euphoria. Marijuana is also used medicinally as a pain reliever. Marijuana Cannabis
- 26. • Synthetic cannabinoids • Marijuana • LSD(lysergic acid diethylamide) • PCP HALLUCINOGENS Withdrawal symptoms LSD “acid”: lysergic acid diethylamide is one of the strongest mood altering chemicals. It is found in a fungus called ergot, which grows on rye and other grains. Effects take app. 30-90 minutes and the users emotions can continuously change. High doses can cause delusions delusions and visual hallucinations. Other side effects include increased body temp, increase HR, sweating, sleeplessness, and tremors. Some users also experience flashbacks PCP (Phencyclidine): Otherwise know as angel dust. Originally developed in the 1950’s as an anesthetic (something used to reduce pain). It works by changing the distribution of a glutamate (like dopamine) in the brain. Glutamates are responsible, in part for a person’s memory and perception of pain. Side effects can be feelings of increased Ergot Mushroom
- 27. Strategies to control drug abuse DRUG EDUCATION 02 2 REHABILIATION 05 5 PREVENTION 01 1 DETOXIFICATION 4 04 03 SOCIAL SUPPORT 3
- 28. PREVENTION 01 1 05 03 02 04 It is concerned with preventing people from starting to use of drug Basic aim Warning people about possible harms of drug use It includes; Educational compaigns Promotional compaigns legislation PRIMARY PRIMARY PRIMARY SECONDARY Basic aim Aimed at people who use, It includes Giving advice to users to prevent further problem Examples: Use of CNS depressants by stimulant user
- 29. DRUG EDUCATION 02 2 05 03 01 04 Basic aim; To provide education to general public People who are dependent on drug may also benefit from drug education as they may not be fully informed on drugs they use It involves; Leaflets Booklets Videos posters Given by; Teachers Youth workers Health promotion workers Medical and nursing staff Pharmacist (Drug Expert) Police officers
- 30. SOCIAL SUPPORT 03 3 05 02 01 04 Nonmedical intervention that can be made.It includes; Psychological tools It is motivational interviewing ; it aims to assist people in examining their drug use
- 31. 05 03 02 01 DETOXIFICATION 4 04 Provision of treatment in order to help someone who is dependent on a drug to stop using it. Examples Antidotes https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/antidotes.html#:~:text=An%20antidote%20is%20a%20drug,the%20toxicity%20of%20numerous%20drugs.
- 32. REHABILIATION 05 5 03 02 01 04 It is medical or psychotherapeutic treatment for dependency on psychoactive substances. It involves; § Detoxification § Social support § Psychotherapy Purpose; To enable patient to cease substance abuse To avoid psychological, legal, financial, social and physical
- 33. Poisons are NOT the drugs but ALL DRUGS are Poison